Toward a better understanding of the influences on physical activity: The role of determinants, correlates, causal variables, mediators, moderators, and confounders

Background: For research on physical activity interventions to progress systematically, the mechanisms of action must be studied. In doing so, the research methods and their associated concepts and terminology become more complex. It is particularly important to clearly distinguish among determinants, correlates, mediators, moderators, and confounder variables used in physical activity research. This article examines the factors that are correlated with and that may have a causal relationship to physical activity. Methods and Results: We propose that the term correlate be used, instead of determinant, to describe statistical associations or correlations between measured variables and physical activity. Studies of the correlates of physical activity are reviewed. The findings of these studies can help to critique existing theories of health behavior change and can provide hypotheses to be tested in intervention studies from which it is possible to draw causal inferences. Mediator, moderator, and confounder variables can act to influence measured changes in physical activity. Intervening causal variables that are necessary to complete a cause-effect pathway between an intervention and physical activity are termed mediators. The relationship between an intervention and physical activity behaviors may vary for different groups; the strata by which they vary are levels of moderators of the relationship. Other factors may distort or affect the observed relationships between program exposure and physical activity, and are known as confounders. Conclusions: Consistent use of terms and additional research on mediators and moderators of intervention effects will improve our ability to understand and influence physical activity.

Variables affecting the fine grinding of minerals using stirred mills

Base metal resources are becoming more fine-grained and refractory and minerals separation processes require these ores to be milled to increasingly finer sizes. To cope with very fine grinding to below a P-80 of approximately 15 mum stirred milling technology has been adopted from other industries Neither this technology, nor the basic concepts of fine grinding, are well understood by the minerals processing industry. Laboratory studies were therefore carried out in order to investigate fine milling using different types of stirred mills. The variables analysed were stirrer speed, grinding media type and size, slurry solids content as well as the feed and product size. The results of the testwork have shown that all of these variables affect the grinding efficiency. The ratio of media size to material size was found to be of particular significance. The results were also analysed using the stress intensity approach and the optimum stress intensity ranges for the most efficient grinding were determined. Application of the results for process optimisation in the industrial size units is also discussed in this paper. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Outcome variables for osteoarthritis clinical trials: the OMERACT-OARSI set of responder criteria

Improvement in analysis and reporting results of osteoarthritis (OA) clinical trials has been recently obtained because of harmonization and standardization of the selection of outcome variables (OMERACT 3 and OARSI). Moreover, OARSI has recently proposed the OARSI responder criteria. This composite index permits presentation of results of symptom modifying clinical trials in OA based on individual patient responses (responder yes/no). The 2 organizations (OMERACT and OARSI) established. a task force aimed at evaluating: (1) the variability of observed placebo and active treatment effects using the OARSI responder criteria; and (2) the possibility of proposing a simplified set of criteria. The conclusions of the task force were presented and discussed during the OMERACT 6 conference, where a simplified set of responder criteria (OMERACT-OARSI set of criteria) was proposed.

The variety of variables in automated real-time refinement

The refinement calculus is a well-established theory for deriving program code from specifications. Recent research has extended the theory to handle timing requirements, as well as functional ones, and we have developed an interactive programming tool based on these extensions. Through a number of case studies completed using the tool, this paper explains how the tool helps the programmer by supporting the many forms of variables needed in the theory. These include simple state variables as in the untimed calculus, trace variables that model the evolution of properties over time, auxiliary variables that exist only to support formal reasoning, subroutine parameters, and variables shared between parallel processes.

Direction of Causation Modeling Between Cross-Sectional Measures of Parenting and Psychological Distress in Female Twins

Under certain conditions, cross-sectional analysis of cross-twin intertrait correlations can provide important information about the direction of causation (DOC) between two variables. A community-based sample of Australian female twins aged 18 to 45 years was mailed an extensive Health and Lifestyle Questionnaire (HLQ) that covered a wide range of personality and behavioral measures. Included were self-report measures of recent psychological distress and perceived childhood environment (PBI). Factor analysis of the PBI yielded three interpretable dimensions: Coldness, Overprotection, and Autonomy. Univariate analysis revealed that parental Overprotection and Autonomy were best explained by additive genetic, shared, and nonshared environmental effects (ACE), whereas the best-fitting model for PBI Coldness and the three measures of psychological distress (Depression, Phobic Anxiety, and Somatic Distress) included only additive genetic and nonshared environmental effects (AE). A common pathway model best explained the covariation between (1) the three PBI dimensions and (2) the three measures of psychological distress. DOC modeling between latent constructs of parenting and psychological distress revealed that a model which specified recollected parental behavior as the cause of psychological distress provided a better fit than a model which specified psychological distress as the cause of recollected parental behavior. Power analyses and limitations of the findings are discussed.

Gerenciamento proteano de carreira entre universitários

A partir da segunda metade do século XX, mudanças no modo de produção capitalista começaram a afetar a relação que as empresas estabeleciam com o trabalhador. Diante de um mercado imprevisível, a carreira tradicional, marcada, entre outros aspectos, por empregos duradouros e com possibilidade de ascensão na hierarquia da organização, tornou-se menos recorrente. Paralelamente, começaram a despontar novas concepções sobre carreira, tendo a maioria um enfoque individualista. Dentre as novas proposições, o presente estudo tomou como referência a concepção de carreira proteana. Esse modelo, de origem norte-americana, tem como ideia central a noção de uma carreira que é gerida pelo indivíduo, e tem como meta o alcance do sucesso psicológico. Desta forma, ancora-se em duas principais dimensões: autogerenciamento e direcionamento para valores. Considerando os diversos estudos que descrevem as dificuldades enfrentadas por estudantes na transição da universidade para o mercado de trabalho, esta pesquisa objetivou compreender aspectos do gerenciamento proteano de carreira entre universitários brasileiros que já tinham concluído, pelo menos, a primeira metade do curso de graduação. Para tanto, o estudo foi dividido em dois artigos. O primeiro foi destinado ao desenvolvimento e validação da Escala de Atitudes de Carreira Proteana para universitários, tendo sido realizado com uma amostra de 1016 estudantes de 37 cursos diferentes, com idade variando entre 18 e 65 anos, e média de 24,52 (DP = 6,69 anos). O instrumento, denominado neste estudo de Escala de Gerenciamento Proteano de Carreira para Universitários (EGPC-U) atestou a estrutura de duas dimensões, evidenciada também na versão original da medida. Os índices de confiabilidade foram satisfatórios e superiores a 12 0,61, tendo o instrumento a possibilidade de ser utilizado em serviços de orientação profissional ou de carreira. O segundo artigo objetivou compreender como as dimensões do modelo proteano se relacionam com variáveis sóciodemográficas e com construtos psicossociais: personalidade, lócus de controle, saúde e satisfação com a vida, e envolveu alunos de duas áreas de conhecimento: humanas e exatas. A amostra foi composta por 525 alunos, sendo 245 da área de humanas e 280 de exatas, sendo 52% do sexo masculino. A idade dos participantes variou entre 18 e 30 anos e média de 22,59 anos (DP = 2,66 anos). A partir dos resultados do estudo 2, constatou-se que alunos da área de humanas, quando comparados a estudantes de exatas, tendem a apresentar média superior na dimensão de direcionamento para valores. Verificou-se ainda que os aspectos de conscienciosidade e lócus de controle interno são preditores significativos do autogerenciamento tanto entre alunos de humanas como de exatas e que a adoção de atitudes proteanas tende a impactar positivamente aspectos da saúde e da satisfação com a vida do indivíduo. O estudo, de um modo geral, permitiu verificar a existência de características proteanas entre universitários, como também possibilitou conhecer variáveis relacionadas às atitudes de autogerenciamento e direcionamento para valores. Destaca-se, porém, a necessidade de pesquisas complementares com a exploração de outras variáveis psicossociais que possam estar relacionadas ao gerenciamento proteano entre graduandos.

La adopción del cuadro de mando integral en organizaciones portuguesas: variables contingentes e institucionales

Este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar y analizar un conjunto de variables contingentes e institucionales que pueden potencialmente influir en el conocimiento e implementación del Cuadro de Mando Integral (CMI) en las organizaciones portuguesas pertenecientes al sector público y privado.

La adopción del cuadro de mando integral en organizaciones portuguesas: variables contingentes e institucionales

Esta comunicación tiene como objetivo identificar y analizar un conjunto de variables contingentes e institucionales que pueden potencialmente influir en el conocimiento e implementación del Cuadro de Mando Integral (CMI) en las organizaciones portuguesas pertenecientes al sector público y privado. Para comprobar empíricamente las hipótesis de investigación formuladas hemos recurrido a los datos obtenidos mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario postal a 591 organizaciones públicas y 549 organizaciones privadas portuguesas, con una tasa de respuesta total del 31,3%. Los resultados obtenidos indican la asociación entre el conocimiento CMI y el grado de formación de los empleados, así como entre la implementación del CMI y la realización de cursos de formación. Por otro lado, no hemos obtenido evidencia empírica respecto a la posible relación entre la implementación del CMI y el grado de comunicación interna, el recurso a consultores externos, cuestiones de “modas de gestión” y la búsqueda de legitimidad.

Cuadro de mando integral en empresas portuguesas: variables contextuales e internas

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre un conjunto de variables contextuales e internas y la adopción del Cuadro de Mando Integral (CMI) en las empresas privadas portuguesas. Como medio básico para la recolección de los datos se ha realizado una encuesta postal a través del envío de un cuestionario a 549 empresas privadas portuguesas, con una tasa de respuesta del 28,2%. Los resultados obtenidos indican que existe una asociación positiva entre la implementación del CMI y el grado de diversidad de los bienes y servicios de la organización; la propiedad de grupos extranjeros; y el tamaño organizacional.

Effects of growth reducer and nitrogen fertilization on morphological variables, SPAD index, interception of radiation and productivity of wheat

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of growth reducer and nitrogen fertilization on morphological variables, SPAD index, radiation interception, and grain yield of three cultivars of wheat. The experimental design was a randomized block in factorial scheme 3x5x2, with three cultivars (Mestre, Iguaçú and Itaipú), five nitrogen doses (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 Kg ha-1), and application or no application of a growth reducer, with three replications. The following characteristics were evaluated: plant height, SPAD index, leaf area index (LAI), Global Radiation Interception (GRI) and grain yield. The Tukey test (p < 0.05) was used for the comparison between the means of cultivar and growth reducer factors, and for a regression analysis to evaluate N levels. Increasing the dose of nitrogen promotes an increase in LAI of plants of wheat crops differently among cultivars, which leads to a greater degree of global radiation interception. At doses higher or equal to 120 Kg ha-1 of nitrogen, there are significant differences in grain yield between treatments with and without the application of the growth reducer. The significant interaction between growth reducer and nitrogen dose, showed that applications of growth reducer increase the GRI at doses above and below 80 Kg ha-1 of nitrogen. Nitrogen rates of 138 and 109 Kg ha-1 are responsible for maximum grain yields of wheat, which is 4235 and 3787 Kg ha-1 with and without the use of growth reducer, respectively.

ABOUT PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES IN APPLICATION SCORING MODELS

The purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of psychological variables and scales suggested by Economic Psychology in predicting individuals’ default. Therefore, a sample of 555 individuals completed a self-completion questionnaire, which was composed of psychological variables and scales. By adopting the methodology of the logistic regression, the following psychological and behavioral characteristics were found associated with the group of individuals in default: a) negative dimensions related to money (suffering, inequality and conflict); b) high scores on the self-efficacy scale, probably indicating a greater degree of optimism and over-confidence; c) buyers classified as compulsive; d) individuals who consider it necessary to give gifts to children and friends on special dates, even though many people consider this a luxury; e) problems of self-control identified by individuals who drink an average of more than four glasses of alcoholic beverage a day.

RELATION BETWEEN BACKGROUND VARIABLES, VALUES AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

ABSTRACT Consumer perception of corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be directly influenced by individual value structures. This research aims to provide new knowledge regarding the relationship between basic human values and the public's perception of CSR. It focuses on the values of higher education students and their views regarding a particular corporate social initiative. The study reveals that social, educational, and economic circumstances influence human values. Those values in turn influence why different students perceive CSR differently. These findings are relevant to companies as they provide a more detailed understanding of why certain consumer groups perceive certain CSR initiatives the way that they do. They also suggest that universities should increase their awareness of the importance of integrating human values and CSR in the curricula of future business managers and social leaders.

Validation of a measurement scale for the relationship between the orientation to corporate social responsibility and other business strategic variables

The importance of Social Responsibility (SR) is higher if this business variable is related with other ones of strategic nature in business activity (competitive success that the company achieved, performance that the firms develop and innovations that they carries out). The hypothesis is that organizations that focus on SR are those who get higher outputs and innovate more, achieving greater competitive success. A scale for measuring the orientation to SR has defined in order to determine the degree of relationship between above elements. This instrument is original because previous scales do not exist in the literature which could measure, on the one hand, the three classics sub-constructs theoretically accepted that SR is made up and, on the other hand, the relationship between SR and the other variables. As a result of causal relationships analysis we conclude with a scale of 21 indicators, validated scale with a sample of firms belonging to the Autonomous Community of Extremadura and it is the first empirical validation of these dimensions we know so far, in this context.