La disciplina della gestione aeroportuale e dei servizi aeroportuali nel diritto dei trasporti europeo e nazionale

Dopo gli indubbi sviluppi politici e legali tendenti all’uniformazione è inevitabile non sostenere che anche il mercato della gestione delle infrastrutture e del trasporto aereo a terra costituisce un fattore determinante del trasporto aereo con una più stretta necessità di uniformazione del quadro regolamentare. La gestione aeroportuale e i servizi connessi è collocata all’interno del diritto aereo. Perché si configuri il “trasporto aereo” (nozione dinamica base che caratterizza il diritto del trasporto aereo) si ha la necessità di un accordo tra due paesi – un permesso di volo designato – una finestra di orario di decollo e atterraggio e la regolamentazione delle relative attività connesse, affinché si svolgano in situazione di safety, quale conditio sine qua non di tutte le attività di aviazione. Tuttavia, la migliore dottrina sente il bisogno di una trattazione separata della materia diritto aereo in senso stretto e quella della disciplina aeroportuale, benché i due ambiti sono tra di loro contigui. Questo è legittimato da esigenze contrapposte fra gli operatori dei due settori. In ultima considerazione possiamo sostenere che gli sviluppi legislativi, sia nel diritto aeronautico e in quello marittimo, portano all’abbraccio della impostazione di un diritto dei trasporti inclusivo di ogni forma dell’attuazione del fenomeno trasporto, scollegandosi al solo fenomeno dell’esercizio nautico quale elemento caratterizzante della disciplina. Quale futuro legislativo si prospetta per la gestione del bene aeroporto? Quale sarà la sua dimensione legale su questioni importanti sulle quali esiste una normazione europea come l’allocazione delle bande orarie, tasse aeroportuali e assistenza a terra oppure su quelle che hanno un carattere prevalentemente nazionale? E infine, quale sarebbe la strada da seguire per regolare il nuovo mercato aeroportuale che è passato dalla idea della competizione per il mercato esplorando anche la competizione nel mercato, con aeroporti che si comportano come operatori in concorrenza tra loro?

'Saying it without words': a qualitative study of oncology staff's experiences with speaking up about safety concerns.

OBJECTIVES To explore the experiences of oncology staff with communicating safety concerns and to examine situational factors and motivations surrounding the decision whether and how to speak up using semistructured interviews. SETTING 7 oncology departments of six hospitals in Switzerland. PARTICIPANTS Diverse sample of 32 experienced oncology healthcare professionals. RESULTS Nurses and doctors commonly experience situations which raise their concerns and require questioning, clarifying and correcting. Participants often used non-verbal communication to signal safety concerns. Speaking-up behaviour was strongly related to a clinical safety issue. Most episodes of 'silence' were connected to hygiene, isolation and invasive procedures. In contrast, there seemed to exist a strong culture to communicate questions, doubts and concerns relating to medication. Nearly all interviewees were concerned with 'how' to say it and in particular those of lower hierarchical status reflected on deliberate 'voicing tactics'. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate a widely accepted culture to discuss any concerns relating to medication safety while other issues are more difficult to voice. Clinicians devote considerable efforts to evaluate the situation and sensitively decide whether and how to speak up. Our results can serve as a starting point to develop a shared understanding of risks and appropriate communication of safety concerns among staff in oncology.

The Power of Tolerance. A Debate

We invoke the ideal of tolerance in response to conflict, but what does it mean to answer conflict with a call for tolerance? Is tolerance a way of resolving conflicts or a means of sustaining them? Does it transform conflicts into productive tensions, or does it perpetuate underlying power relations? To what extent does tolerance hide its involvement with power and act as a form of depoliticization? Wendy Brown and Rainer Forst debate the uses and misuses of tolerance, an exchange that highlights the fundamental differences in their critical practice despite a number of political similarities. Both scholars address the normative premises, limits, and political implications of various conceptions of tolerance. Brown offers a genealogical critique of contemporary discourses on tolerance in Western liberal societies, focusing on their inherent ties to colonialism and imperialism, and Forst reconstructs an intellectual history of tolerance that attempts to redeem its political virtue in democratic societies. Brown and Forst work from different perspectives and traditions, yet they each remain wary of the subjection and abnegation embodied in toleration discourses, among other issues. The result is a dialogue rich in critical and conceptual reflections on power, justice, discourse, rationality, and identity.

Dealing with bad guys: actor- and process-level determinants of the “devil shift” in policy making

Policy actors tend to misinterpret and distrust opponents in policy processes. This phenomenon, known as the “devil shift”, consists of the following two dimensions: actors perceive opponents as more powerful and as more evil than they really are. Analysing nine policy processes in Switzerland, this article highlights the drivers of the devil shift at two levels. On the actor level, interest groups, political parties and powerful actors suffer more from the devil shift than state actors and powerless actors. On the process level, the devil shift is stronger in policy processes dealing with socio-economic issues as compared with other issues. Finally, and in line with previous studies, there is less empirical evidence of the power dimension of the devil shift phenomenon than of its evilness dimension.

Penalty Enhancement for Hate Crimes: An Economic Analysis

The issue of bias-motivated crimes has attracted consderable attention in recent years. In this paper, we develop an economic framework to analyze penalty enhancements for bias-motivated crimes. We extend the standard model by introducing two different groups of potential victims of crime, and assume that a potential offender's benefits from a crime depend on the group to which the victim belongs. We begin with the assumption that the harm to an individual victim from a bias-motivated crime is identical to that from an equivalent non-hate crime. Nonetheless, we derive the result that a pattern of crimes disproportionately targeting an identifiable group leads to greater social harm. This conclusion follows both from a model where disparities in groups' victimization probabilities lead to social losses due to fairness concerns, as well as a model where potential victims have the opportunity to undertake socially costly victimization avoidance activities. In particular, penalty enhancements can reduce the incentives for avoidance activity, and thereby protect the networks of profitable interactions that link members of different groups. We also argue that those groups that are covered by hate crime statutes tend to be those whose characteristics make it especially likely that penalty enhancement is socially optimal. Finally, we consider a number of other issues related to hate crimes, including teh choice of sanctions from behind a Rawlsian 'veil of ignorance' concerning group identity.

Federally regulated institutional review boards: The aspects of a "model" IRB---Is the current system in need of a tune up or complete overhaul?

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are the primary gatekeepers for the protection of ethical standards of federally regulated research on human subjects in this country. This paper focuses on what general, broad measures that may be instituted or enhanced to exemplify a "model IRB". This is done by examining the current regulatory standards of federally regulated IRBs, not private or commercial boards, and how many of those standards have been found either inadequate or not generally understood or followed. The analysis includes suggestions on how to bring about changes in order to make the IRB process more efficient, less subject to litigation, and create standardized educational protocols for members. The paper also considers how to include better oversight for multi-center research, increased centralization of IRBs, utilization of Data Safety Monitoring Boards when necessary, payment for research protocol review, voluntary accreditation, and the institution of evaluation/quality assurance programs. ^ This is a policy study utilizing secondary analysis of publicly available data. Therefore, the research for this paper focuses on scholarly medical/legal journals, web information from the Department of Health and Human Services, Federal Drug Administration, and the Office of the Inspector General, Accreditation Programs, law review articles, and current regulations applicable to the relevant portions of the paper. ^ Two issues are found to be consistently cited by the literature as major concerns. One is a need for basic, standardized educational requirements across all IRBs and its members, and secondly, much stricter and more informed management of continuing research. There is no federally regulated formal education system currently in place for IRB members, except for certain NIH-based trials. Also, IRBs are not keeping up with research once a study has begun, and although regulated to do so, it does not appear to be a great priority. This is the area most in danger of increased litigation. Other issues such as voluntary accreditation and outcomes evaluation are slowing gaining steam as the processes are becoming more available and more sought after, such as JCAHO accrediting of hospitals. ^ Adopting the principles discussed in this paper should promote better use of a local IRBs time, money, and expertise for protecting the vulnerable population in their care. Without further improvements to the system, there is concern that private and commercial IRBs will attempt to create a monopoly on much of the clinical research in the future as they are not as heavily regulated and can therefore offer companies quicker and more convenient reviews. IRBs need to consider the advantages of charging for their unique and important services as a cost of doing business. More importantly, there must be a minimum standard of education for all IRB members in the area of the ethical standards of human research and a greater emphasis placed on the follow-up of ongoing research as this is the most critical time for study participants and may soon lead to the largest area for litigation. Additionally, there should be a centralized IRB for multi-site trials or a study website with important information affecting the trial in real time. There needs to be development of standards and metrics to assess the performance of the IRBs for quality assurance and outcome evaluations. The boards should not be content to run the business of human subjects' research without determining how well that function is actually being carried out. It is important that federally regulated IRBs provide excellence in human research and promote those values most important to the public at large.^

Physician knowledge and beliefs toward hospice and the effect on hospice referral in El Paso, Texas

Hospice care has existed in the United States for over 20 years yet referral rates to hospice services are still well under the 180 days allowed by the Medicare Hospice Benefit. The average length of stay in El Paso is 56.8. ^ The aim of this study was to ascertain physician’s knowledge and attitudes towards hospice referral in the El Paso County. Particular issues to be addressed were: Physician’s knowledge of patient’s eligibility criteria and perception of the type of services provided by hospice. Other issues included, physician’s comfort level and willingness to determine terminal diagnosis and to discuss hospice services. Furthermore, physician’s perceptions of barriers to hospice referrals and how those perceptions differ between physicians who refer as compared to those who do not refer. ^ There were seven hypothesis tested to determine physicians knowledge and perceptions of hospice services. Using a mail-survey developed by Ogle, Mavis and Wang, this study surveyed 165 cardiologists, pediatric cardiologists, gastroenterologists, pulmonologists, neurologists, nephrologists, family practice, internists, oncologists, and pediatric oncologists. A t-test was used to test a comparison of means of categorical associations for all hypotheses. The data in the current study however, did not support the hypotheses tested. ^ Results indicated that physicians (52%) are knowledgeable with the eligibility criteria for hospice and that 95% are knowledgeable of the services hospice offers. Research findings appear to indicate physicians are not the hindering factor when making referrals to hospice. Physicians (46%) felt that one of the strongest barriers to hospice referrals is the patient/family unwillingness to accept hospice services. This offers an opportunity for future research in patients/families behavioral attitudes and beliefs toward death and dying issues and their perception of hospice services. ^

Izquierda peronista, clase obrera y violencia armada : Una experiencia alternativa

El período histórico que va desde mediados de la década del cincuenta a mediados de los setenta, representa uno de los más importantes momentos de la lucha de clases abierta en nuestro país, proceso que fue acompañado por la emergencia de numerosas organizaciones revolucionarias con características novedosas respecto a los tradicionales representantes de la izquierda. Dentro del conjunto de lo que se ha denominado la "izquierda peronista", la indiscutible presencia mayoritaria de los Montoneros, ha opacado la actuación de otras organizaciones, entre ellas las Fuerzas Armadas Peronistas-Peronismo de Base. En este trabajo abordaremos cuestiones referentes a: 1) su evolución político-ideológica; 2) la relación lucha política-lucha sindical - lucha armada; 3) su particular forma organizativa; 4) la manera de resolver la combinación de peronismo y marxismo; y 5) su vinculación con la clase obrera. Veremos que este último punto será el eje sobre el que girarán las demás cuestiones, en razón del objetivo estratégico que se fue perfilando a lo largo de su desarrollo político: del regreso de Perón a la creación de "poder obrero".

Autoficción, una polémica literaria vista desde los márgenes (Borges, Gombrowicz, Copi, Aira)

Las siguientes páginas trazan el recorrido de la palabra 'autoficción' desde sus orígenes, mostrando cómo este neologismo que ha sido presentado como un modo de articular un nuevo modo de reflexión crítica es clave en la operación seguida por textos que proponen una extraña amalgama entre lo autobiográfico y lo novelesco. Dos otras cuestiones son también de importancia aquí: el repentino éxito conseguido por el término 'autoficción' y el papel jugado por la literatura hecha en la Argentina, o relacionada con este país, para la difusión de esa palabra. El debate se presenta nuevamente fructífero cuando se consideran las novelas escritas por dos antagonistas de Borges: Gombrowicz y Copi. Los usos de sus nombres propios para los personajes de esas novelas deberían echar luz sobre la problemática general de la autoficción de los tiempos posmodernos

Los periódicos cooperativos y la educación cooperativa en la provincia de Córdoba (Argentina) : El caso de 'El Cooperativista'

El periódico institucional es un órgano de difusión del quehacer cooperativo y una de las mejores vías para llevar adelante la educación cooperativa, especialmente en lo que se refiere a la difusión de los principios cooperativos y de los objetivos perseguidos por las sociedades de este tipo; pero también es un vehículo para dar a conocer entre los asociados y sus familiares y a la comunidad en su conjunto tanto los actos cooperativos con sus fundamentos y ventajas, como otras tantas cuestiones que involucran directa o indirectamente aspectos substanciales del quehacer cooperativo e informaciones que atañen a la propia localidad donde se asienta la entidad. En este artículo se estudia un caso especial, el del periódico publicado sin interrupción por la cooperativa vini-frutícola agrícola "La Caroyense" entre los años 1946 y 1967, analizando especialmente en los 233 números publicados en ese lapso junto con ese tipo de anuncios, aquellos que sirvieron para formar y fortalecer entre los asociados los principios cooperativos y el sentido de solidaridad.

La desamortización de tierras civiles corporativas en México : ¿una ley agraria, fiscal o ambas? Una aproximación a las tendencias en la historiografía

El trabajo hace una revisión historiográfica que problematiza la hipótesis de que la desamortización despojó de sus tierras o pauperizó a los pueblos de indios en México. Ello permite hilar otros cuestionamientos sobre actores políticos, sociales e institucionales, que no han recibido mucha atención de los historiadores respecto de los efectos de la Ley de 1856, como los ayuntamientos, los abogados y tinterillos. Apunta, además, a problemas metodológicos sobre la interpretación del tipo de tierras que fueron desamortizadas en virtud de que no se ha hecho un análisis corográfico, ni del paisaje de las mismas

Izquierda peronista, clase obrera y violencia armada : Una experiencia alternativa

El período histórico que va desde mediados de la década del cincuenta a mediados de los setenta, representa uno de los más importantes momentos de la lucha de clases abierta en nuestro país, proceso que fue acompañado por la emergencia de numerosas organizaciones revolucionarias con características novedosas respecto a los tradicionales representantes de la izquierda. Dentro del conjunto de lo que se ha denominado la "izquierda peronista", la indiscutible presencia mayoritaria de los Montoneros, ha opacado la actuación de otras organizaciones, entre ellas las Fuerzas Armadas Peronistas-Peronismo de Base. En este trabajo abordaremos cuestiones referentes a: 1) su evolución político-ideológica; 2) la relación lucha política-lucha sindical - lucha armada; 3) su particular forma organizativa; 4) la manera de resolver la combinación de peronismo y marxismo; y 5) su vinculación con la clase obrera. Veremos que este último punto será el eje sobre el que girarán las demás cuestiones, en razón del objetivo estratégico que se fue perfilando a lo largo de su desarrollo político: del regreso de Perón a la creación de "poder obrero".

Autoficción, una polémica literaria vista desde los márgenes (Borges, Gombrowicz, Copi, Aira)

Las siguientes páginas trazan el recorrido de la palabra 'autoficción' desde sus orígenes, mostrando cómo este neologismo que ha sido presentado como un modo de articular un nuevo modo de reflexión crítica es clave en la operación seguida por textos que proponen una extraña amalgama entre lo autobiográfico y lo novelesco. Dos otras cuestiones son también de importancia aquí: el repentino éxito conseguido por el término 'autoficción' y el papel jugado por la literatura hecha en la Argentina, o relacionada con este país, para la difusión de esa palabra. El debate se presenta nuevamente fructífero cuando se consideran las novelas escritas por dos antagonistas de Borges: Gombrowicz y Copi. Los usos de sus nombres propios para los personajes de esas novelas deberían echar luz sobre la problemática general de la autoficción de los tiempos posmodernos

Los periódicos cooperativos y la educación cooperativa en la provincia de Córdoba (Argentina) : El caso de 'El Cooperativista'

El periódico institucional es un órgano de difusión del quehacer cooperativo y una de las mejores vías para llevar adelante la educación cooperativa, especialmente en lo que se refiere a la difusión de los principios cooperativos y de los objetivos perseguidos por las sociedades de este tipo; pero también es un vehículo para dar a conocer entre los asociados y sus familiares y a la comunidad en su conjunto tanto los actos cooperativos con sus fundamentos y ventajas, como otras tantas cuestiones que involucran directa o indirectamente aspectos substanciales del quehacer cooperativo e informaciones que atañen a la propia localidad donde se asienta la entidad. En este artículo se estudia un caso especial, el del periódico publicado sin interrupción por la cooperativa vini-frutícola agrícola "La Caroyense" entre los años 1946 y 1967, analizando especialmente en los 233 números publicados en ese lapso junto con ese tipo de anuncios, aquellos que sirvieron para formar y fortalecer entre los asociados los principios cooperativos y el sentido de solidaridad.

La desamortización de tierras civiles corporativas en México : ¿una ley agraria, fiscal o ambas? Una aproximación a las tendencias en la historiografía

El trabajo hace una revisión historiográfica que problematiza la hipótesis de que la desamortización despojó de sus tierras o pauperizó a los pueblos de indios en México. Ello permite hilar otros cuestionamientos sobre actores políticos, sociales e institucionales, que no han recibido mucha atención de los historiadores respecto de los efectos de la Ley de 1856, como los ayuntamientos, los abogados y tinterillos. Apunta, además, a problemas metodológicos sobre la interpretación del tipo de tierras que fueron desamortizadas en virtud de que no se ha hecho un análisis corográfico, ni del paisaje de las mismas