Uso di misure idrometriche satellitari per la calibrazione dei modelli numerico-idraulici: il caso del fiume Po

Questo lavoro di tesi tratta l'utilizzo di misure idrometriche satellitari in combinazione con le misure idrometriche tradizionali per la calibrazione dei modelli numerico-idraulici. Il presente elaborato riguarda la calibrazione di un complesso modello idraulico del Fiume Po implementato in HEC-RAS. Il caso di studio è un tratto del Fiume Po lungo circa 131 km, che va dalla sezione relativa alla stazione idrometrica di Borgoforte e termina all'incile del Po di Goro. Le Analisi numeriche svolte si suddividono in tre gruppi, il primo sfrutta l'impiego di soli dati idrometrici tradizionali, il secondo l'impiego di soli dati idrometrici satellitari e il terzo l'impiego di entrambe le tipologie di dati idrometrici.

Chemistry of aerosol particles and fog droplets during fall-winter season in the Po Valley

Air quality represents a key issue in the so-called pollution “hot spots”: environments in which anthropogenic sources are concentrated and dispersion of pollutants is limited. One of these environments, the Po Valley, normally experiences exceedances of PM10 and PM2.5 concentration limits, especially in winter when the ventilation of the lower layers of the atmosphere is reduced. This thesis provides a highlight of the chemical properties of particulate matter and fog droplets in the Po Valley during the cold season, when fog occurrence is very frequent. Fog-particles interactions were investigated with the aim to determine their impact on the regional air quality. Size-segregated aerosol samples were collected in Bologna, urban site, and San Pietro Capofiume (SPC), rural site, during two campaigns (November 2011; February 2013) in the frame of Supersito project. The comparison between particles size-distribution and chemical composition in both sites showed the relevant contribution of the regional background and secondary processes in determining the Po Valley aerosol concentration. Occurrence of fog in November 2011 campaign in SPC allowed to investigate the role of fog formation and fog chemistry in the formation, processing and deposition of PM10. Nucleation scavenging was investigated with relation to the size and the chemical composition of particles. We found that PM1 concentration is reduced up to 60% because of fog scavenging. Furthermore, aqueous-phase secondary aerosol formation mechanisms were investigated through time-resolved measurements. In SPC fog samples have been systematically collected and analysed since the nineties; a 20 years long database has been assembled. This thesis reports for the first time the results of this long time series of measurements, showing a decrease of sulphate and nitrate concentration and an increase of pH that reached values close to neutrality. A detailed discussion about the occurred changes in fog water composition over two decades is presented.

Origin and variability of PM10 and atmospheric radiotracers at the WMO-GAW station of Mt. Cimone (1998-2011) and in the central Po Valley

Particulate matter is one of the main atmospheric pollutants, with a great chemical-environmental relevance. Improving knowledge of the sources of particulate matter and of their apportionment is needed to handle and fulfill the legislation regarding this pollutant, to support further development of air policy as well as air pollution management. Various instruments have been used to understand the sources of particulate matter and atmospheric radiotracers at the site of Mt. Cimone (44.18° N, 10.7° E, 2165 m asl), hosting a global WMO-GAW station. Thanks to its characteristics, this location is suitable investigate the regional and long-range transport of polluted air masses on the background Southern-Europe free-troposphere. In particular, PM10 data sampled at the station in the period 1998-2011 were analyzed in the framework of the main meteorological and territorial features. A receptor model based on back trajectories was applied to study the source regions of particulate matter. Simultaneous measurements of atmospheric radionuclides Pb-210 and Be-7 acquired together with PM10 have also been analysed to acquire a better understanding of vertical and horizontal transports able to affect atmospheric composition. Seasonal variations of atmospheric radiotracers have been studied both analysing the long-term time series acquired at the measurement site as well as by means of a state-of-the-art global 3-D chemistry and transport model. Advection patterns characterizing the circulation at the site have been identified by means of clusters of back-trajectories. Finally, the results of a source apportionment study of particulate matter carried on in a midsize town of the Po Valley (actually recognised as one of the most polluted European regions) are reported. An approach exploiting different techniques, and in particular different kinds of models, successfully achieved a characterization of the processes/sources of particulate matter at the two sites, and of atmospheric radiotracers at the site of Mt. Cimone.

Paleosol-based stratigraphy of late Quaternary deposits from the Po basin, between Bologna and the Po river (Northern Italy)

Stratigraphic studies carried out over the last decades in Italy and elsewhere testify a growing interest in Quaternary deposits and in the influence of climate change on their architecture. The subsurface of the Po Plain, in its topmost portion, is made up of alluvial deposits organized in depositional cycles at different scales. This PhD thesis provides millennial-scale stratigraphic reconstruction of the Late Pleistocene-Holocene deposits beneath the southern Po Plain, based on basin-scale correlation of laterally-extensive buried soil horizons. Far from the aim of characterizing palaeosols from a mineralogical and geochemical point of view, we focused on the physical and stratigraphic significance of these horizons. In the Bologna urban area, which hosts an abundance of stratigraphic data, the correlation between seventeen continuously-cored boreholes led to the identification of five vertically-stacked palaeosol-bounded sequences within the 14C time window. In a wide portion of the alluvial plain north of Bologna, far away from the Apenninic margin and from the Po River, where subsurface stratigraphic architecture is dominated by markedly lenticular sediment bodies, palaeosols revealed to be the only stratigraphic marker of remarkable lateral continuity. These horizons are characterized by peculiar resistance values, which make them easily identifiable via pocket penetration tests. Palaeosols reveal specific geometric relationships with the associated alluvial facies associations, allowing reliable estimates of soil development as a function of alluvial dynamics. With the aid of sixty new radiocarbon dates, a reliable age attribution and likely time intervals of exposure were assigned to each palaeosol. Vertically-stacked palaeosols delimitate short-term depositional cycles, likely related to the major episodes of climatic change of the last 40 ky. Through integration of stratigraphic data with 750 archaeological reports from the Bologna area, the impact of human settlements on depositional and pedogenic processes during the late Holocene was investigated.

Modello numerico di un argine maestro del fiume Po per l'individuazione dei possibili meccanismi di collasso

Il lavoro di tesi eseguito comprende la ricerca sulle problematiche arginali e le tipologie di intervento per la protezione idraulica del territorio. Convenzione n.37/2010 tra AdBPo e Università di Bologna. Campagna di indagini eseguite e caratterizzazione del suolo. Caratterizzazione geologica. Caratterizzazione del modello geotecnico della “sez.6_GU”, che corrisponde alla sezione “S38C” del catasto delle arginature maestre, tramite l’utilizzo delle funzioni di Excel, ed elaborazione dei risultati delle prove con la determinazione dei valori statistici dei vari parametri geotecnici, del livello di falda e delle proprietà fisico-meccaniche dei terreni. Risultati delle prove CPTU U16BR, U17BR e U18BR. Creazione del modello utilizzando dei codici agli elementi finiti Plaxis e GeoStudio per la verifica di stabilità dell’argine soggetto ad una portata di piena con tempo di ritorno Tr pari a 200 anni. Verifiche di stabilità: analisi e risultati della sezione completa per la verifica della stabilità globale; della sezione ridotta per potersi concentrare sul sistema argine-substrato di fondazione (verifica locåale in assenza di area golenale); della sezione ridotta con falda a piano campagna (per individuare se la rottura avviene per il moto di filtrazione oppure per la deformazione del modello soggetto ai carichi agenti); sezione con substrato di fondazione ridotto (per verificare la presenza di eventuali fenomeni di sifonamento modellabili nei software).

Studio morfo-batimetrico dei canali distributori del delta del Po di Pila

In questa tesi sono state analizzate, a partire da dati batimetrici ad alta risoluzione ottenuti tramite tecnologia multibeam, le morfologie caratteristiche dei tre canali tributari del Delta del Po di Pila: Busa di Dritta, Busa di Tramontana, Busa di Scirocco. Lo studio è stato effettuato col software Global Mapper, che ha permesso la mappatura e l’analisi morfometrica dei principali elementi morfologici osservati, ovvero aree depresse, zone con presenza di forme di fondo, zone a fondo piano e depositi da instabilità gravitativa sulle sponde dei canali. La loro distribuzione nei vari tratti dei canali è stata messa in relazione alle caratteristiche morfologiche e idrauliche del tratto fluviale e ai processi erosivi e deposizionali che interessano i tre canali ad intensità variabile, nell’ambito dell’evoluzione molto recente di questa porzione del delta. I risultati di questo studio indicano come l’utilizzo in ambito fluviale delle più recenti tecniche di acquisizione dei dati batimetrici multibeam possa costituire la base per un dettagliato studio delle morfologie fluviali e delle dinamiche ad esse associate.

La citta, il percorso, il fiume. Un centro culturale per le immagini del fiume Po a Piacenza.

La penisola italiana essendo quasi totalmente avvolta dal Mar Mediterraneo ha sviluppato e potenziato nei secoli le connessioni via mare, dimenticando il rapporto con le acque interne. In seguito la modernità ha disseminato il territorio di strade e ferrovie riducendo ulteriormente il valore dei percorsi fluviali come elementi di collegamento, negando l’antico rapporto che univa l’uomo, la città, con il corso d’acqua.

Impact of irrigation in the Po valley (Italy) on meteorological parameters through numerical simulation

Recent studies found that soil-atmosphere coupling features, through soil moisture, have been crucial to simulate well heat waves amplitude, duration and intensity. Moreover, it was found that soil moisture depletion both in Winter and Spring anticipates strong heat waves during the Summer. Irrigation in geophysical studies can be intended as an anthropogenic forcing to the soil-moisture, besides changes in land proprieties. In this study, the irrigation was add to a LAM hydrostatic model (BOLAM) and coupled with the soil. The response of the model to irrigation perturbation is analyzed during a dry Summer season. To identify a dry Summer, with overall positive temperature anomalies, an extensive climatological characterization of 2015 was done. The method included a statistical validation on the reference period distribution used to calculate the anomalies. Drought conditions were observed during Summer 2015 and previous seasons, both on the analyzed region and the Alps. Moreover July was characterized as an extreme event for the referred distribution. The numerical simulation consisted on the summer season of 2015 and two run: a control run (CTR), with the soil coupling and a perturbed run (IPR). The perturbation consists on a mask of land use created from the Cropland FAO dataset, where an irrigation water flux of 3 mm/day was applied from 6 A.M. to 9 A.M. every day. The results show that differences between CTR and IPR has a strong daily cycle. The main modifications are on the air masses proprieties, not on to the dynamics. However, changes in the circulation at the boundaries of the Po Valley are observed, and a diagnostic spatial correlation of variable differences shows that soil moisture perturbation explains well the variation observed in the 2 meters height temperature and in the latent heat fluxes.On the other hand, does not explain the spatial shift up and downslope observed during different periods of the day. Given the results, irrigation process affects the atmospheric proprieties on a larger scale than the irrigation, therefore it is important in daily forecast, particularly during hot and dry periods.

Patient-Oriented SCORAD (PO-SCORAD): a new self-assessment scale in atopic dermatitis validated in Europe

BACKGROund: Patient-oriented medicine is an emerging concept, encouraged by the World Health Organization, to greater involvement of the patient in the management of chronic diseases. The Patient-Oriented SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (PO-SCORAD) index is a self-assessment score allowing the patient to comprehensively evaluate the actual course of atopic dermatitis (AD), using subjective and objective criteria derived mainly from the SCORAD, a validated AD severity clinical assessment tool.

Net accumulation rates derived from ice core stable isotope records of Pío XI glacier, Southern Patagonia Icefield

Pío XI, the largest glacier of the Southern Patagonia Icefield, reached its neoglacial maximum extent in 1994 and is one of the few glaciers in that area which is not retreating. In view of the recent warming it is important to understand glacier responses to climate changes. Due to its remoteness and the harsh conditions in Patagonia, no systematic mass balance studies have been performed. In this study we derived net accumulation rates for the period 2000–2006 from a 50 m (33.2 4 m weq) ice core collected in the accumulation area of Pío XI (2600 m a.s.l., 49°16'40"S, 73°21'14"W). Borehole temperatures indicate near temperate ice, but the average melt percent is only 16 ± 14%. Records of stable isotopes are well preserved and were used for identification of annual layers. Net accumulation rates range from 3.4–7.1 water equivalent (m weq) with an average of 5.8 m weq, comparable to precipitation amounts at the Chilean coast, but not as high as expected for the Icefield. Ice core stable isotope data correlate well with upper air temperatures and may be used as temperature proxy.