Modulation of growth by aromatase inhibitor treatment in boys: Efficacy and safety

Without estrogen action, the fusion of the growth plates is postponed and statural growth continues for an exceptionally long time. Aromatase inhibitors, blockers of estrogen biosynthesis, have therefore emerged as a new potential option for the treatment of children with short stature. We investigated the efficacy of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole in the treatment of boys with idiopathic short stature (ISS) using a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind research setting. A total of 30 boys completed the two-year treatment. By decreasing estrogen-mediated central negative feedback, letrozole increased gonadotrophin and testosterone secretion in pubertal boys, whereas the pubertal increase in IGF-I was inhibited. Treatment with letrozole effectively delayed bone maturation and increased predicted adult height by 5.9 cm (P0.001), while placebo had no effect on either parameter. The effect of letrozole treatment on near-final height was studied in another population, in boys with constitutional delay of puberty, who received letrozole (n=9) or placebo (n=8) for one year, in combination with low-dose testosterone for six months during adolescence. The mean near-final height of boys randomised to receive testosterone and letrozole was significantly greater than that of boys who received testosterone and placebo (175.8 vs. 169.1 cm, P=0.04). As regards safety, treatment effects on bone health, lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and body composition were monitored in boys with ISS. During treatment, no differences in bone mass accrual were evident between the treatment groups, as evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measurements of the lumbar spine and femoral neck. Bone turnover and cortical bone growth, however, were affected by letrozole treatment. As indicated by differences in markers of bone resorption (U-INTP) and formation (S-PINP and S-ALP), the long-term rate of bone turnover was lower in letrozole-treated boys, despite their more rapid advancement in puberty. Letrozole stimulated cortical bone growth in those who progressed in puberty: the metacarpal index (MCI), a measure of cortical bone thickness, increased more in letrozole-treated pubertal boys than in placebo-treated pubertal boys (25% vs. 9%, P=0.007). The change in MCI correlated positively with the mean testosterone-to-estradiol ratio. In post-treatment radiographic evaluation of the spine, a high rate of vertebral deformities - mild anterior wedging and mild compression deformities - were found in both placebo and letrozole groups. In pubertal boys with ISS treated with letrozole, stimulated testosterone secretion was associated with a decrease in the percentage of fat mass and in HDL-cholesterol, while LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides remained unchanged. Insulin sensitivity, as evaluated by HOMA-IR, was not significantly affected by the treatment. In summary, treatment with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole effectively delayed bone maturation and increased predicted adult height in boys with ISS. Long-term follow-up data of boys with constitutional delay of puberty, treated with letrozole for one year during adolescence, suggest that the achieved gain in predicted adult height also results in increased adult height. However, until the safety of aromatase inhibitor treatment in children and adolescents is confirmed, such treatment should be considered experimental.

Topology of toroidal helical fields in non-circular cross-sectional tokamaks

The ordinary differential magnetic field line equations are solved numerically; the tokamak magnetic structure is studied on Hefei Tokamak-7 Upgrade (HT-7U) when the equilibrium field with a monotonic q-profile is perturbed by a helical magnetic field. We find that a single mode (m, n) helical perturbation can cause the formation of islands on rational surfaces with q = m/n and q = (m +/- 1, +/- 2, +/- 3,...)/n due to the toroidicity and plasma shape (i.e. elongation and triangularity), while there are many undestroyed magnetic surfaces called Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) barriers on irrational surfaces. The islands on the same rational surface do not have the same size. When the ratio between the perturbing magnetic field B-r(r) and the toroidal magnetic field amplitude B(phi)0 is large enough, the magnetic island chains on different rational surfaces will overlap and chaotic orbits appear in the overlapping area, and the magnetic field becomes stochastic. It is remarkable that the stochastic layer appears first in the plasma edge region.

Mecanismos celulares e moleculares envolvidos com alterações na expressão de glicanos durante a progressão do câncer colorretal

O câncer colorretal representa uma das maiores causas de morbidade e mortalidade relacionadas ao câncer. No Brasil, é o terceiro tipo de câncer mais frequente em homens e mulheres. Muitos estudos estão sendo desenvolvidos no sentido de esclarecer os diversos aspectos moleculares que regulam as alterações fenotípicas exibidas pelas células que constituem o câncer colorretal, no entanto, comparativamente, ainda são poucos os que são dedicados a investigar o papel de modificações co- e pós-traducionais neste processo. Entre os vários tipos destas modificações que ocorrem em proteínas, a glicosilação é a mais comum. Cogita-se que aproximadamente cinquenta por cento de todas as proteínas são glicosiladas. Durante a transformação maligna, mudanças no perfil de expressão de glicanos (carboidratos covalentemente ligados a proteínas ou lipídios) estão envolvidas em uma variedade de mecanismos celulares, tais como: perda da adesão célula-célula e célula matriz, migração, invasão e evasão da apoptose. Neste estudo, foi investigada a atividade antitumoral de inibidores da biossíntese de N-glicanos, swainsonina e tunicamicina, em células derivadas de câncer colorretal (Caco-2, HCT-116 e HT-29). Os resultados obtidos mostram que o tratamento das células HCT-116 com tunicamicina inibe mecanismos celulares relacionados ao fenótipo maligno, como formação de colônia dependente e independente de ancoragem, migração e invasão. Estes resultados sugerem que modulação da biossíntese de N-glicanos parece ser uma potencial ferramenta terapêutica para o tratamento do câncer colorretal. Em outra etapa do trabalho, foram avaliados também o impacto da estimulação com insulina e IGF-1 na expressão N-glicanos bissectados em células tumorais MDA-MB-435. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram também a existência de uma relação entre a estimulação dos receptores de insulina e IGF-1 e a regulação da expressão de N-glicanos bissectados em células tumorais MDA-MB-435, fornecendo assim informações relevantes sobre o papel desempenhado pela sinalização de insulina e IGF-1 durante a progressão de carcinomas.

Quantificação e correlação do volume pulmonar de pacientes com acromegalia por meio de tomografia computadorizada e testes de função pulmonar

A acromegalia é uma doença multissistêmica decorrente da hipersecreção do hormônio do crescimento (GH) e do fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina tipo I (IGF-I), o que resulta no crescimento somático exagerado e alterações nas proporções corporais, estando associada à considerável aumento da morbidade e mortalidade. Estima-se ainda que os problemas respiratórios contribuam com 25% de todas as mortes encontradas neste grupo de pacientes. Diferenças metodológicas entre os diversos estudos levaram ao surgimento de dados inconsistentes sobre o papel do crescimento alveolar no desenvolvimento do aumento do volume pulmonar em acromegálicos, o que reforça a importância de novos trabalhos e outras abordagens sobre o tema. Ao mesmo tempo, com o desenvolvimento tecnológico, os métodos de imagem propostos em alguns estudos foram substituídos por outros mais sensíveis como a tomografia computadorizada (TC) multislice (Q-MDCT) que garante adequada mensuração do volume pulmonar, o que proporciona diferentes tipos de comparação e análise e, ainda, permite o estudo anatômico do tórax e vias pulmonares. Nossos objetivos foram identificar os principais achados da tomografia computadorizada (TC) em pacientes acromegálicos, determinar por meio da TC de tórax o volume pulmonar e comparar os achados da densitometria pulmonar com os da função pulmonar entre pacientes acromegálicos com doença ativa e doença controlada e, secundariamente, correlacionar estes achados. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 29 portadores de acromegalia que tiveram diagnóstico da acromegalia suspeitado por características clínicas e confirmado por níveis elevados de GH não suprimido ou com níveis de IGF-I acima do limite normal. Posteriormente, os pacientes foram subdivididos nos grupos doença ativa(11 indivíduos) e doença controlada(18 indivíduos), segundo os níveis séricos de IGF-I. Houve ainda um grupo controle (17 indivíduos) em que os pacientes, após já terem realizado TC de tórax por alguma razão, foram convidados à realizar os testes de função pulmonar. A Q-MDCT e os testes de função pulmonar apresentaram excelente correlação: o volume total do pulmão (VTP) medido na TC inspiratória apresentou correlação significante com a capacidade pulmonar total (rs=0,742, p=0,0001), enquanto VTP medido na TC expiratória apresentou correlação significante com a capacidade residual funcional (rs=0,606, p=0,0005). Os pacientes acromegálicos com doença ativa apresentaram pulmões mais pesados em relação aos controles [885 (723994) vs. 696 (599769) g, p=0.017]. Os pacientes com acromegalia ativa também apresentaram maiores quantidades de compartimentos pobremente aerados em relação aos outros dois grupos, sendo esta diferença observada em %VTP [3,25 (2,553,46) vs. 2,24 (1,702,56) vs. 1,70 (1,452,15), p = 0,001] e g [82,6 (75,4 100,2) vs. 63,9 (49,180,3) vs. 54,2 (42,259,2), p = 0,0001]. O compartimento pobremente aerado medido na TC inspiratória apresentou correlação significante com os níveis de GH e IGF (rs=0,407, p=0,029; rs=0,467, p=0,011, respectivamente). Em conclusão, a Q-MDCT mostra que os pacientes acromegálicos com doença ativa apresentam pulmões mais pesados e maiores quantidades de compartimentos não aerados e pobremente aerados. Há relações entre os achados da densitovolumetria pulmonar e os parâmetros dos testes de função pulmonar na acromegalia.

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling increases proliferation and hyperplasia of the ovarian surface epithelium and decreases follicular integrity through upregulation of the PI3-kinase pathway

BACKGROUND: The ovarian surface epithelium responds to cytokines and hormonal cues to initiate proliferation and migration following ovulation. Although insulin and IGF are potent proliferative factors for the ovarian surface epithelium and IGF is required for follicle development, increased insulin and IGF activity are correlated with at least two gynecologic conditions: polycystic ovary syndrome and epithelial ovarian cancer. Although insulin and IGF are often components of in vitro culture media, little is known about the effects that these growth factors may have on the ovarian surface epithelium morphology or how signaling in the ovarian surface may affect follicular health and development.

METHODS: Ovaries from CD1 mice were cultured in alginate hydrogels in the presence or absence of 5 μg/ml insulin or IGF-I, as well as small molecule inhibitors of IR/IGF1R, PI 3-kinase signaling, or MAPK signaling. Tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for expression of cytokeratin 8 to mark the ovarian surface epithelium, Müllerian inhibiting substance to mark secondary follicles, and BrdU incorporation to assess proliferation. Changes in gene expression in the ovarian surface epithelium in response to insulin or IGF-I were analyzed by transcription array. Extracellular matrix organization was evaluated by expression and localization of collagen IV.

RESULTS: Culture of ovarian organoids with insulin or IGF-I resulted in formation of hyperplastic OSE approximately 4-6 cell layers thick with a high rate of proliferation, as well as decreased MIS expression in secondary follicles. Inhibition of the MAPK pathway restored MIS expression reduced by insulin but only partially restored normal OSE growth and morphology. Inhibition of the PI 3-kinase pathway restored MIS expression reduced by IGF-I and restored OSE growth to a single cell layer. Insulin and IGF-I altered organization of collagen IV, which was restored by inhibition of PI 3-kinase signaling.

CONCLUSIONS: While insulin and IGF are often required for propagation of primary cells, these cytokines may act as potent mitogens to disrupt cell growth, resulting in formation of hyperplastic OSE and decreased follicular integrity as measured by MIS expression and collagen deposition. This may be due partly to altered collagen IV deposition and organization in the ovary in response to insulin and IGF signaling mediated by PI 3-kinase.

Altered growth in male peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) heterozygous mice: involvement of PPARgamma in a negative feedback regulation of growth hormone action.

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) plays a major role in fat tissue development and physiology. Mutations in the gene encoding this receptor have been associated to disorders in lipid metabolism. A thorough investigation of mice in which one PPARgamma allele has been mutated reveals that male PPARgamma heterozygous (PPARgamma +/-) mice exhibit a reduced body size associated with decreased body weight, reflecting lean mass reduction. This phenotype is reproduced when treating the mice with a PPARgamma- specific antagonist. Monosodium glutamate treatment, which induces weight gain and alters body growth in wild-type mice, further aggravates the growth defect of PPARgamma +/- mice. The levels of circulating GH and that of its downstream effector, IGF-I, are not altered in mutant mice. However, the IGF-I mRNA level is decreased in white adipose tissue (WAT) of PPARgamma +/- mice and is not changed by acute administration of recombinant human GH, suggesting an altered GH action in the mutant animals. Importantly, expression of the gene encoding the suppressor of cytokine signaling-2, which is an essential negative regulator of GH signaling, is strongly increased in the WAT of PPARgamma +/- mice. Although the relationship between the altered GH signaling in WAT and reduced body size remains unclear, our results suggest a novel role of PPARgamma in GH signaling, which might contribute to the metabolic disorder affecting insulin signaling in PPARgamma mutant mice.

Les récepteurs intracellulaires de l'angiotensine II : nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour le remodelage cardiaque

L'angiotensine-II (Ang-II), synthétisée à partir de sources extracardiaques et intracardiaques, régule l'homéostasie cardiaque en favorisant des effets mitogéniques et en promouvant la croissance cellulaire résultant d’une altération de l'expression génique. Dans cette étude, nous avons évalué la possibilité que les récepteurs de l'angiotensine-1 (AT1) ou les récepteurs de l'angiotensine-2 (AT2) situés sur l'enveloppe nucléaire régulent l’expression génique des cardiomyocytes. En analysant les noyaux cellulaires retenus des fractions de cœur de rat par immunobuvardage Western, nous avons détecté une co-purification préférentielle des protéines AT1 et AT2 avec un marqueur de la membrane nucléaire (Nup 62), par rapport aux marqueurs de la membrane plasmique (Calpactin I), de l’appareil de Golgi (GRP 78) ou du réticulum endoplasmique (GM130). La microscopie confocale a permis de démontrer la présence des AT1 et AT2 dans les membranes nucléaires. La microinjection de l’Ang-II-FITC sur des cardiomyocytes a provoqué une liaison de préférence aux sites nucléaires. Les enregistrements de transients calciques ont illustré que les AT1 nucléaires régulent le relâchement du Ca2+. L’incubation des ligands spécifiques d’AT1 et d’AT2 avec l’UTP [α32P] a résulté en une synthèse de novo d’ARN (par exemple, 16,9 ± 0,5 cpm/ng ADN contrôle vs 162,4 ± 29,7 cpm/ng ADN-Ang II, 219,4 ± 8,2 cpm/ng ADN L -162313 (AT1) et 126,5 ± 8,7 cpm/ng ADN CGP42112A (AT2), P <0,001). L’incubation des noyaux avec Ang-II augmente de façon significative l’expression de NFκB, une réponse qui est réprimée partiellement par la co-administration de valsartan ou de PD123177. Les expériences dose-réponse avec Ang-II administrée à l'ensemble des noyaux purifiés vs. aux cardiomyocytes seuls a montré une augmentation plus importante dans les niveaux d'ARNm de NFκB avec une affinité de ~ 3 fois plus grande (valeurs d’EC50 = 9 contre 28 pmol/L, respectivement), suggérant un rôle préférentiel nucléaire dans la signalisation. Par conséquent, nous avons conclu que les membranes cardiaques nucléaires possèdent des récepteurs d’Ang-II couplés à des voies de signalisation et à la transcription génique. La signalisation nucléaire pourrait jouer un rôle clé dans les changements de l'expression de gènes cardiaques, entraînant ainsi des implications mécanistiques et thérapeutiques diverses.

Nouvelle approche pour modifier le tropisme des vecteurs adénoviraux à l’aide de ligands bispécifiques

L’adénovirus a été étudié dans l’optique de développer de nouveaux traitements pour différentes maladies. Les vecteurs adénoviraux (AdV) sont des outils intéressants du fait qu’ils peuvent être produits en grandes quantités (1X1012 particules par millilitre) et de par leur capacité à infecter des cellules quiescentes ou en division rapide. Les AdVs ont subi bon nombre de modifications pour leur permettre de traiter des cellules tumorales ou pour transporter des séquences génétiques exogènes essentielles pour le traitement de maladies monogéniques. Toutefois, les faibles niveaux d’expression du récepteur primaire de l’adénovirus, le CAR (récepteur à l’adénovirus et au virus coxsackie), réduit grandement l’efficacité de transduction dans plusieurs tumeurs. De plus, certains tissus normaux comme les muscles n’expriment que très peu de CAR, rendant l’utilisation des AdVs moins significative. Pour pallier à cette limitation, plusieurs modifications ont été générées sur les capsides virales. L’objectif de ces modifications était d’augmenter l’affinité des AdVs pour des récepteurs cellulaires spécifiques surexprimés dans les tumeurs et qui seraient exempts dans les tissus sains avoisinant. On peut mentionner dans les approches étudiées: l’utilisation de ligands bispécifiques, l’incorporation de peptides dans différentes régions de la fibre ou la substitution par une fibre de sérotypes différents. Notre hypothèse était que les domaines d’interaction complémentaire (K-Coil et ECoil) permettraient aux ligands de s’associer aux particules virales et d’altérer le tropisme de l’AdV. Pour ce faire, nous avons inclus un domaine d’interaction synthétique, le K-Coil,dans différentes régions de la fibre virale en plus de générer des mutations spécifiques pour abolir le tropisme naturel. Pour permettre la liaison avec les récepteurs d’intérêt dont l’EGF-R, l’IGF-IR et le CEA6, nous avons fusionné le domaine d’interaction complémentaire, le E-Coil, soit dans les ligands des récepteurs ciblés dont l’EGF et l’IGF-I, soit sur un anticorps à un seul domaine reconnaissant la protéine membranaire CEA6, l’AFAI. Suite à la construction des différents ligands de même que des différentes fibres virales modifiées, nous avons determiné tout d’abord que les différents ligands de même que les virus modifiés pouvaient être produits et que les différentes composantes pouvaient interagir ensemble. Les productions virales ont été optimisées par l’utilisation d’un nouveau protocole utilisant l’iodixanol. Ensuite, nous avons démontré que l’association des ligands avec le virus arborant une fibre modifiée pouvait entraîner une augmentation de transduction de 2 à 21 fois dans différentes lignées cellulaires. À cause de la difficulté des adénovirus à infecter les fibres musculaires occasionnée par l’absence du CAR, nous avons cherché à savoir si le changement de tropisme pourrait accroître l’infectivité des AdVs. Nous avons démontré que l’association avec le ligand bispécifique IGF-E5 permettait d’accroître la transduction autant dans les myoblastes que dans les myotubes de souris. Nous avons finalement réussi à démontrer que notre système pouvait induire une augmentation de 1,6 fois de la transduction suite à l’infection des muscles de souriceaux MDX. Ces résultats nous amènent à la conclusion que le système est fonctionnel et qu’il pourrait être évalué dans des AdVs encodant pour différents gènes thérapeutiques.

Multifactorial interaction of growth factors on Penaeus monodon lymphoid cells and the impact of IGFs in DNA synthesis and metabolic activity in vitro

Development of continuous cell lines from shrimp is essential to investigate viral pathogens. Unfortunately, there is no valid cell line developed from crustaceans in general and shrimps in particular to address this issue. Lack of information on the requirements of cells in vitro limits the success of developing a cell line, where the microenvironment of a cell culture, provided by the growthmedium, is of prime importance. Screening and optimization of growth medium components based on statistical experimental designs have been widely used for improving the efficacy of cell culture media. Accordingly, we applied Plackett–Burman design and response surface methodology to study multifactorial interactions between the growth factors in shrimp cell culture medium and to identify the most important ones for growth of lymphoid cell culture from Penaeus monodon. The statistical screening and optimization indicated that insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin like growth factor-II (IGF-II) at concentrations of 100 and 150 ng ml-1, respectively, could significantly influence the metabolic activity and DNA synthesis of the lymphoid cells. An increase of 53 % metabolic activity and 24.8 % DNA synthesis could be obtained, which suggested that IGF-I and IGFII had critical roles in metabolic activity and DNA synthesis of shrimp lymphoid cells

Influence of the lateral pterygoid muscle on the growth of the mandibular condilar cartilage

At the end of the last century, a model to explain clinical observations related to the mandibular growth was developed. According to it, the lateral pterigoid muscle (LPM) was one of the main modulators of the differentiation of mesenquimal cells inside the condyle to condroblasts or osteoblasts, and therefore of the growth of the mandibular condilar cartilage (CCM). The main components of the model were the humoral and the mechanical. Nowadays, the humoral would include growth factors such as IGF-I, FGF-2 and VEGF, which seem to be involved in mandibular growth. Since skeletal muscle can secrete these growth factors, there is a possibility that LPM modulates the growth of CCM by a paracrine or endocrine mechanism. The mechanical component derived from the observations that both the blood flow inside the temporomandibular joint (ATM) and the action of the retrodiscal pad on the growth of the CCM, depend, in part, on the contractile activity of the LPM. Despite the fact that there are some results suggesting  hat LPM is activated under conditions of mandibular protrusion, there is no full agreement on whether this can stimulate the growth of CCM. In this review, the contributions and limitations of the works related to mandibular growth are discussed and a model which integrates the available information to explain the role of the LPM in the growth of the CCM is proposed.

Endocrine regulation of ovarian antral follicle development in cattle

Antral follicle growth in cattle occurs in two distinct phases; the first 'slow' growth phase spans the time from antrum acquisition to a size of approximately 3 mm detectable by transrectal ultrasound, and the second 'fast' phase is gondadotrophin-dependent and includes cohort growth, dominant follicle (DF) selection, and DF growth. This review summarises current concepts of the relative roles FSH and LH, ovarian and metabolic hormones play mainly in the second phase of antral follicle growth in animals of different reproductive and nutritional states. It is proposed that differential FSH response may enable one cohort follicle to become selected, and that follicular secretions, particularly inhibin, suppress FSH and thus are responsible for DF selection and dominance. Acute dependence of the DF on LH pulses will determine DF lifespan, and the LH pulse profile can be influenced by metabolic hormones such as leptin, providing one possible link for nutritional state and reproduction. Direct ovarian effects of acute and chronic changes in growth hormone, insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I have been described on cohort follicles, DF oestrogen activity and on DF growth. Influences of metabolic hormones on early antral follicles undergoing their first 'slow' growth phase are less well described, yet metabolic hormones appear to enhance growth into the cohort available for FSH-induced emergence, and may influence subsequent developmental competence of oocytes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Relationships between transition period diet, metabolic parameters and fertility in lactating dairy cows

Cows in severe negative energy balance after calving have reduced fertility, mediated by metabolic signals influencing the reproductive system. We hypothesised that transition diet could alter metabolic status after calving, and thus influence fertility. Multiparous dairy cows were assigned to four transition groups 6 weeks pre-calving and fed: (a) basal control diet (n = 10); (b) basal diet plus barley (STARCH, n = 10); (c) basal diet plus Soypass (high protein, HiPROT, n = 11); or (d) no transition management (NoTRANS, n = 9). All cows received the same lactational diet. Blood samples, body weights and condition scores (BCS) were collected weekly. Fertility parameters were monitored using milk progesterone profiles and were not affected by transition diet. Data from all cows were then combined and analysed according to the pattern of post-partum ovarian activity. Cows with low progesterone profiles had significantly lower insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin concentrations accompanied by reduced dry matter intakes (DMIs), BCS and body weight. Cows with prolonged luteal activity (PLA) were older and tended to have lower IGF-I. Analysis based on the calving to conception interval revealed that cows which failed to conceive (9/40) also had reduced IGF-I, BCS and body weight. Fertility was, therefore, decreased in cows which were in poor metabolic status following calving. This was reflected in reduced circulating IGF-I concentrations and compromised both ovarian activity and conception. There was little effect of the transition diets on these parameters. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

Effect of prolonged intravenous glucose and essential amino acid infusion on nitrogen balance, muscle protein degradation and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme gene expression in calves

Background: Intravenous infusions of glucose and amino acids increase both nitrogen balance and muscle accretion. We hypothesised that co-infusion of glucose ( to stimulate insulin) and essential amino acids (EAA) would act additively to improve nitrogen balance by decreasing muscle protein degradation in association with alterations in muscle expression of components of the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway. Methods: We examined the effect of a 5 day intravenous infusions of saline, glucose, EAA and glucose + EAA, on urinary nitrogen excretion and muscle protein degradation. We carried out the study in 6 restrained calves since ruminants offer the advantage that muscle protein degradation can be assessed by excretion of 3 methyl-histidine and multiple muscle biopsies can be taken from the same animal. On the final day of infusion blood samples were taken for hormone and metabolite measurement and muscle biopsies for expression of ubiquitin, the 14-kDa E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, and proteasome sub-units C2 and C8. Results: On day 5 of glucose infusion, plasma glucose, insulin and IGF-1 concentrations were increased while urea nitrogen excretion and myofibrillar protein degradation was decreased. Co-infusion of glucose + EAA prevented the loss of urinary nitrogen observed with EAA infusions alone and enhanced the increase in plasma IGF-1 concentration but there was no synergistic effect of glucose + EAA on the decrease in myofibrillar protein degradation. Muscle mRNA expression of the ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, 14-kDa E2 and proteasome sub-unit C2 were significantly decreased, after glucose but not amino acid infusions, and there was no further response to the combined infusions of glucose + EAA. Conclusion: Prolonged glucose infusion decreases myofibrillar protein degradation, prevents the excretion of infused EAA, and acts additively with EAA to increase plasma IGF-1 and improve net nitrogen balance. There was no evidence of synergistic effects between glucose + EAA infusion on muscle protein degradation or expression of components of the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway.

Metabolic profiles and progesterone cycles in first lactation dairy cows

This study investigated the ovarian function, metabolic profiles and fertility in first lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (mean 305 day milk yield: 7417 +/- 191 kg, n = 37). Reproductive profiles obtained from milk progesterone analysis were categorized into normal (n = 17) and four abnormal profiles (delayed ovulation, DOV1, n = 9; DOV2, n = 2; persistent corpus luteum, PCL1, n = 6; PCL2, n = 4; 1: immediately post-calving, 2: subsequent cycles). Fifty-five percent of cows had abnormal profiles with half of these being categorized as DOV1. Fertility of DOV1 and DOV2 cows was reduced whereas PCL1 and PCL2 cows had similar reproductive competence to normal profile cows. DOV1 animals had higher milk energy values, lower energy balances, lower dry matter intakes (DMI) and greater body weight and body condition score (BCS) losses post-calving than normal profile animals. DOV1 animals also had lower insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and higher betahydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations and tended to have the lower insulin and glucose concentrations in the pre-service period than normal profile cows. All PCL animals had vulval discharges postpartum. Despite this, the DMI, body weight and BCS changes, IGF-I concentrations and fertility of PCL1 animals was similar to normal profile cows. In conclusion, the high prevalence of delayed ovulation post-calving (DOV1) in primiparous high yielding cows lasted long enough (71 +/- 8.3 days) to have a detrimental impact on fertility and was associated with significant physiological changes. This study did not establish any detrimental effects of PCL profiles on fertility or production parameters. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

Pre-pubertal measurements of the somatotrophic axis as predictors of milk production in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows

This study investigated possible relationships between measurements of the somatotrophic axis in pre-pubertal dairy calves and subsequent milk yields. Endogenous growth hormone (GH) release was measured through a fed and fasted period in fifty 6-month-old Holstein-Friesian heifers and they were then challenged with growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) to assess their GH release pattern. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), insulin and glucose concentrations were measured in relation to time of feeding. Cows were subsequently monitored through their first three lactations to record peak and 305-day milk yields. In the first lactation, milk energy output for the first 120 days of lactation was also calculated. The mean 305-day milk yield increased from 7417 +/- 191 kg in the first lactation (n = 37) to 8749 +/- 252 kg in the third (n = 25). There were no significant relationships between any measures of GH secretion and peak or 305-day yield in any lactation. A highly significant positive relationship was established between the GH peak measured 10 min post-GRF challenge and 120-day milk energy values in the first lactation. This relationship was, however, only present in the subpopulation of 12 cows culled after one or two lactations and was absent in the 25 animals remaining for the third lactation. There were no significant relationships between pre-pubertal IGF-I and fed or fasted insulin or glucose concentrations and any subsequent measurement of yield. The usefulness of GH secretagogue challenges in calves as a predictive test for future milk production is thus limited but may have some bearing on nutrient partitioning and longevity. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.