171 resultados para nafta
Resumo:
Incluye Bibliografía
Resumo:
Los últimos tres años se pueden caracterizar como los de las negociaciones subregionales de acuerdos de transporte multimodal, de adopción en el Mercosur y revisión en la Comunidad Andina, y del inicio de operaciones incipientes todavía en el sur del continente pero ya de gran escala en la región del NAFTA. El año 1997 se inscribe en la continuación de estos procesos y aparece como el de la consolidación, por una parte en la actividad empresarial, con una creciente oferta de servicios integrados y, por otra a través de una toma de conciencia por parte de las autoridades de la necesidad de promover la articulación de los modos. El año 1998 podrá ser el de la programación de importantes inversiones en infraestructura intermodal y del inicio de una mayor interacción entre sectores públicos y privados de usuarios y prestatarios para el desarrollo de sistemas regionales de transporte intermodal.
Resumo:
Over the past three years, talks conducted at the subregional level have led to the signing of multimodal transport agreements, and these have been implemented by Mercosur and reviewed by the Andean Community; multimodal transport is only now starting to come into its own in South America but is already a common practice in the region covered by NAFTA. These trends continued in 1997, with consolidation being the dominant theme; on the one hand, consolidation occurred in business, with integrated services increasingly on offer, while on the other the authorities became aware of the need to promote linkages between different modes of transport. Highlights of 1998 may well include major plans for investments in intermodal infrastructure and greater interaction between users and service providers in both the public and private sectors, in order to develop regional intermodal transport systems.
Resumo:
This article reviews the main progress observed as regards facilitation of trade in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Andean Community (CAN), the Central American Common Market (CACM) and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). The article does not refer to the Southern Common Market (Mercosur) or the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), these integration agreements being dealt with in FAL Bulletins Nos. 171 and 175, respectively.
Resumo:
Aspects of recent developments in the Latin American and Caribbean labour markets / Jürgen Weller .-- The earnings share of total income in Latin America, 1990-2010 / Martín Abeles, Verónica Amarante and Daniel Vega .-- Latin America: Total factor productivity and its components / Jair Andrade Araujo, Débora Gaspar Feitosa and Almir Bittencourt da Silva .-- Financial constraints on economic development: Theory and policy for developing countries / Jennifer Hermann .-- The impact of China’s incursion into the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on intra-industry trade / Jorge Alberto López A., Óscar Rodil M. and Saúl Valdez G. .-- Work, family and public policy changes in Latin America: Equity, maternalism and co-responsibility / Merike Blofield and Juliana Martínez F. .-- A first approach to the impact of the real exchange rate on industrial sectors in Colombia / Lya Paola Sierra and Karina Manrique L. .-- Global integration, disarticulation and competitiveness in Mexico’s electromechanical sector: A structural analysis / Raúl Vázquez López .-- Technological capacity-building in unstable settings: Manufacturing firms in Argentina and Brazil / Anabel Marín, Lilia Stubrin and María Amelia Gibbons .-- Index of political instability in Brazil, 1889-2009 / Jaime Jordan Costantini and Mauricio Vaz Lobo Bittencourt
Resumo:
Este estudio evalúa el cambio al neoliberalismo en México después de considerar su experiencia con el modelo de la industrialización por sustitución de importaciones (ISI), incluso las aperturas comercial y financiera y las privatizaciones. La primera sección evalúa el NAFTA y la creciente integración con los EE.UU., y el papel particular de la industria maquiladora en el contexto de la estrategia del desarrollo de México. La siguiente sección presenta los resultados de las dos décadas de políticas neoliberales em México, considerando el impacto para los trabajadores, el medio ambiente y la población mexicana en general, y, en especial, la crisis del peso en 1994-95. Los resultados principales por el período neoliberal son los siguientes: tasas de crecimiento del PIB son aproximadamente la mitad del período de la ISI; salarios reales manufactureros de 2004 son solamente 70% del nivel de 1980; y desempleo y miseria aumentaron de manera clara. Finalmente, los intentos de desafiar el modelo neoliberal específico que México sigue buscando son presentados y discutidos.
Resumo:
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Resumo:
In the last three decades, obesity has been gaining recognition as a serious public health problem in Mexico. This epidemic developed insidiously in a country that was still focused on chronic under-nutrition in the population. During that same period, macro-economic reforms projected Mexico into the global economic arena. Foreign investments, trade in goods and services, and technological transfers were promoted through participation in numerous trade agreements between Mexico and other countries. The North American Trade Agreement (NAFTA), signed in 1994, promised an integrated market between the three North American countries: Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Although these trade policies were likely to have effects on the available food supply in Mexico, this association has not been elucidated. In this case study, we examine how these trade liberalization policies may have influenced the food supply in Mexico.^ Information on the trade of food commodities between the United States and Mexico and the nature of foreign investment in Mexico was compiled using public data available through American, Mexican, and other international published reports for 1986 through 2011. After the implementation of NAFTA, an increase in trade and investments was observed between Mexico and its two North American partners, but most of the trade increase occurred between the US and Mexico. Since the liberalization of trade policies between these counties, exports of fruit and vegetables into the U.S. from Mexico have increased, while exports of cereals, fats, vegetable oils, meat, dairy products and processed foods from the U.S. into Mexico have increased. During this same time period, there has been an increase in the foreign direct investment in the food industry in Mexico, as well as changes in the types and amounts of dietary energy available on a population level. Specifically, between 1990 to 2006, the dietary energy supply per person has increased 6.1% available animal protein has increased 35.8%, and available fat has increased 18.9%.^ Thus, this case study suggests that the recent changes in food-related industries through foreign direct investment and market liberalization may be likely contributors to the obesogenic food environment in Mexico. Although this initial case study provides interesting data, whether trade liberalization policies should be considered hazardous for health as a distal determinant of the obesity epidemic needs to be further examined using a more stringent study design or further follow up of the US Mexico trade data.^
Resumo:
Helianthus tuberosus L. presenta potencial para producir etanol, sustituto de la nafta, y que deberá incorporarse a la misma en un 5% a partir del 2010 en Argentina. Hay antecedentes que señalan que a partir de 50 toneladas de tubérculos pueden obtenerse 4500 l de etanol. En este trabajo se comparó el rendimiento de dos variedades de topinambur regado con agua residual urbana o cloacal (AC) y agua subterránea (AS). El ensayo se realizó en la planta de tratamiento de agua cloacal de Obras Sanitarias Mendoza en el Departamento Tunuyán (33°32’89’’ S y 69°00’80’’ O), Mendoza, Argentina. El potencial para producir bioetanol se estimó a partir de la cantidad de hidratos de carbono fermentables en los tubérculos. El rendimiento de tubérculos presentó diferencias entre los tratamientos de riego, siendo de 177750 kg/ha en AC y de 144000 kg/ha en AS. La estimación del potencial para producir etanol generó un valor de 15000 l de alcohol en las parcelas regadas con AC y 13000 l en las regadas con AS. Para obtener 1 l de alcohol a partir de los tubérculos serían necesarios alrededor de 11 kg, relacionado con un valor de sólidos solubles de 16% en los mismos.
Resumo:
The perception of the present state of trade relations with Chile is obscured by a lack of adequate understanding of its legal framework as well as of the policy behind it. This study attempts to clarify the present state of and future prospects for trade between the EU and Chile through an examination of previous agreements and the EU’s new approach to trade liberalisation. The authors agree with the large consensus existing on both the EU and Chilean sides regarding the efficacy of the Association Agreement, but note that any extension of an agreement with Chile should capture the spirit of older EU agreements rather than simply following the ‘NAFTA route’. The study also includes a comparative analysis between the EU-Chile agreement and current trade agreements being negotiated by the EU and Chile with third countries.
Resumo:
This paper examines the evolution of the variety of Mexico’s export goods using disaggregated trade data. Both the econometric estimation analyses using the raw data and the one using an improved version of Feenstra and Kee's (2004, 2007) methodology proposed in this paper show that NAFTA membership does not enhance the variety of Mexico's export goods. This finding contrasts with NAFTA's positive association with the increase in export variety found in the literature.
Resumo:
Una de los rasgos más característicos de la presente globalización es el desarrollo de la fragmentación de la producción, siendo esta, la división del proceso productivo en diferentes localizaciones a lo largo de varios países. Debido a la globalización de los mercados, al surgimiento de nuevas zonas económicas (Zona Euro, Nafta, Mercosur, etc.), a los países emergentes (China, India, Rusia, Brasil), a la reducción de los costes del transporte internacional y al desarrollo de las comunicaciones, ha provocado el incremento del comercio internacional en bienes intermedios, así como el diseño, fabricación y ensamblaje de un producto en diferentes localizaciones a lo largo de varios países. El incremento de la fragmentación en el comercio internacional ha creado un interés por saber cuales son los factores determinantes de la misma en bienes intermedios. El indicador IITV es el utilizado para medir la fragmentación de la producción entre España y sus 19 principales socios comerciales y varios factores sugeridos por la literatura en fragmentación son utilizados en un rango de años desde el año 2004 al año 2008. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la gran mayoría del comercio en bienes intermedios es IITV y los factores determinantes de la fragmentación de la producción en el sector del automóvil en España, son el tamaño del mercado, la pertenencia a UE, la distancia y el coeficiente de libre comercio.
Resumo:
A presente dissertação tem por objetivo investigar os aspectos do processo de terceirização da atividade industrial em suas diversas etapas. São estudadas todas as fases, iniciando-se pelo planejamento das atividades e segue com o estudo da viabilidade econômica, com o levantamento dos benefícios potenciais (identificados e separados). Identificação dos fornecedores potenciais, desenvolvimento dos produtos, aprovação dos produtos, estudo da estrutura de custo e do preço a ser praticado, finalizando com o início dos fornecimentos. Para tanto, foi realizado o estudo de um caso de terceirização da produção em uma indústria de produtos para iluminação. O objetivo desta terceirização foi otimizar a variedade dos produtos fabricados sem entretanto, alterar o portifólio dos produtos comercializados . Para tanto, decidiu-se por desenvolver novas fontes de fornecimento para os produtos com menor volume de produção e com maior complexidade em suas construções. A planta de produção da empresa "Alfa" está localizada no estado de Nuevo Leon no México e tem como objetivo fornecer produtos de iluminação (lâmpadas incandescentes e fluorescentes) para os países da área do NAFTA (México, Canadá e Estados Unidos). O trabalho foi conduzido por uma equipe multidisciplinar, operando em estrutura matricial, localizada em pontos geograficamente distintos em função da atividade requerida de cada um dos membros da equipe. O trabalho mostra que este processo é viável, mas que envolve um significativo grau de complexidade para que se possa obter os resultados finais alinhados com as expectativas das partes envolvidas no início do processo. Observa-se que o comprometimento da alta administração é fundamental para garantir os meios e alinhamento da equipecom as estratégias definidas, bem como suportar a aderência da atividade aos preceitos estabelecidos. Conclui-se que a estruturação deste processo pode garantir melhores resultados nos aspectos de custo dos produtos, tempo de realização do processo e qualidade dos produtos em conformidade com as especificações.(AU)