Snail heterogeneity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Background: Intratumor heterogeneity may be responsible of the unpredictable aggressive clinical behavior that some clear cell renal cell carcinomas display. This clinical uncertainty may be caused by insufficient sampling, leaving out of histological analysis foci of high grade tumor areas. Although molecular approaches are providing important information on renal intratumor heterogeneity, a focus on this topic from the practicing pathologist' perspective is still pending. Methods: Four distant tumor areas of 40 organ-confined clear cell renal cell carcinomas were selected for histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation. Tumor size, cell type (clear/granular), Fuhrman's grade, Staging, as well as immunostaining with Snail, ZEB1, Twist, Vimentin, E-cadherin, beta-catenin, PTEN, p-Akt, p110 alpha, and SETD2, were analyzed for intratumor heterogeneity using a classification and regression tree algorithm. Results: Cell type and Fuhrman's grade were heterogeneous in 12.5 and 60 % of the tumors, respectively. If cell type was homogeneous (clear cell) then the tumors were low-grade in 88.57 % of cases. Immunostaining heterogeneity was significant in the series and oscillated between 15 % for p110a and 80 % for Snail. When Snail immunostaining was homogeneous the tumor was histologically homogeneous in 100 % of cases. If Snail was heterogeneous, the tumor was heterogeneous in 75 % of the cases. Average tumor diameter was 4.3 cm. Tumors larger than 3.7 cm were heterogeneous for Vimentin immunostaining in 72.5 % of cases. Tumors displaying negative immunostaining for both ZEB1 and Twist were low grade in 100 % of the cases. Conclusions: Intratumor heterogeneity is a common event in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, which can be monitored by immunohistochemistry in routine practice. Snail seems to be particularly useful in the identification of intratumor heterogeneity. The suitability of current sampling protocols in renal cancer is discussed.

Bromocriptina na lactação atenua os efeitos deletérios do desmame precoce

Como o desmame precoce (DP) não-farmacológico programa a prole para obesidade, microesteatose hepática e maior estresse oxidativo na vida adulta, e o DP farmacológico, inibindo a prolactina com um agonista dopaminérgico (bromocriptina), causa também obesidade neste trabalho objetivamos: (1) verificar o status redox e função hepática no modelo de programação pelo DP farmacológico. Como a bromocriptina tem efeitos protetores sobre a homeostase glicêmica em animais adultos, formulamos a hipótese de que poderia interferir na programação do DP não-farmacológico e para testá-la tivemos os seguintes objetivos: (2) avaliar uma possível interferência desta droga na programação através da sua aplicação nas proles submetidas ao DP não-farmacológico; (3) avaliar os efeitos a longo prazo deste tratamento neonatal frente a diferentes dietas. Métodos: Experimento 1: ratas lactantes foram divididas em 2 grupos: DP (BROMO) no qual as mães foram tratadas via i.p. com 1mg/dia de bromocriptina nos 3 últimos dias de lactação; Controle (C) cujas mães receberam tratamento semelhante com solução veículo. As proles foram avaliadas aos 90 e 180 dias de vida (P90 e P180) através de teste t-Student (significância de P<0,05). Experimento 2: realizamos novo protocolo onde lactantes foram dividas em 2 grupos: DP não-farmacológico (DP) cujas mães recebiam uma bandagem adesiva ao redor do corpo para impedir o acesso dos filhotes ao leite nos últimos 3 dias de lactação; Controle (C) cujos filhotes mamavam livremente. Em seguida as proles de ambos os grupos foram subdividas de acordo com o tratamento: proles que recebiam bromocriptina intraperitoneal (4mg/kg massa corporal/dia) nos últimos 3 dias de lactação (DP/BRO e C/BRO); proles que recebiam solução veículo (DP e C). Os grupos foram analisados em P120. Em P130 estas proles foram subdivididas de acordo com a dieta, compondo ao final 8 grupos experimentais (C; C/BRO; DP e DP/BRO - ração padrão e C-HF; C/BRO-HF; DP-HF e DP/BRO-HF - ração hiperlipídica - 45% Kcal de lipídeos) sendo acompanhados até P200. A análise estatística foi feita através de two-way ANOVA com pós-teste de Bonferroni, one-way ANOVA com pós-teste de Newman-Keuls e teste t-Student (entre os respectivos grupos com diferenciação dietética) (P<0,05). Experimento 1: verificamos que o DP promoveu maior adiposidade visceral e dislipidemia. Em P90, animais BROMO apresentaram intolerância a glicose, normoinsulinemia, superexpressão de sirtuína-1 (SIRT-1) no fígado, aumento da atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) no plasma e fígado e da glutationa peroxidase (GPx) hepática levando a uma redução de malondialdeído (MDA) somente no fígado. Já em P180 constatamos resistência insulínica, maior atividade de GPx plasmática e SOD e catalase no fígado promovendo redução de MDA em ambos os tecidos e prevenindo o surgimento da esteatose hepática no grupo BROMO, apesar do declínio da expressão de SIRT-1. Experimento 2: a bromocriptina intensifica a perda de peso dos filhotes ao final da lactação. Em P120 somente observamos uma intolerância a glicose no C/BRO (permanecendo ao longo do experimento) e uma hipertrofia de adipócitos no DP. Já em P200 evidenciamos no grupo DP, maior adiposidade, hiperleptinemia, hipertrofia de adipócitos, e aumento de triglicerídeo hepático. Estas alterações foram prevenidas nos grupos tratados com bromocriptina. Em contrapartida, a dieta HF promoveu uma descompensação metabólica e os efeitos benéficos da bromocriptina não foram tão evidentes. Confirmamos os efeitos deletérios do DP e verificamos o potencial terapêutico da bromocriptina, prevenindo o ganho de peso corporal, a adiposidade e a leptinemia podendo, portanto, colaborar com a prevenção de danos ao tecido hepático, desde que associado a um padrão dietético adequado.

文昌鱼Dkk和Kremen基因家族表达图谱和功能的研究

文昌鱼长期作为脊索动物的祖先模型被研究。它与脊椎动物发育机制的比较为后者的发生和进化提供了大量证据。Wnt信号通路在动物胚胎发育中行使着多样而重要的功能：如胚胎轴系的建立，胚层分化，神经图式形成等。在腔肠动物胚胎发育的早期，Wnt/β-catenin主要参与动植物半球极性的形成和胚层分化——很可能是Wnt通路的祖先功能。而在高等脊椎动物胚胎发育的早期，Wnt/β-catenin通路对于背腹轴、前后轴和左右轴极性的建立发挥着至关重要的作用。我们的研究主要集中在文昌鱼Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的两种调节因子Dickkopf（Dkk）和Kremen，以探明这些Wnt信号调节因子的祖先功能，以及在脊椎动物中获得新功能的进化历程。分泌性蛋白Dkk是Wnt信号通路的抑制因子，协同它的高亲和性受体Kremen，在两栖类胚胎头部的发育中起着关键作用。基于脊椎动物Dkk和kremen的报道以及佛罗里达文昌鱼基因组序列信息，我们运用分子克隆的方法，得到白氏文昌鱼Dkk家族的两个基因：BbDkk124和BbDkk3，以及Kremen家族的5个基因：BbKremen-a，BbKremen-c，BbKremen-d，BbKremen-e，BbKremen-g，用整体胚胎原位杂交的方法研究了它们的表达图谱，并在293T细胞和非洲爪蟾胚胎这两个系统中检测了它们对Wnt信号活性的影响和胚胎发育表型的影响。结果表明文昌鱼Dkk和Kremen的表达区域与脊椎动物的同源基因并不相同，出现了较大分歧，但BbDkk124作为Wnt信号抑制因子的功能是保守的。Kremen家族的两个基因BbKremen-e和BbKremen-g在293T细胞内对Wnt通路的影响不显著，而在非洲爪蟾系统中，引起胚胎不同的畸形表型。我们的实验结果为脊椎动物Dkk和Kremen 基因家族的进化提供了一些资料。 此外我们还研究了文昌鱼GATA家族的基因，这个家族在脊椎动物和非脊椎动物的发育中行使重要的动能，在进化上也是非常保守的。脊椎动物的GATA基因分为两个亚群：GATA1/2/3和GATA4/5/6。通过生物信息分析，我们在文昌鱼的基因组中找到了三个GATA基因：一个GATA1/2/3亚家族基因，两个GATA4/5/6亚家族基因，另外还找到一个类GATA基因。我们克隆了白氏文昌鱼GATA123的一段序列并研究了它在早期胚胎发育中的特异性表达。结果表明GATA123在原肠胚的中内胚层表达，而在神经胚晚期和幼体早期，GATA123在脑泡和消化道中部区域表达。这种表达模式与头部发育的重要基因Otx相类似。我们的研究结果提示在文昌鱼脑泡的发育过程中GATA123和Otx很可能协同发挥着重要的作用。

Cytokinesis proteins Tum and Pav have a nuclear role in Wnt regulation.

Wg/Wnt signals specify cell fates in both invertebrate and vertebrate embryos and maintain stem-cell populations in many adult tissues. Deregulation of the Wnt pathway can transform cells to a proliferative fate, leading to cancer. We have discovered that two Drosophila proteins that are crucial for cytokinesis have a second, largely independent, role in restricting activity of the Wnt pathway. The fly homolog of RacGAP1, Tumbleweed (Tum)/RacGAP50C, and its binding partner, the kinesin-like protein Pavarotti (Pav), negatively regulate Wnt activity in fly embryos and in cultured mammalian cells. Unlike many known regulators of the Wnt pathway, these molecules do not affect stabilization of Arm/beta-catenin (betacat), the principal effector molecule in Wnt signal transduction. Rather, they appear to act downstream of betacat stabilization to control target-gene transcription. Both Tum and Pav accumulate in the nuclei of interphase cells, a location that is spatially distinct from their cleavage-furrow localization during cytokinesis. We show that this nuclear localization is essential for their role in Wnt regulation. Thus, we have identified two modulators of the Wnt pathway that have shared functions in cell division, which hints at a possible link between cytokinesis and Wnt activity during tumorigenesis.

SplicerAV: a tool for mining microarray expression data for changes in RNA processing.

BACKGROUND: Over the past two decades more than fifty thousand unique clinical and biological samples have been assayed using the Affymetrix HG-U133 and HG-U95 GeneChip microarray platforms. This substantial repository has been used extensively to characterize changes in gene expression between biological samples, but has not been previously mined en masse for changes in mRNA processing. We explored the possibility of using HG-U133 microarray data to identify changes in alternative mRNA processing in several available archival datasets. RESULTS: Data from these and other gene expression microarrays can now be mined for changes in transcript isoform abundance using a program described here, SplicerAV. Using in vivo and in vitro breast cancer microarray datasets, SplicerAV was able to perform both gene and isoform specific expression profiling within the same microarray dataset. Our reanalysis of Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 data generated by in vitro over-expression of HRAS, E2F3, beta-catenin (CTNNB1), SRC, and MYC identified several hundred oncogene-induced mRNA isoform changes, one of which recognized a previously unknown mechanism of EGFR family activation. Using clinical data, SplicerAV predicted 241 isoform changes between low and high grade breast tumors; with changes enriched among genes coding for guanyl-nucleotide exchange factors, metalloprotease inhibitors, and mRNA processing factors. Isoform changes in 15 genes were associated with aggressive cancer across the three breast cancer datasets. CONCLUSIONS: Using SplicerAV, we identified several hundred previously uncharacterized isoform changes induced by in vitro oncogene over-expression and revealed a previously unknown mechanism of EGFR activation in human mammary epithelial cells. We analyzed Affymetrix GeneChip data from over 400 human breast tumors in three independent studies, making this the largest clinical dataset analyzed for en masse changes in alternative mRNA processing. The capacity to detect RNA isoform changes in archival microarray data using SplicerAV allowed us to carry out the first analysis of isoform specific mRNA changes directly associated with cancer survival.

Age-specific differences in oncogenic pathway deregulation seen in human breast tumors.

PURPOSE: To define the biology driving the aggressive nature of breast cancer arising in young women. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Among 784 patients with early stage breast cancer, using prospectively-defined, age-specific cohorts (young or=65 years), 411 eligible patients (n = 200or=65 years) with clinically-annotated Affymetrix microarray data were identified. GSEA, signatures of oncogenic pathway deregulation and predictors of chemotherapy sensitivity were evaluated within the two age-defined cohorts. RESULTS: In comparing deregulation of oncogenic pathways between age groups, a higher probability of PI3K (p = 0.006) and Myc (p = 0.03) pathway deregulation was observed in breast tumors arising in younger women. When evaluating unique patterns of pathway deregulation, a low probability of Src and E2F deregulation in tumors of younger women, concurrent with a higher probability of PI3K, Myc, and beta-catenin, conferred a worse prognosis (HR = 4.15). In contrast, a higher probability of Src and E2F pathway activation in tumors of older women, with concurrent low probability of PI3K, Myc and beta-catenin deregulation, was associated with poorer outcome (HR = 2.7). In multivariate analyses, genomic clusters of pathway deregulation illustrate prognostic value. CONCLUSION: Results demonstrate that breast cancer arising in young women represents a distinct biologic entity characterized by unique patterns of deregulated signaling pathways that are prognostic, independent of currently available clinico-pathologic variables. These results should enable refinement of targeted treatment strategies in this clinically challenging situation.

Experimental inhibition of porcupine-mediated Wnt O-acylation attenuates kidney fibrosis.

Activated Wnt signaling is critical in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis, a final common pathway for most forms of chronic kidney disease. Therapeutic intervention by inhibition of individual Wnts or downstream Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been proposed, but these approaches do not interrupt the functions of all Wnts nor block non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways. Alternatively, an orally bioavailable small molecule, Wnt-C59, blocks the catalytic activity of the Wnt-acyl transferase porcupine, and thereby prevents secretion of all Wnt isoforms. We found that inhibiting porcupine dramatically attenuates kidney fibrosis in the murine unilateral ureteral obstruction model. Wnt-C59 treatment similarly blunts collagen mRNA expression in the obstructed kidney. Consistent with its actions to broadly arrest Wnt signaling, porcupine inhibition reduces expression of Wnt target genes and bolsters nuclear exclusion of β-catenin in the kidney following ureteral obstruction. Importantly, prevention of Wnt secretion by Wnt-C59 blunts expression of inflammatory cytokines in the obstructed kidney that otherwise provoke a positive feedback loop of Wnt expression in collagen-producing fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Thus, therapeutic targeting of porcupine abrogates kidney fibrosis not only by overcoming the redundancy of individual Wnt isoforms but also by preventing upstream cytokine-induced Wnt generation. These findings reveal a novel therapeutic maneuver to protect the kidney from fibrosis by interrupting a pathogenic crosstalk loop between locally generated inflammatory cytokines and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Wnt Protein Signaling Reduces Nuclear Acetyl-CoA Levels to Suppress Gene Expression during Osteoblast Differentiation.

Developmental signals in metazoans play critical roles in inducing cell differentiation from multipotent progenitors. The existing paradigm posits that the signals operate directly through their downstream transcription factors to activate expression of cell type-specific genes, which are the hallmark of cell identity. We have investigated the mechanism through which Wnt signaling induces osteoblast differentiation in an osteoblast-adipocyte bipotent progenitor cell line. Unexpectedly, Wnt3a acutely suppresses the expression of a large number of genes while inducing osteoblast differentiation. The suppressed genes include Pparg and Cebpa, which encode adipocyte-specifying transcription factors and suppression of which is sufficient to induce osteoblast differentiation. The large scale gene suppression induced by Wnt3a corresponds to a global decrease in histone acetylation, an epigenetic modification that is associated with gene activation. Mechanistically, Wnt3a does not alter histone acetyltransferase or deacetylase activities but, rather, decreases the level of acetyl-CoA in the nucleus. The Wnt-induced decrease in histone acetylation is independent of β-catenin signaling but, rather, correlates with suppression of glucose metabolism in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Functionally, preventing histone deacetylation by increasing nucleocytoplasmic acetyl-CoA levels impairs Wnt3a-induced osteoblast differentiation. Thus, Wnt signaling induces osteoblast differentiation in part through histone deacetylation and epigenetic suppression of an alternative cell fate.

THE ROLE OF LIPOPROTEIN(a)/APOLIPOPROTEIN(a) IN ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION: MECHANISTIC STUDIES IN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM

Multiple lines of evidence suggest that elevated plasma lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) concentrations are a significant risk factor for the development of a number of vascular diseases including coronary heart disease and stroke. Lp(a) consists of a low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-like moiety and an unique glycoprotein, apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)), that is covalently attached to the apolipoproteinB-100 (apoB-100) component of LDL by a single disulfide bond. Many studies have suggested a role for Lp(a) in the process of endothelial dysfunction. Indeed, Lp(a) has been shown to increase both the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells (EC), as well as monocyte and leukocyte chemotactic activity in these cells. We have previously demonstrated that Lp(a), through its apo(a) moiety, increases actomyosin-driven EC contraction which, as a consequence, increases EC permeability. In this thesis, we have demonstrated a role for the strong lysine-binding site in the kringle IV type 10 domain of apo(a) in increasing EC permeability, which occurs through a Rho/Rho kinase-dependent pathway. We have further validated these findings using mouse mesenteric arteries in a pressure myograph system. We also have dissected another major signaling pathway initiated by apo(a) that involves in a disruption of adherens junctions in EC. In this pathway, apo(a)/Lp(a) activates the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β-dependent pathway to facilitate nuclear translocation of beta-catenin. In the nucleus beta-catenin induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) from the EC. Finally, we have presented data to suggest a novel inflammatory role for apo(a) in which it induces the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB through promotion of the dissociation of IkappaB from the inactive cytoplasmic complex; this allows the nuclear translocation of NFkappaB with attendant effects on the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. Taken together, our findings may facilitate the development of new drug targets for mitigating the harmful effects of Lp(a) on vascular EC which corresponds to an early step in the process of atherogenesis.

Metastasis-inducing DNA Regulates the Expression of the Osteopontin Gene by Binding the Transcription Factor Tcf-4

Small 1,000-bp fragments of genomic DNA obtained from human malignant breast cancer cell lines when transfected into a benign rat mammary cell line enhance transcription of the osteopontin gene and thereby cause the cells to metastasize in syngeneic rats. To identify the molecular events underlying this process, transient cotransfections of an osteopontin promoter-reporter construct and fragments of one metastasis-inducing DNA (Met-DNA) have identified the active components in the Met-DNA as the binding sites for the T-cell factor (Tcf) family of transcription factors. Incubation of cell extracts with active DNA fragments containing the sequence CAAAG caused retardation of their mobilities on polyacrylamide gels, and Western blotting identified Tcf-4, beta-catenin, and E-cadherin in the relevant DNA complexes in vitro. Transfection of an expression vector for Tcf-4 inhibited the stimulated activity of the osteopontin promoter-reporter construct caused by transiently transfected active fragments of Met-DNA or permanently transfected Met-DNA. This stimulated activity of the osteopontin promoter-reporter construct is accompanied by an increase in endogenous osteopontin mRNA but not in fos or actin mRNAs in the transfected cells. Permanent transfection of the benign rat mammary cell line with a 20-bp fragment from the Met-DNA containing the Tcf recognition sequence CAAAG caused an enhanced permanent production of endogenous osteopontin protein in vitro and induced the cells to metastasize in syngeneic rats in vivo. The corresponding fragment without the CAAAG sequence was without either effect. Therefore, the regulatory effect of the C9-Met-DNA is exerted, at least in part, by a CAAAG sequence that can sequester the endogenous inhibitory Tcf-4 and thereby promote transcription of osteopontin, the direct effector of metastasis in this system.

Agelastatin A: a novel inhibitor of osteopontin-mediated adhesion, invasion, and colony formation

Effective inhibitors of osteopontin (OPN)-mediated neoplastic transformation and metastasis are still lacking. (-)-Agelastatin A is a naturally occurring oroidin alkaloid with powerful antitumor effects that, in many cases, are superior to cisplatin in vitro. In this regard, past comparative assaying of the two agents against a range of human tumor cell lines has revealed that typically (-)-agelastatin A is 1.5 to 16 times more potent than cisplatin at inhibiting cell growth, its effects being most pronounced against human bladder, skin, colon, and breast carcinomas. In this study, we have investigated the effects of (-)-agelastatin A on OPN-mediated malignant transformation using mammary epithelial cell lines. Treatment with (-)-agelastatin A inhibited OPN protein expression and enhanced expression of the cellular OPN inhibitor, Tcf-4. (-)-Agelastatin A treatment also reduced beta-catenin protein expression and reduced anchorage-independent growth, adhesion, and invasion in R37 OPN pBK-CMV and C9 cell lines. Similar effects were observed in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435s human breast cancer cell lines exposed to (-)-agelastatin A. Suppression of Tcf-4 by RNA interference (short interfering RNA) induced malignant/invasive transformation in parental benign Rama 37 cells; significantly, these events were reversed by treatment with (-)-agelastatin A. Our study reveals, for the very first time, that (-)-agelastatin A down-regulates beta-catenin expression while simultaneously up-regulating Tcf-4 and that these combined effects cause repression of OPN and inhibition of OPN-mediated malignant cell invasion, adhesion, and colony formation in vitro. We have also shown that (-)-agelastatin A inhibits cancer cell proliferation by causing cells to accumulate in the G(2) phase of cell cycle.

Characterization of a spontaneous mouse retinal pigment epithelial cell line B6-RPE07.

PURPOSE. A spontaneously arising retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell line (B6-RPE07) was cloned from a primary culture of mouse RPE cells and maintained in culture for more than 18 months. Morphologic and functional properties of this cell line have been characterized.

METHODS. The morphology of the B6-RPE07 cells was examined by phase-contrast light microscopy, electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy. Barrier properties were measured by the flux of fluorescence from the apical to the basolateral compartment of culture chambers. The abilities of the cells to bind/phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments (POS) were determined by confocal microscopy, electron microscopy, and flow cytometry. Cytokine/chemokine secretion was measured by cytometric bead array. The expression of visual cycle proteins was determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting.

RESULTS. In standard culture conditions, B6-RPE07 cells display cobblestone morphology. When cultured on three-dimensional (3D) collagen gel–coated membranes, B6-RPE07 cells exhibit a monolayer epithelial polarization with apical surface microvilli. Immunohistochemistry of B6-RPE07 cultures revealed a high expression of pan-cytokeratin. B6-RPE07 cells also expressed the retinal pigment epithelium-specific marker CRALBP, but not RPE65. Cell junction proteins ZO-1 and ß-catenin, but not claudin-1/3 or occludin-1, were observed in B6-RPE07 cells. B6-RPE07 cells are able to bind, phagocytose, and digest POS. Finally, B6-RPE07 cells produce high levels of IL-6 and CCL2.

CONCLUSIONS. This is the first report of a mouse RPE cell line with morphology, phenotype, and function similar to those of in vivo mouse RPE cells. This cell line will be a valuable resource for future RPE studies, in particular for in vivo gene modification and transplantation studies.

Vitamin D Receptor Modulates the Neoplastic Phenotype Through Antagonistic Growth Regulatory Signals

Vitamin D receptor (VDR) can modulate functionally antagonistic growth regulatory pathways, involving beta-catenin/E-cadherin on one hand and osteopontin (OPN) on the other. This study investigates effects of VDR ligand treatment on the balance of these discordant signals and on associated cell behavior. Treatment of Rama 37 or SW480 cells by 1 alpha,25-(OH)(2) D-3 or analogs suppressed beta-catenin/Lef-1/Tcf signaling and upregulated E-cadherin, consistent with a cancer-inhibitory action. Conversely, treatment also increased transcription of OPN that may be implicated in tumor progression. Molecular crosstalk was observed between the antagonistic VDR-dependent signals, in that beta-catenin/Lef-1/Tcf molecules modulated VDR activation of OPN. Treatment effects on cell growth were related to a constitutive balance of OPN and E-cadherin expression. No growth effects were observed in Rama 37 cells that have low OPN and high E-cadherin expression. Conversely, treatment of Rama 37 stably transfected subclones that had high OPN and/or low level E-cadherin induced small but significant increases of cell attachment to fibronectin, anchorage-independent growth or invasion. This study shows that relative expression levels of key VDR downstream genes may influence growth regulation by 1 alpha,25-(OH)(2) D-3 or analogs. These findings may be relevant to the cell- or tissue-specificity of vitamin D growth regulation. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Interferon-induced transmembrane 3 binds osteopontin in vitro: expressed in vivo IFITM3 reduced OPN expression

Osteopontin is a secreted, integrin-binding and phosphorylated acidic glycoprotein, which has an important role in tumour progression. We have shown that Wnt, Ets, AP-1, c-jun and beta-catenin/Lef-1/Tcf-1 stimulates OPN transcription in rat mammary carcinoma cells by binding to a specific promoter sequence. However, co-repressors of OPN have not been identified. In this study, we have used the bacterial two-hybrid system to isolate cDNA-encoding proteins that bind to OPN and modulate its role in malignant transformation. Using this approach we isolated interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 gene (IFITM3) as a potential protein partner. We show that IFITM3 and OPN interact in vitro and in vivo and that IFITM3 reduces osteopontin (OPN) mRNA expression, possibly by affecting OPN mRNA stability. Stable transfection of IFITM3 inhibits OPN, which mediates anchorage-independent growth, cell adhesion and cell invasion. Northern blot analysis revealed an inverse mRNA expression pattern of IFITM3 and OPN in human mammary cell lines. Inhibition of IFITM3 by antisense RNA promoted OPN protein expression, enhanced cell invasion by parental benign non-invasive Rama 37 cells, indicating that the two proteins interact functionally as well. We also identified an IFITM3 DNA-binding domain, which interacts with OPN, deletion of which abolished its inhibitive effect on OPN. This work has shown for the first time that IFITM3 physically interacts with OPN and reduces OPN mRNA expression, which mediates cell adhesion, cell invasion, colony formation in soft agar and metastasis in a rat model system. Oncogene (2010) 29, 752-762; doi: 10.1038/onc.2009.379; published online 9 November 2009