Serological patterns and temporal trends of HTLV-1/2 infection in high-risk populations attending public health units in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Background: HTLV-1/2 diagnosis in high-risk populations from Sao Paulo, Brazil has been problematic due a high proportion of seroindeterminate results. Objectives: To confirm and extend previous findings regarding HTLV-1/2 diagnosis in this geographic area. Study design: Sera from 2312 patients were tested for HTLV-1/2 antibodies using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and Western blot (WB) analysis. Patients were from AIDS Reference Centers (Group 1; 1393 patients) and HTLV out-patient clinics (Group 11; 919 patients). Results were analyzed according to patients` age, gender, and clinic type. Results: HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were detected in both groups. Among seropositive females, HTLV-2 was slightly more common in Group 1 (54.5%), while HTLV-1 prevailed in Group II (73.9%). Males from Group II had a higher percentage of HTLV-seroindeterminate results. No correlation between HTLV serological results and age was detected. Temporal analyses disclosed a high number of HTLV-seroindeterminate samples, and a large spectrum of indeterminate WB profiles. GD21 and/or rgp46-II bands were detected in 34.6% of sera from Group 1, and a p24 or p19 band was detected in 35.3% of sera from Group II. Conclusions: High rates of HTLV-indeterminate serological patterns during temporal analyses were confirmed in high-risk populations from Sao Paulo, Brazil. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Single Intranasal Administration of 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine in C57BL/6 Mice Models Early Preclinical Phase of Parkinson`s Disease

Many studies have shown that deficits in olfactory and cognitive functions precede the classical motor symptoms seen in Parkinson`s disease (PD) and that olfactory testing may contribute to the early diagnosis of this disorder. Although the primary cause of PD is still unknown, epidemiological studies have revealed that its incidence is increased in consequence of exposure to certain environmental toxins. In this study, most of the impairments presented by C57BL/6 mice infused with a single intranasal (i.n.) administration of the proneurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) (1 mg/nostril) were similar to those observed during the early phase of PD, when a moderate loss of nigral dopamine neurons results in olfactory and memory deficits with no major motor impairments. Such infusion decreased the levels of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase in the olfactory bulb, striatum, and substantia nigra by means of apoptotic mechanisms, reducing dopamine concentration in different brain structures such as olfactory bulb, striatum, and prefrontal cortex, but not in the hippocampus. These findings reinforce the notion that the olfactory system represents a particularly sensitive route for the transport of neurotoxins into the central nervous system that may be related to the etiology of PD. These results also provide new insights in experimental models of PD, indicating that the i.n. administration of MPTP represents a valuable mouse model for the study of the early stages of PD and for testing new therapeutic strategies to restore sensorial and cognitive processes in PD.

2-pyrazinylnitrene and 4-pyrimidylnitrene. Ring expansion to 1,3,5-triazacyclohepta-1,2,4,6-tetraene and ring opening to (2-isocyanovinyl)carbodiimide

Tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazine/2-azidopyrazine 9T/9A undergo photolysis in Ar matrix at cryogenic temperatures to yield 1,3,5-triazacyclohepta-1,2,4,6-tetraene 21 as the first observable intermediate, and 1-cyanoimidazole 11 and (2-isocyanovinyl)carbodiimide 22 as the final products. The latter tautomerizes to 2-(isocyanovinyl)cyanamide 23 on warming to 40 K. The same intermediate 21 and the same final products are obtained on matrix photolysis of the isomeric tetrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine/4-azidopyrimidine 24T/24A. These photolysis results as well as those of the previously reported thermal ring contraction of N-15-labeled 2-pyrazinyl- and 4-pyrimidylnitrenes to 1-cyanoimidazoles can all be rationalized in terms of selective ring opening of 21 or nitrine 10 to a nitrile ylide zwitterion 28 prior to formation of the final products, 11 and 22. The results are supported by high-level ab initio and DFT calculations (CASPT2-CASSCF(6,6), G3(MP2), and B3LYP/6-31+G*) of the energies and IR spectra of the intermediates and products.

Structural definition of the low-temperature phase transition of tris(ethane-1,2-diamine)zinc(II) dinitrate

The 93 K X-ray crystal structure of tris(ethane-1,2-diamine)zinc(II) dinitrate is reported. As predicted by the spectroscopic studies of other workers, there is a reversible phase transition of the structure at low temperature. We have determined this temperature to be 143 K. The structure at this temperature and below resembles that of the room temperature structure, except the crystallographic D-3 symmetry of the complex cation (296 K) is lowered to C-2 ( below 144 K) by subtle changes in cation-anion hydrogen bonding. No change in the conformation of the cation or its bond lengths and angles was found.

Disciplina 1.2: democracia e cidadania no Brasil

A disciplina teve como conte??dos: conceitos de cidadania, sociedade civil e democracia no pensamento pol??tico contempor??neo e mapeamento de suas diferentes interpreta????es. As principais experi??ncias de participa????o social em curso no Brasil: or??amentos participativos e conselhos de pol??ticas

Disciplina 1.2: democracia e cidadania no Brasil

Conceitos de cidadania, sociedade civil e democracia no pensamento pol??tico contempor??neo de forma a mapear suas diferentes interpreta????es. As principais experi??ncias de participa????o social em curso no Brasil: or??amentos participativos e conselhos de pol??ticas

Anticorpos fixadores de complemento para o vírus respiratório sincicial e adenovírus e inibidores da hemaglutinação para os vírus parainfluenza 1, 2 e 3 numa população infantil brasileira

Apresentaram-se os resultados obtidos na pesquisa de anticorpos fixadores de complemento para o vírus respiratório sincicial e adenovírus, assim como de anticorpos inibidores da hemaglutinação para os vírus parainfluenza dos tipos 1, 2 e 3, num grupo de 972 crianças de idade compreendida entre 3 meses e 14 anos. A técnica de colheita de sangue foi a de embebição em papel de filtro. Do total de crianças examinadas, considerando o conjunto de todas as idades, 34,6% apresentavam anticorpos para o vírus respiratório sincicial; as porcentagens com anticorpos para adenovírus, parainfluenza 1, parainfluenza 2 e parainfluenza 3, foram respectivamente 47,7%, 46,8%, 54,1% e 66,6%. Foram estudadas as distribuições dos anticorpos em função da idade, do sexo e da localização do domicílio. Em relação aos dois últimos atributos obtiveram-se os seguintes resultados: dos indivíduos do sexo masculino, 32,3% apresentavam anticorpos contra o vírus respiratório sincicial, 49,2% contra adenovírus, 60,1%, 65,1% e 78,3%, respectivamente, contra os vírus parainfluenza 1, 2 e 3; nas crianças do sexo feminino as porcentagens de positividade encontradas foram, respectivamente, 37,4%, 45,9%, 31,1%, 41,2% e 52,9%; em relação à localização do domicílio, 44,8% do total de crianças da zona rural mostraram possuir anticorpos contra o vírus respiratório sincicial, 70,1% contra adenovírus, 43,8% contra vírus parainfluenza 1 e 46,8% e 65,4% contra os vírus parainfluenza dos tipos 2 e 3; as porcentagens de positividade na zona urbana foram, respectivamente, 30,5%, 38,7%, 47,9%, 57,1% e 67,1%.

Esterilidad individual en Rhodnius prolixus Stal. tratados con metepa (oxido de tris (1-(2 metil) aziridinil) fosfuro), y accion del mismo sobre Trypanosoma cruzi

Se analizan los factores que interfieren en la esterilidad inducida químicamente en R. Prolixus mediante aplicaciones tópicas en distintas dosis de metepa. Se sugiere profundizar el estudio de la susceptibilidad individual para conocer la composición de la población frente al quimioesterilizante y la probable aparición de resistencia. Se investiga además la acción del metepa sobre T. cruzi en triatominos infectados experimentalmente, obteniéndose resultados negativos.

Pesquisa de antigenos aglutinantes "major" 1, 2 e 3 em cepas de Bordetella pertussis, isoladas de crianças com coqueluche atendidas no Hospital de Isolamento Emílio Ribas de São Paulo, Brasil

Em 30 cepas de Bordetella pertussis isoladas de crianças com coqueluche, atendidas no Hospital de Isolamento Emílio Ribas de São Paulo, foram pesquisados os antígenos aglutinantes ''major" 1, 2 e 3. Levando-se em conta a presença combinada dos três antígenos, as provas de soro-aglutinação rápida em lamina revelaram que 25 (83,3%) cepas possuiam os fatores 1, 2 e 3, enquanto que 3 (10,0%) e 2 (6,7%) foram positivas, somente, para 1, 2 e 1, 3, respectivamente. Os resultados foram discutidos, considerando-se a importância deste antígeno no preparo de vacinas.

Soroprevalência de anticorpos contra vírus herpes simples 1-2 no Brasil

OBJETIVO: Estimar a soroprevalência de anticorpos por vírus herpes simples (HSV-1 e HSV-2) e analisar fatores associados no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado entre 1996 e 1997 em 1.090 indivíduos com idade entre um e 40 anos da população geral, em quatro diferentes regiões geográficas no Brasil. Foram analisadas amostras sangüíneas para detecção de anticorpos para HSV-1 e HSV-2 com teste tipo-específico Elisa. Foram descritas freqüências e proporções, comparadas entre grupos utilizando o teste de Fisher bilateral exato. Foi realizada análise de regressão logística para avaliar influência das variáveis sociodemográficas e histórico de DST, sobre a soroprevalência de HSV-1 e/ou HSV-2. RESULTADOS: As soroprevalências de anticorpos para HSV-1 e HSV-2, ajustadas por idade, foram 67,2% e 11,3% respectivamente, sem diferença quanto ao sexo e maiores na Região Norte. As soroprevalências aumentaram com a idade, e para HSV-2 o maior aumento ocorreu na adolescência e entre adultos jovens. Indivíduos soropositivos para HSV-1 apresentaram maior risco de serem positivos para HSV-2 (15,7%) quando comparados com os negativos para HSV-1 (4,7%). Na análise multivariada, o histórico de DST aumentou significativamente (OR=3,2) a probabilidade de soropositividade para HSV-2. CONCLUSÕES: As soroprevalências para HSV-1 e para HSV-2 variam com a idade e entre as regiões do Brasil. História pregressa de DST é importante fator de risco para aquisição de infecção por HSV-2.

HIV-1/2 indeterminate Western blot results: follow-up of asymptomatic blood donors in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

The clinical and public health importance of indeterminate results in HIV-1/2 testing is still difficult to evaluate in volunteer blood donors. At Fundação Hemominas, HIV-1/2 ELISA is used as the screening test and, if reactive, is followed by Western blot (WB). We have evaluated 84 blood donors who had repeatedly reactive ELISA tests for HIV-1/2, but indeterminate WB results. Sixteen of the 84 donors (19.0%) had history of sexually transmitted diseases; 18/84 (21.4%) informed receiving or paying for sex; 3/84 (3.6%) had homosexual contact; 2/26 women (7.6%) had past history of multiple illegal abortions and 3/84 (3.6%) had been previously transfused. Four out of 62 donors (6.5%) had positive anti-nuclear factor (Hep2), with titles up to 1:640. Parasitological examination of the stool revealed eggs of S. mansoni in 4/62 (6.4%) donors and other parasites in 8/62 (12.9%). Five (5.9%) of the subjects presented overt seroconversion for HIV-1/2, 43/84 (51.2%) had negative results on the last visit, while 36/84 (42.9%) remained WB indeterminate. Although some conditions could be found associated with the HIV-1/2 indeterminate WB results and many donors had past of risky behavior, the significance of the majority of the results remains to be determined.

Bioelectrochemically-assisted reductive dechlorination of 1,2-dichloroethane by a Dehalococcoides-enriched microbial culture

The aim of this study was to verify the possibility to use a polarized graphite electrode as an electron donor for the reductive dechlorination of 1,2-dichloroethane, an ubiquitous groundwater contaminant. The rate of 1,2-DCA dechlorination almost linearly increased by decreasing the set cathode potential over a broad range of set cathode potentials (i.e., from −300 mV to −900 mV vs. the standard hydrogen electrode). This process was primarily dependent on electrolytic H2 generation. On the other hand, reductive dechlorination proceeded (although quite slowly) with a very high Coulombic efficiency (near 70%) at a set cathode potential of −300 mV, where no H2 production occurred. Under this condition, reductive dechlorination was likely driven by direct electron uptake from the surface of the polarized electrode. Taken as a whole, this study further extends the range of chlorinated contaminants which can be treated with bioelectrochemical systems.

HTLV-1/2 seroprevalence and coinfection rate in Brazilian first-time blood donors: an 11-year follow-up

The seroprevalence and geographic distribution of HTLV-1/2 among blood donors are extremely important to transfusion services. We evaluated the seroprevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection among first-time blood donor candidates in Ribeirão Preto city and region. From January 2000 to December 2010, 1,038,489 blood donations were obtained and 301,470 were first-time blood donations. All samples were screened with serological tests for HTLV-1/2 using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In addition, the frequency of coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Chagas disease (CD) and syphilis was also determined. In-house PCR was used as confirmatory test for HTLV-1/2. A total of 296 (0.1%) first-time donors were serologically reactive for HTLV-1/2. Confirmatory PCR of 63 samples showed that 28 were HTLV-1 positive, 13 HTLV-2 positive, 19 negative and three indeterminate. Regarding HTLV coinfection rates, the most prevalent was with HBV (51.3%) and HCV (35.9%), but coinfection with HIV, CD and syphilis was also detected. The real number of HTLV-infected individual and coinfection rate in the population is underestimated and epidemiological studies like ours are very informative.

Testagem do 1 - beta - D - Ribofuranosil, 1.2.4 - triazole - 3 - carboxamide em pacientes com hepatite

Realizou-se estudo do tipo duplo anonimato em 18 pacientes com hepatite aguda benigna. O gruoo experimental foi testado com uma provável droga de ação antiviral: 1-BETA-D-RIBOFURANOSIL, 1,2,4-TRIAZOLE-3- CARBOXAMIDE. O grupo controle ingeriu um placebo de lactose. Teve-se especial cuidado na seleção de pacientes, incluindo apenas pacientes que preenchessem critérios bem estabelecidos. Os pacientes foram seguidos semanalmente, avaliando-os clínica e laboratorialmente. Os resultados não evidenciaram diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos, sugerindo-se estudos com casuística mais numerosa e em regime de internação hospitalar.

One-pot enzymatic resolution/separation of enantiomers using green solvents

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Biotecnologia