Food resources influencing the asexual reproductive cycle of coronate Scyphozoa

The study of the strobilation process, a feature unique in the class Scyphozoa, is an issue that helps understanding the patterns of asexual reproduction in sessile invertebrates. Many inducers of asexual reproduction are known for scyphozoans. However, the influence of food resources on the strobilation of Coronate Scyphozoa has never been tested. WO observed strobilation of a large number of polyps of Nausithoe aurea, from a wide sampling area along the South Atlantic coast of Brazil, through the administration of controlled number of hatched nauplii of Artemia franciscana under a previous tested starvation and feeding protocol. The number of strobilations between and within groups varied and the fate and shape of strobilation deviated from the biology reported in the original description. Artificial seawater was used to reduce the influence of dissolved organic matter as likely important alternative nourishment.

TiO(2)-PHOTOCATALYZED DEGRADATION OF PHENOL IN SALINE MEDIA IN AN ANNULAR REACTOR: HYDRODYNAMICS, LUMPED KINETICS, INTERMEDIATES, AND ACUTE TOXICITY

The photocatalytic degradation of phenol in aqueous suspensions of TiO(2) under different salt concentrations in an annular reactor has been investigated. In all cases, complete removal of phenol and mineralization degrees above 90% were achieved. The reactor operational parameters were optimized and its hydrodynamics characterized in order to couple mass balance equations with kinetic ones. The photodegradation of the organics followed a Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen- Watson lumped kinetics. From GC/MS analyses, several intermediates formed during oxidation have been identified. The main ones were catechol, hydroquinone, and 3-phenyl-2-propenal, in this order. The formation of negligible concentrations of 4-chlorophenol was observed only in high salinity medium. Acute toxicity was determined by using Artemia sp. as the test organism, which indicated that intermediate products were all less toxic than phenol and a significant abatement of the overall toxicity was accomplished, regardless of the salt concentration.

Comunidade zooplanctônica associada a banhado e lagoa interna no Sistema Hidrológico do Taim, costa sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

O Sistema Hidrológico do Taim, que inclui o Banhado do Taim, insere-se em uma região de áreas alagáveis contínuas caracterizadas por banhados e lagoas de água doce, em uma dinâmica de baixo relevo entre o Oceano Atlântico e a Lagoa Mirim, litoral Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Este sistema encontra-se associado a uma vasta área de monocultura de arroz irrigado. As alterações antropogênicas ou naturais dos níveis d’água no sistema podem afetar a estrutura das comunidades planctônicas associadas às lagoas e à vegetação macrofítica. O objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi caracterizar a estrutura da comunidade zooplanctônica e verificar sua variação horizontal e temporal num eixo formado por uma área aberta (livre de vegetação) e uma área vegetada por densos estandes de macrófitas, assim como verificar a relação das características limnológicas e climatológicas com estas comunidades de forma a contribuir com elementos para a definição de regras adequadas ao uso dos recursos hídricos desta área. O estudo foi conduzido numa lagoa rasa interna ao Banhado (Lagoa Jacaré), e na porção do Banhado do Taim adjacente à Lagoa. Foi definida uma transecção Banhado-Lagoa composta por três pontos de amostragem (Banhado, Interface e Lagoa). Amostras de água foram coletadas trimestralmente, ao longo de um ano (Agosto/2002 a Junho/2003), para a análise do zooplâncton e das características ambientais. A comunidade zooplanctônica esteve representada por um total de 85 espécies, dentre as quais 39 pertencem aos cladóceros, caracterizando-o como o grupo de maior riqueza específica. O Índice de Constância demonstrou como espécies constantes no eixo Banhado-Lagoa, os rotíferos Lecane leontina e Testudinella sp., e os cladóceros Ceriodaphnia richardi e Chydorus sphaericus. Os copépodos foram o grupo de maior abundância, representada pela dominância dos náuplios e copepoditos, pois os indivíduos adultos freqüentemente ocorreram em número reduzido. Agosto (inverno) foi o período com o maior número de indivíduos, com valores de densidade bastante acentuados em relação aos demais. O Banhado apresentou a maior densidade zooplanctônica, assim como os maiores valores de riqueza e diversidade específica. Este habitat revela-se como uma zona potencial de abrigo e manutenção da fauna zooplanctônica, enfatizando a importância da conservação dos ecossistemas de banhados. As flutuações do nível d’água demonstraram a maior correlação com a variação da comunidade zooplanctônica. A ocorrência de níveis d’água elevados permitiu ampla conexão entre os habitats e grande disponibilidade de nichos, contribuindo para a manutenção de elevada densidade, riqueza e diversidade zooplanctônica nos períodos com tais condições.

Caracterização e isolamento de compostos bioactivos do fungo Laurobasidium lauri (Madre de louro)

Os objectivos deste trabalho consistiram em desenvolver um método de separação eficaz e reprodutível de modo a isolar as lactonas sesquiterpénicas - dehidrocostus e costunolida - de extractos do fungo parasita da espécie Laurus novocanariensis - Laurobasidium lauri; em testar os compostos relativamente às suas capacidades antioxidantes e bioactivas - citotoxicidade e alelopatia - e em obter uma quantidade considerável destas lactonas de modo a enviar para laboratórios em parceria para realização de testes de actividade anticancerígena in vitro (Instituto Canário de Investigação em Cancro), de antituberculose in vivo (Instituto politécnico Nacional, México), de actividade anti-inflamatória in vivo (UNIVALI, Brasil) e de actividade anti-ulcerativa in vivo. Neste trabalho foi possível isolar 116 mg de lactona costunolida com 97% de pureza através do fraccionamento do extracto de Madre de Louro em hexano pela técnica de cromatografia em coluna aberta com sistema de eluentes Hexano:Acetato de etilo (50:0 – 43:7 mL), procedendo à sua identificação por HPLC-MS e RMN 13C, não tendo sido possível atingir o mesmo objectivo para a lactona dehidrocostus. O extracto de Madre de Louro em Metanol demonstrou ser a amostra com maior poder antioxidante relativamente aos teste de ABTS, DPPH e FRAP, enquanto o extracto em Diclorometano apresentou maior poder antioxidante no teste do β-caroteno/ácido linoléico. No que toca aos ensaios biológicos, o extracto de madre de louro em hexano foi o que apresentou um valor de DL50 mais baixo (0,1mg/mL) representando assim maior poder de toxicidade perante as larvas de camarão (Artemia salina).

Efeitos da tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) e do enriquecimento por nutrientes sobre a comunidade planctônica em um lago artificial no semi-árido brasileiro

The major aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the introduction of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the enrichment with nutrients (N and P) interact synergistically to change the structure of plankton communities, increase phytoplankton biomass and decrease water transparency of a semi-arid tropical reservoir. One field experiment was performed during five weeks in twenty enclosures (8m3) to where four treatments were randomly allocated: with tilapia addition (T), with nutrients addition (NP), with tilapia and nutrients addition (T+NP) and a control treatment with no tilapia or nutrients addition (C). A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was done to test for time (t), tilapia (T) and nutrient (NP) effects and their interaction on water transparency, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, phytoplankton and zooplankton. The results show that there was no effect of nutrient addition on these variables but significant fish effects on the biomass of total zooplankton, nauplii, rotifers, cladocerans and calanoid copepods, on the biovolume of Bacillariophyta, Zygnemaphyceae and large algae (GALD ≥ 50 μm) and on Secchi depth. In addition, we found significant interaction effects between tilapia and nutrients on Secchi depth and rotifers. Overall, tilapia decreased the biomass of most zooplankton taxa and large algae (diatoms) and decreased the water transparency while nutrient enrichment increased the biomass of zooplankton (rotifers) but only in the absence of tilapia. In conclusion, the influence of fish on the reservoir plankton community and water transparency was greater than that of nutrient loading. This finding suggests that biomanipulation should be a greater priority in the restoration of eutrophic reservoirs in tropical semi-arid regions

Avaliação espaço-temporal do zooplâncton da laguna estuarina de Guaraíras (RN, Brasil)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Processo biotecnológico voltado a produção de estoques poliploides do camarão-branco litopenaeus vannamei (decapoda, penaeidae)

without practical results so far. Protocols used in biotechnological cultured aquatic organisms aimed at increasing growth rates and disease resistance, have been studied and perfected. Among the available techniques, the application of chromosomal manipulation, although still nascent, is presented as a tool aimed at mitigating ecological and economical issues in shrimp farming. The polyploidization artificial method already employed in fish and shellfish, has been widely researched for use in farmed shrimp. Some limitations of this method of expansion in shrimp refer to a better knowledge of cytogenetic aspects, the level of sexual dimorphism and performance in growing conditions. To contribute on some of these issues, the present study aimed to characterize cytogenetic species Litopenaeus vannamei (Decapoda) and Artemia franciscana (Anostraca), analyze the effectiveness of methods for detection of ploidy, through the use of flow cytometry in processes of induction polyploidy cold thermal shock at different stages of development of newly fertilized eggs. Additionally, aimed also the qualitative and quantitative comparison of larval development between diploid and polyploid organisms, besides the identification of sexual dimorphism in L. vannamei, through geometric morphometrics. The results provide information relevant to the improvement and widespread use of biotechnological methods applied toward national productivity in shrimp farming

Food intake of Macrobrachium rosenbergii during larval development

This work investigates the acceptance of different food types and sizes by Macrobrachium rosenbergii during each larval stage. Food intake of dry and wet formulated diets of four different size classes (250-425, 425-710, 710-1000 and 1000-1190 mum), as well as Artemia nauplii, was determined. Larvae of each zoeal stage were stocked in beakers and fed ad libitum. After 30-45 min, the digestive tract of each larva was observed under a stereomicroscope. Acceptance was evaluated by food intake frequency (FFI). There was no significant interaction (P<0.05) between inert diet size and FFI for each larval stage. Therefore, food intake during larval development is independent of food particle size. The ingestion of Artemia nauplii, was significantly higher by larvae between stages II and VI. Between stages VII and XI, FFI for Artemia nauplii and wet diet was similar, while the FFI of the dry diet was similar to live food between stages IX and XI. The wet diet was ingested by more than 50% of the larvae only from stage VII onwards, while the dry diet from stage VIII onwards. These results indicate that larvae could be fed Artemia nauplii only until stage VI. Diet supplementation should start from stage VII onwards, using food particles varying from 250 to 1190 mum. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Efeito do tipo de alimento no desempenho produtivo de juvenis de acará-bandeira (Pterophyllum scalare)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of food type on growth performance and water quality of angelfish juvenile. A total of 168 angelfish Pterophyllum scalare var. marble (w(i) = 151.3 +/- 37.9 mg e l(i) = 2.2 +/- 0.07 cm) were distributed in 12 aquaria 14 L (1.0 fish L(-1)). The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design with three treatments and four replicates. Foods evaluated were: Artemia nauplii, commercial flakes diet and commercial powder diet. Fish weight and length were recorded in the beginning and the end of 60 experimental days. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and total ammonia were monitored during experiment. Best averages of final weight, final length, weight gain and condition factor were observed on fish fed powder diet. Specific growth rate, weight uniformity and survival were not influenced (p > 0.05) by food type. Just on length uniformity fish fed Artemia showed better averages than fish fed flakes diet and powder diet. Foods evaluated did not influenced (p > 0.05) on water quality parameters. In conclusion, for juvenile angelfish, the food type influences growth performance without affect water quality parameters. Powder diet resulted in better growth performance.

Effect of Salinity on Larval Rearing of Pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, a Freshwater Species

The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth and survival of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, larvae reared in different salinities and to determine the Artemia nauplii life span in freshwater and in saline water. First feeding 5-d-old pacu larvae were reared in freshwater or at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 ppt salinities. The larvae were reared in 1.5-L aquaria at a density of 10 larvae/L with three replicates per treatment. After 10 d of rearing, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed for growth and survival. Larval growth was higher at 2 and 4 ppt, and survival at 2 ppt was 100%. In freshwater and at 4, 6 and 8 ppt, the survival was 91.1, 93.3, 73.3, and 39.9%, respectively. At higher salinities, there was 100% mortality after 2 h (12 and 14 ppt) and 8 h (10 ppt) of exposure. The slightly saline water of at least 2 ppt increased the Artemia nauplii life span compared to the life span in freshwater. Later, in a second trial, 5-d-old pacu larvae were reared in freshwater and at 2 and 4 ppt salinities during the first 5 or 10 d of active feeding, and then the fish were transferred to freshwater. At the end of 15 d, larval growth was lower in freshwater (42 mg) than in treatments 2 and 4 ppt (5963 mg). The abrupt transfer of fish from freshwater to slightly saline water and the return to freshwater did not affect the survival rates (8997%). The larvae were able to adapt to these saline environments and handle abrupt changes in salt concentration. We concluded that salinity concentration of 2 ppt can be used for pacu larval rearing, allowing the Artemia nauplii lifetime to last longer and cause faster fish growth.

Dinâmica de reprodução e comportamento reprodutivo de branchoneta Dendrocephalus brasiliensis Pesata, 1921 como incremento na produção de alimento vivo para peixes ornamentais

Reproductive behavior of Dendrocephalus brasiliensis Pesta, 1921(Crustacean: Anostracan). The reproductive behavior of fresh water Anostracan has been poorly investigated in carcinology specialized literature, specifically in relation to Dendrocephlaus brasiliensis Pesta, 1921, with abundant data just about the geographical distribution of that Anostracan. The objective of this work was to know the reproductive behavior of this Anostracan, in different seasons (dry and raine). For this, ripe individuals of both sexes were collected in four pond of the of Fish farming Station of Paulo Afonso (EPPA), through monthly captures in each ponds, from December 2004 to November 2005. The type of reproduction was observed after the placing in aquariums (a) of then with males and (b) other on individually, at the nauplii phase, where they stayed for 15 days until the reproductive age. The sexual proportion was calculated through the relative frequencies of males and females, every month, for the whole collection period during 10 days. the production of cysts was related to the size of the female. The male: female ratio in the study period was 1 male:1,07 female. The proportion male:female was from 48,25% : 51,75% along the year. Concerning the type of reproduction, it was observed that this specie is characteerized by sexual reproduction

Stable carbon (delta(13)C) and nitrogen (delta(15)N) isotopes as natural indicators of live and dry food in Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) larval tissue

This study proposed the use of the stable isotope technique to track the type of food utilized by pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus larvae during their development, and to identify the moment when the larvae start using nutrients from the dry diet by retaining its carbon and nitrogen atoms in their body tissues. Five-day-old pacu larvae at the onset of exogenous feeding were fed Artemia nauplii or formulated diet exclusively; nauplii+formulated diet during the entire period; or were weaned from nauplii to a dry diet after 3, 6 or 12 days after the first feeding. delta(13)C and delta(15)N values for Artemia nauplii were -15.1 parts per thousand and 4.7 parts per thousand, respectively, and -25.0 parts per thousand and 7.4 parts per thousand for the dry diet. The initial isotopic composition of the larval tissue was -20.2 parts per thousand and 9.5 parts per thousand for delta(13)C and delta(15)N respectively. Later, at the end of a 42-day feeding period, larvae fed Artemia nauplii alone reached values of -12.7 parts per thousand and 7.0 parts per thousand for delta(13)C and delta(15)N respectively. Larvae that received the formulated diet alone showed values of -22.7 parts per thousand for delta(13)C and 9.6 parts per thousand for delta(15)N. The stable isotope technique was precise, and the time at which the larvae utilized Artemia nauplii, and later dry diet as a food source could be clearly defined.

The influence of initial feeding on muscle development and growth in pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus larvae

The effects of different feeding schemes on pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus early development were evaluated with respect to growth, survival, muscle development, and differential gene expression of MyoD and myogenin. The pacu larvae (4 days post hatch-dph, 0.77 mg wet weight) were given six feeding treatments intentionally designed to cause variations in the larvae growth rate: (A) only artemia nauplii; (CD) only a commercial diet; (ED) only a semi-purified experimental diet; (ACD) and (AED) two treatments that involved weaning; and (S) starvation. Early weaning from artemia nauplii to the formulated diets (ACD and AED) affected growth and survival of the pacu larvae compared with the exclusive use of artemia (A). Starvation (S) and the commercial diet (CD) caused total mortality in pacu larvae at 18 dph. The experimental diet (ED) assured low fish survival and growth. The skeletal muscle morphology was not affected by the delay in somatic growth from early weaning onto the formulated diets. Three distinct muscle compartments were observed throughout the larval development in treatments A, ACD and AED: superficial, deep and intermediate, accompanied by muscle thickening. Severe undernourishment caused drastic differences in growth and in the morphology of the muscle fibers. Pacu larvae fed only formulated diets (CD and ED) showed muscle characteristics similar to the larvae in starvation (S) during the first 15 dph. At 27 and 35 dph, a slight increase in epaxial muscle mass was noted in larvae fed only the experimental diet (ED). At 35 dph, we observed a high frequency of fibers >= 40 mu m in the larvae that were weaned onto the formulated diets (ACD and AED), indicative of hypertrophy. In contrast, the larvae fed only artemia nauplii (A) displayed a larger number of fibers with diameters <= 20 mu m, which is indicative of hyperplasia. The expression of the MyoD and myogenin genes in pacu larvae at 35 dph was not affected by initial feeding (p>0.05). In conclusion, the formulated diets used impaired pacu larvae growth and survival; therefore, they were inadequate for pacu, at least at the times they were introduced. Artemia nauplii were the most adequate food source during first feeding of the pacu, and they produced bigger fish upon completion of the experiment. Moreover, the contribution of hyperplasia to the skeletal muscle growth appeared higher in fast- than in slow-growing pacu larvae. (C) 2011 Elsevier By. All rights reserved.

Growth rate of the crab Dissodactylus crinitichelis Moreira, 1901 (Crustacea : Decapoda : Pinnotheroidea) under laboratory conditions

The goal of the present study was to investigate the growth rate of the crab Dissodactylus crinitiehelis, its molt increments, and the duration of the intermolt intervals under laboratory conditions, focusing on differences between sexes and between juvenile and adult phases. Crabs were collected at Flamengo Beach, Ubatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil, by scuba divers. In the laboratory, individuals were maintained in isolation and fed nauplii of Artemia sp. daily. The sex and carapace width of exuviae and dead crabs were recorded. During the juvenile phase, mean growth was 11.8 +/- 2.7% in males and 11.2 +/- 3.6% in females, with their respective intermolt intervals 25.4 +/- 9.2 and 26.4 +/- 8.3 d (mean +/- SD). After reaching morphological sexual maturity, the intermolt intervals increased to 33.4 10.1 d in males and 32.7 +/- 10.4 d in females, and the growth rates of both sexes slowed to 6.4 +/- 1.9% in males and 5.7 +/- 1.6% in females. There was a significant decrease in molt increment and an increase in intermolt intervals associated with the maturation from juveniles to adults, evidencing differential energy allocation during the last phase of ontogeny.

Juvenile development of the crab Bathyrhombila sp (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pseudorhombilidae) from megalopae obtained in the neuston

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)