Modulação redox da homeostase de células musculares lisas através de estimuladores do sistema NADPH oxidase

As doenças cardiovasculares representam a principal causa de morte nos países ocidentais. Dentre essas doenças, a aterosclerose é que mais se destaca, sendo caracterizada pelo acúmulo de células musculares lisas vasculares (CMLV). O efeito patológico das CMLV em resposta a diferentes estímulos pode acarretar em disfunções nestas células. É notável que a aterosclerose ocorra principalmente em vasos sinuosos onde ocorre um forte turbilhonamento do fluxo sanguíneo, que pode acarretar em hemólise e, consequentemente, acúmulo de heme livre. Além disso, no processo de aterogênese as moléculas de adesão, principalmente integrinas, são de crucial importância durante a resposta de CMLV. Nesse trabalho nosso objetivo inicial foi avaliar o efeito do heme livre nas funções de CMLV, bem como os mecanismos moleculares por trás desses efeitos. Em uma segunda parte, investigamos o envolvimento da integrina α1ß1 no efeito da Angiotensina II (Ang II) em CMLV. Nós observamos que o heme livre é capaz de induzir a proliferação e migração de CMLV via espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) provenientes da NADPHoxidase (NADPHox). Adicionalmente vimos que o heme ativa vias de sinalização redox-sensíveis relacionadas à proliferação celular, como MAPKinases e o fator de transcrição NFκB. Também observamos que há uma ligação entre a NADPHox e o sistema heme oxigenase (HO), uma vez que o heme induz a expressão de HO-1 e o pré-tratamento das CMLV com inibidores de HO levam ao aumento tanto o efeito proliferação quanto a indução de ERO promovidas pelo heme. Além disso, vimos que o efeito contra-regulatório promovido pela HO ocorre devido as metabolites do heme: biliverdina, bilirrubina e monóxido de carbono. Por último, quando bloqueamos tanto a NADPHox quanto o sistema HO o heme não teve efeito algum na proliferação de CMLV. Em um segundo estudo, observamos que o efeito da Ang II sobre a migração de CMLV foi inibido quando as células foram pré-tratadas com o ligante da integrina α1ß1, a desintegrina Obtustatina. A seguir observamos que o efeito da Ang II na ativação de FAK e na colocalização actina-ILK é dependente da integrina α1ß1, que possivelmente ativa PKCα, uma vez que vimos que a produção de ERO induzida por Ang II foi inibida pela Obtustatina. Vimos que a indução da expressão de ILK por Ang II em CMLV é dependente da integrina α1ß1 e também observamos que a Obtustatina inibibiu o desacoplamento de ILK da FAK, uma vez que a Obtustatina bloqueou a fosforilação de FAK induzida por Ang II (processo crucial para o desacoplamento da ILK). Nós também observamos que a Ang II induz, via integrina α1ß1, a fosforilação de AKT e a diminuição da expressão de p21, provavelmente via ILK. Corroborando estes dados, nós mostramos que o pré-tratamento com Obtustatina induziu um estacionamento na fase G0 e diminuição da proliferação de CMLV tratadas com Ang II. Portanto, mostramos nesse trabalho que o heme livre induz a ativação de CML via NADPHox, que é elegantemente contra-regulado pelo sistema HO. Além disso, sugerimos que a integrina α1ß1 pode ser um importante alvo molecular para o desenvolvimento de intervenções mais efetivas para a aterosclerose.

Transplante de células de medula óssea (BMCs) de camundongos em modelo experimental para o desenvolvimento de aterosclerose: aspectos estruturais, ultraestrutuais e moleculares da aorta

As células tronco são caracterizadas pela sua capacidade de se diferenciar em várias linhagens de células e exibir um pontente efeito parácrino. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da terapia com células da medula óssea (BMCs) na glicose sanguínea, no metabolismo lipídico e remodelamento da parede da aorta em um modelo experimental para aterosclerose. Camundongos C57BL/6 foram alimentados com uma dieta controle (grupo CO) ou uma dieta aterogênica (grupo AT - 60% gordura). Após 16 semanas, o grupo AT foi dividido em quatro sub grupos: grupo AT 14 dias e o grupo AT 21 dias receberam uma injeção de PBS na veia caudal e mortos 14 e 21 dias após respectivamente; grupo AT-BMC 14 dias e AT-BMC 21 dias que receberam uma injeção com BMCs na veia caudal e mortos 14 e 21 dias após, respectivamente. O grupo CO foi sacrificado juntamente com outros grupos. O transplante BMCs reduziu os niveis de glicose, triglicerídeos e colesterol total no sangue. Não houve diferença significativa em relação à massa corporal entre os grupos transplantados e não transplantados, sendo todos diferentes do grupo CO. Não houve diferença significativa na curva glicemica entre os grupos AT 14 dias, AT-BMC 14 dias e AT 21 dias e estes diferentes do grupo CO e do grupo AT-BMC 21 dias. O Qa (1/mm2) foi quantitativamente reduzido no grupo AT 14 dias e AT 21 dias quando comparado ao grupo CO. Este Qa se mostrou elevado no grupo AT-BMC 21 dias quando comparado a todos os grupos. O aumento da expessura da parede da aorta foi observado em todos os grupos aterogênicos, entretanto o aumento da espessura foi significativamente menor no grupo AT-BMC 21 dias em relação ao grupo AT 14 dias e AT 21 dias. A percentagem de fibras elásticas se apresentou significativamente maior no grupo AT 21 dias quando comparado ao CO e AT-BMC 21 dias. Não houve diferença significativa entre o grupo CO e AT-BMC 21 dias. Vacúolos na túnica média, delaminação e o adelgaçamento das lamelas elásticas foram observados nos grupos AT-14 dias e AT-21 dias. O menor número destes foi visualizado no grupo AT-BMC 14 dias e AT-BMC 21 dias. A imunomarcação para alfa actina de músculo liso (α-SMA) e fator de crescimento vascular e endotelial (VEGF) mostrou menor marcação em grupos transplantados com BMCs. A marcação para antígeno nuclear de proliferação celular (PCNA) mostrou-se mais expressiva no grupo AT-BMC 21 dias grupo. Marcação para CD105, CD133 e CD68 foi observada nos grupos AT 14 dias e AT 21 dias. Estas marcações não foram observadas nos grupos AT-BMC 14 dias e AT-BMC 21 dias. Nas eletromicrografias observamos o remodelamento benéfico no grupo AT-BMC14 dias e AT-BMC 21 dias, com a organização estrutural similar ao grupo CO. Vesículas de pinocitose, projeção da célula muscular lisa e a delaminação da lamina elástica interna são observados nos grupos AT 14 dias e AT 21 dias. Célula endotelial preservada, com lamina elástica interna de contorno regular e contínua é observada no grupo CO e nos grupos AT-BMC 14 dias e AT-BMC 21 dias. Como conclusão, os nossos resultados reforçam o conceito de que, em um modelo aterosclerótico utilizando camundongos e dieta aterogênica, a injeção de BMCs melhora os níveis de glicose, metabolismo lipídico e ocasiona um remodelamento benéfico na parede da aorta.

Alterações estruturais cardíaca e aórticana menopausa cirúrgica associada à hipertensão renovascular em ratos

A menopausa e a hipertensão podem alterar o remodelamento cardiovascular, porém pouco se sabe sobre sua associação no remodelamento ventricular esquerdo e na aorta. As ratas foram separadas em quatro grupos com seis animais cada: grupo Sham, OVX (ratas ooforectomizadas), 2K1C (ratas com dois rins, um clipe), e grupo 2K1C+OVX com período experimental de 11 semanas. O ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e a aorta torácica foram removidos e analisados (microscopia de luz, imuno-histoquímica e estereologia). A citologia vaginal mostrou que os animais dos grupos Sham e 2K1C ciclaram normalmente, entretanto, os animais dos grupos OVX e OVK+2K1C permaneceram na fase do diestro ou proestro. Comparado ao grupo Sham, a pressão arterial aumentou 12% no grupo OVX e 35% maior nos grupos 2K1C e OVX+2K1C. A relação massa do VE/comprimento da tíbia e a área seccional média de cardiomiócitos aumentaram em todos os grupos com exceção do grupo Sham. A vascularização intramiocárdica foi reduzida cerca de 30% em relação ao grupo Sham, não havendo diferença significativa entre os grupos OVX, 2K1C e OVX+2K1C. O tecido conjuntivo cardíaco teve um aumento superior a 45% nos grupos 2K1C e OVX+2K1C comparados ao grupo Sham, sem diferença entre o os animais do grupo Sham e OVX. O número de núcleos de cardiomiócitos do VE foi gradualmente menor nos grupos OVX, 2K1C e OVX+2K1C, sem diferença entre os dois últimos grupos. Imuno-histoquímica positiva para receptor AT1 da Ang II nas células musculares lisas da túnica média da aorta foi observado em todos os grupos. Estes resultados indicam que a ooforectomia e a hipertensão renovascular agem aumentando a pressão arterial independentemente, com conseqüente remodelamento cardíaco adverso, com estímulo maior da hipertensão renovascular que da menopausa induzida cirurgicamente.

Alterações estruturais cardíaca e aórtica na menopausa cirúrgica associada à hipertensão renovascular em ratos

A menopausa e a hipertensão podem alterar o remodelamento cardiovascular, porém pouco se sabe sobre sua associação no remodelamento ventricular esquerdo e na aorta. As ratas foram separadas em quatro grupos com seis animais cada: grupo Sham, OVX (ratas ooforectomizadas), 2K1C (ratas com dois rins, um clipe), e grupo 2K1C+OVX com período experimental de 11 semanas. O ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e a aorta torácica foram removidos e analisados (microscopia de luz, imuno-histoquímica e estereologia). A citologia vaginal mostrou que os animais dos grupos Sham e 2K1C ciclaram normalmente, entretanto, os animais dos grupos OVX e OVK+2K1C permaneceram na fase do diestro ou proestro. Comparado ao grupo Sham, a pressão arterial aumentou 12% no grupo OVX e 35% maior nos grupos 2K1C e OVX+2K1C. A relação massa do VE/comprimento da tíbia e a área seccional média de cardiomiócitos aumentaram em todos os grupos com exceção do grupo Sham. A vascularização intramiocárdica foi reduzida cerca de 30% em relação ao grupo Sham, não havendo diferença significativa entre os grupos OVX, 2K1C e OVX+2K1C. O tecido conjuntivo cardíaco teve um aumento superior a 45% nos grupos 2K1C e OVX+2K1C comparados ao grupo Sham, sem diferença entre o os animais do grupo Sham e OVX. O número de núcleos de cardiomiócitos do VE foi gradualmente menor nos grupos OVX, 2K1C e OVX+2K1C, sem diferença entre os dois últimos grupos. Imuno-histoquímica positiva para receptor AT1 da Ang II nas células musculares lisas da túnica média da aorta foi observado em todos os grupos. Estes resultados indicam que a ooforectomia e a hipertensão renovascular agem aumentando a pressão arterial independentemente, com conseqüente remodelamento cardíaco adverso, com estímulo maior da hipertensão renovascular que da menopausa induzida cirurgicamente.

Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphism and Myocardial Infarction - Etude Cas-te'moins de L'Infarctus du Myocarde (ECTIM)

Background— Depression is a risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors reduce this risk. The site of action is the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), which is expressed in brain and blood cells. A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the SLC6A4 gene has been described. This polymorphism may be associated with the risk of MI. Methods and Results— The SLC6A4 polymorphism has been investigated by polymerase chain reaction in 671 male patients with MI and in 688 controls from the Etude Cas-Témoins de l’Infarctus du Myocarde (ECTIM) multicentric study. Percentages for LL, LS, and SS genotypes were 35.5%, 45.4%, and 19.1%, respectively, for cases versus 28.1%, 49.1%, and 22.8%, respectively, for controls. S allele frequency was 41.8% and 47.4% for cases and controls, respectively. After adjustment for age and center by using multivariable logistic regression, the odds ratio for MI associated with the LL genotype was 1.40 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.76, P=0.0047). Conclusions— The LL genotype of the SLC6A4 polymorphism is associated with a higher risk of MI. This could be attributable to the effect of the polymorphism on serotonin-mediated platelet activation or smooth muscle cell proliferation or on other risk factors, such as depression or response to stress

p53 Regulates the Formation of Lamellipodia and Circular Dorsal Ruffles Through Caldesmon and PTEN

Vascular smooth muscle cell migration is a significant contributor to many aspects of heart disease, and specifically atherosclerosis. Tissue damage in the arteries can result in the formation of a fatty streak. Smooth muscle cells (SMC) can then migrate to this site to form a fibrous cap, stabilizing the fatty plaque. Since cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in developed countries, this function of SMC is an essential area of study. The formation of lamellipodia and circular dorsal ruffles were studied in this project as indicators that cell migration is occurring. The roles of the proteins p53, Rac, caldesmon and PTEN were investigated with regards to these actin-based structures. The tumour suppressor p53 is often reported to cause apoptosis, senescence or cell cycle arrest when stress is placed on a cell, but has recently been shown to regulate cell migration as well. It was determined in this project that p53 could inhibit the formation of both lamellipodia and circular dorsal ruffles. It was also shown that this could occur directly through an inhibition of the GTPase Rac. Previous studies have shown that p53 can upregulate caldesmon, a protein which is known to bind to and stabilize actin filaments while inhibiting Arp2/3-mediated branching. It was confirmed that p53 could upregulate caldesmon, and that caldesmon could inhibit the formation of lamellipodia and circular dorsal ruffles. The phosphorylation of caldesmon by p21-associated kinase (PAK) or extracellular signal-related kinase (Erk) was shown to effectively reverse the ability of caldesmon to inhibit these structures. The role of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) was also studied with regards to this signalling pathway. PTEN was shown to inhibit lamellipodia and circular dorsal ruffles through its lipid phosphatase activity. It was concluded that p53 can inhibit the formation of lamellipodia and circular dorsal ruffles in vascular SMC, and that this occurs through Rac, caldesmon and PTEN.

Interstitial cells of blood vessels

Blood vessels are made up of several distinct cell types. Although it was originally thought that the tunica media of blood vessels was composed of a homogeneous population of fully differentiated smooth muscle cells, more recent data suggest the existence of multiple smooth muscle cell subpopulations in the vascular wall. One of the cell types contributing to this heterogeneity is the novel, irregularly shaped, noncontractile cell with thin processes, termed interstitial cell, found in the tunica media of both veins and arteries. While the principal role of interstitial cells in veins seems to be pacemaking, the role of arterial interstitial cells is less clear. This review summarises the knowledge of the functional and structural properties of vascular interstitial cells accumulated so far, offers hypotheses on their physiological role, and proposes directions for future research.

Inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor promotes pericyte loss and angiogenesis in ischemic retinopathy

We investigated whether inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor tyrosine kinase activity would affect pericyte viability, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) expression and angiogenesis in a model of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). ROP was induced in Sprague Dawley rats by exposure to 80% oxygen from postnatal (P) days 0 to 11 (with 3 hours/day in room air), and then room air from P12-18 (angiogenesis period). Shams were neonatal rats in room air from P0-18. STI571, a potent inhibitor of PDGF receptor tyrosine kinase, was administered from P12-18 at 50 or 100 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal (i.p.). Electron microscopy revealed that pericytes in the inner retina of both sham and ROP rats appeared normal; however STI571 induced a selective pericyte and vascular smooth muscle degeneration. Immunolabeling for caspase-3 and a-smooth muscle cell actin in consecutive paraffin sections of retinas confirmed that these degenerating cells were apoptotic pericytes. In all groups, VEGF and VEGFR-2 gene expression was located in ganglion cells, the inner nuclear layer, and retinal pigment epithelium. ROP was associated with an increase in both VEGF and VEGFR-2 gene expression and blood vessel profiles in the inner retina compared to sham rats. STI571 at both doses increased VEGF and VEGFR-2 mRNA and exacerbated angiogenesis in ROP rats, and in sham rats at 100 mg/kg/day. In conclusion, PDGF is required for pericyte viability and the subsequent prevention of VEGF/VEGFR-2 overexpression and angiogenesis in ROP.

In Silico Prediction of the Mechanobiological Response of Arterial Tissue: Application to Angioplasty and Stenting

One way to restore physiological blood flow to occluded arteries involves the deformation of plaque using an intravascular balloon and preventing elastic recoil using a stent. Angioplasty and stent implantation cause unphysiological loading of the arterial tissue, which may lead to tissue in-growth and reblockage; termed “restenosis.” In this paper, a computational methodology for predicting the time-course of restenosis is presented. Stress-induced damage, computed using a remaining life approach, stimulates inflammation (production of matrix degrading factors and growth stimuli). This, in turn, induces a change in smooth muscle cell phenotype from contractile (as exists in the quiescent tissue) to synthetic (as exists in the growing tissue). In this paper, smooth muscle cell activity (migration, proliferation, and differentiation) is simulated in a lattice using a stochastic approach to model individual cell activity. The inflammation equations are examined under simplified loading cases. The mechanobiological parameters of the model were estimated by calibrating the model response to the results of a balloon angioplasty study in humans. The simulation method was then used to simulate restenosis in a two dimensional model of a stented artery. Cell activity predictions were similar to those observed during neointimal hyperplasia, culminating in the growth of restenosis. Similar to experiment, the amount of neointima produced increased with the degree of expansion of the stent, and this relationship was found to be highly dependant on the prescribed inflammatory response. It was found that the duration of inflammation affected the amount of restenosis produced, and that this effect was most pronounced with large stent expansions. In conclusion, the paper shows that the arterial tissue response to mechanical stimulation can be predicted using a stochastic cell modeling approach, and that the simulation captures features of restenosis development observed with real stents. The modeling approach is proposed for application in three dimensional models of cardiovascular stenting procedures.

Application of a mechanobiological simulation technique to stents used clinically

Many cardiovascular diseases are characterised by the restriction of blood flow through arteries. Stents can be expanded within arteries to remove such restrictions; however, tissue in-growth into the stent can lead to restenosis. In order to predict the long-term efficacy of stenting, a mechanobiological model of the arterial tissue reaction to stress is required. In this study, a computational model of arterial tissue response to stenting is applied to three clinically relevant stent designs. We ask the question whether such a mechanobiological model can differentiate between stents used clinically, and we compare these predictions to a purely mechanical analysis. In doing so, we are testing the hypothesis that a mechanobiological model of arterial tissue response to injury could predict the long-term outcomes of stent design. Finite element analysis of the expansion of three different stent types was performed in an idealised, 3D artery. Injury was calculated in the arterial tissue using a remaining-life damage mechanics approach. The inflammatory response to this initial injury was modelled using equations governing variables which represented tissue-degrading species and growth factors. Three levels of inflammation response were modelled to account for inter-patient variability. A lattice-based model of smooth muscle cell behaviour was implemented, treating cells as discrete agents governed by local rules. The simulations predicted differences between stent designs similar to those found in vivo. It showed that the volume of neointima produced could be quantified, providing a quantitative comparison of stents. In contrast, the differences between stents based on stress alone were highly dependent on the choice of comparison criteria. These results show that the choice of stress criteria for stent comparisons is critical. This study shows that mechanobiological modelling may provide a valuable tool in stent design, allowing predictions of their long-term efficacy. The level of inflammation was shown to affect the sensitivity of the model to stent design. If this finding was verified in patients, this could suggest that high-inflammation patients may require alternative treatments to stenting.

XBP 1-deficiency abrogates neointimal lesion of injured vessels via cross talk with the PDGF signaling

Objective: Smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation play an essential role in neointimal formation after vascular injury. In this study, we intended to investigate whether the X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) was involved in these processes.

Approach and Results: In vivo studies on femoral artery injury models revealed that vascular injury triggered an immediate upregulation of XBP1 expression and splicing in vascular SMCs and that XBP1 deficiency in SMCs significantly abrogated neointimal formation in the injured vessels. In vitro studies indicated that platelet-derived growth factor-BB triggered XBP1 splicing in SMCs via the interaction between platelet-derived growth factor receptor β and the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α. The spliced XBP1 (XBP1s) increased SMC migration via PI3K/Akt activation and proliferation via downregulating calponin h1 (CNN1). XBP1s directed the transcription of mir-1274B that targeted CNN1 mRNA degradation. Proteomic analysis of culture media revealed that XBP1s decreased transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family proteins secretion via transcriptional suppression. TGF-β3 but not TGF-β1 or TGF-β2 attenuated XBP1s-induced CNN1 decrease and SMC proliferation.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates for the first time that XBP1 is crucial for SMC proliferation via modulating the platelet-derived growth factor/TGF-β pathways, leading to neointimal formation.

Effet de l'atorvastatine et de l'amlodipine sur le remodelage vasculaire dans l'hypertension

Résumé Introduction L’amlodipine et l’atorvastatine offrent des avantages thérapeutiques au-delà de leur indication primaire, soit la réduction de la pression artérielle et des lipides sanguins, respectivement. L’amlodipine induit l’apoptose des cellules de muscle lisse vasculaire (CMLV) in vivo, contribuant à la régression de l'hypertrophie aortique chez le rat spontanément hypertendu (SHR). L'atorvastatine induit l’apoptose des CMLV in vitro, un effet proportionnel à la dose. Toutefois, cet effet reste à être démontré in vivo. Nous postulons que l’atorvastatine induira la régression de l’hypertrophie aortique via l’apoptose des CMLV chez le SHR, et que la combinaison de l’amlodipine et de l’atorvastatine aura un effet synergique sur la régression de l’hypertrophie aortique via l’apoptose des CMLV chez le SHR. Méthodologie L’amlodipine et l’atorvastatine ont été administrées à des SHR âgés de 11 semaines durant trois ou six semaines, individuellement ou en combinaison. Les points principaux à l'étude étaient le remodelage vasculaire et la pression artérielle. La fragmentation et le contenu en ADN, le stress oxydant, le taux de cholestérol et les niveaux de nitrates ont aussi été mesurés. Résultats Lorsque l’atorvastatine a été administrée seule, une diminution significative du stress oxydant et de la pression artérielle a été observée après trois et six semaines de traitement, respectivement. Par contre, aucune différence n’a pu être décelée quant au remodelage vasculaire. L'amlodipine a réduit la pression artérielle et l'hypertrophie aortique de façon dépendante de la dose. Une diminution significative de l'hyperplasie a été détectée après trois semaines de traitement avec la combinaison, et après six semaines avec une faible dose d'amlodipine. Conclusion Nos résultats ne supportent pas l'hypothèse que l'atorvastatine induit l'apoptose des CMLV in vivo. Par contre, lorsque combinée à l'amlodipine, elle pourrait ajouter un bénéfice supplémentaire au niveau de la réduction de l'hyperplasie aortique.

Peptides vasoactifs endogènes dans la prolifération accrue des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires de rats spontanément hypertendus: rôle des facteurs de croissance.

Contribuant à la pathophysiologie des maladies vasculaires comme dans le cas de l’hypertension, le remodelage vasculaire est associé à une altération de la croissance des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLV) (prolifération, taille, etc.). Or la prolifération des CMLV est augmentée par les peptides vasoactifs tels que l’angiotensine II (AngII) et l’endothéline-1 (ET-1). Ces peptides étant surexprimés lors de l’hypertension, cette étude fut entreprise pour déterminer leur contribution endogène ainsi que celles du facteur de croissance épidermique (EGF), du facteur de croissance insulinique (IGF-1) et du facteur de croissance dérivé des plaquettes (PDGF) à la prolifération accrue des CMLV et aux mécanismes sous-jacents. Des CMLV A-10 et des CMLV de rats WKY et SHR âgés de 12 semaines ont été utilisées pour cette étude. La prolifération cellulaire fut déterminée par incorporation de [3H]thymidine. La phosphorylation de ERK 1/2 et du récepteur de EGF fut déterminée par immunobuvardage. Les CMLV de SHR, comparées à celles de WKY, ont montré une prolifération accrue qui fut atténuée par le losartan, un antagoniste du récepteur AT1 de l’AngII et par le BQ-123 et le BQ-788, antagonistes des récepteurs ETA et ETB de l’ET-1. La prolifération accrue des CMLV de SHR fut ramenée à celle des WKY par les inhibiteurs des récepteurs au PDGF (AG-1295), au IGF-1 (AG-1024) et au EGF (AG-1478). La phosphorylation du récepteur au EGF, accrue dans les CMLV de rats SHR comparée à celle des WKY, fut atténuée par le losartan, le BQ-123, le BQ-788 et l’AG-1478, mais ne fut pas atténuée par l’AG-1295 et l’AG-1024. De plus, la phosphorylation accrue de ERK 1/2 dans les CMLV de rats SHR fut atténuée par le losartan, le BQ-123, le BQ-788 et les inhibiteurs des récepteurs aux facteurs de croissance. Parallèlement, le rôle de la transactivation de EGF-R dans la prolifération accrue induite par AngII et ET-1 fut aussi examiné dans les CMLV A-10. L’augmentation, induite par AngII et ET-1, de la prolifération et de la phosphorylation de ERK 1/2 dans les CMLV A-10 fut ramenée au niveau contrôle par AG-1478. Ces données suggèrent que les peptides vasoactifs endogènes induisent la prolifération accrue des CMLV par la signalisation des MAP kinases résultant de la transactivation de EGF-R.

Étude du rôle de l’auto-antigène nucléaire centromérique B (CENP-B) et des auto-anticorps anti-CENP-B dans l’activation des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires : implication potentielle dans la pathophysiologie de la sclérose systémique

La sclérose systémique (ScS) est une maladie auto-immune dont l’un des principaux auto-anticorps, dirigé contre la protéine centromérique B (CENP-B), est fortement associé à l’hypertension artérielle pulmonaire, l’une des causes majeures de décès dû à la ScS. L’hypertension résulte de l’occlusion progressive des vaisseaux suite à une hyperactivation des cellules musculaires lisses (CML) de la paroi vasculaire. Cependant, les facteurs responsables de ce remodelage vasculaire restent inconnus. Plusieurs études récentes ont démontré que certains auto-antigènes possèdent des fonctions biologiques additionnelles lorsqu'ils se retrouvent dans le milieu extracellulaire. En effet, une fois libérés par nécrose ou apoptose, ces auto-antigènes adoptent une activité biologique qui s'apparente à celles des cytokines et peuvent ainsi participer aux processus normaux de réparation de blessure et/ou acquérir une activité pathogène qui contribue au développement de certaines maladies auto-immunes. Nos résultats suggèrent que la CENP-B peut être ajoutée à cette liste de molécules bifonctionnelles. À l'aide des techniques d'immunofluorescence, d'ELISA cellulaire et de cytométrie en flux, nous avons démontré que la CENP-B se liait spécifiquement à la surface des CML vasculaire de l’artère pulmonaire avec une plus grande affinité pour le phénotype contractile que synthétique. Cette liaison provoquait la migration des cellules ainsi que la sécrétion de cytokines pro-inflammatoires telles que l’interleukine 6 et 8. Les mécanismes par lesquels la protéine exerçait ces effets impliquaient la phosphorylation de FAK et Src ainsi que la voie des MAP kinases, avec ERK1/2 et p38. Des études de signalisation intracellulaire effectuées à l’aide de plusieurs inhibiteurs spécifiques ainsi que des études de désensibilisation nous ont permis d’identifier le récepteur de la CENP-B en plus d’identifier les mécanismes complets de sa signalisation membranaire. Nous avons démontré que la CENP-B se liait de manière spécifique aux CML vasculaire via le récepteur de chémokine 3 (CCR3) pour ensuite transactiver le récepteur EGF, selon un mécanisme métalloprotéase-dépendant qui implique le relargage du HB-EGF. Cette transactivation est un processus important dans l’activation de la voie des MAP kinases ainsi que dans la sécrétion d’IL-8 induite par la CENP-B. Finalement, nous avons démontré que les auto-anticorps anti-CENP-B pouvaient abolir cette cascade de signalisation, empêchant ainsi la CENP-B d’exercer son rôle de cytokine. L’identification de la CENP-B comme ligand du CCR3 ouvre donc plusieurs perspectives quant à l’étude du rôle pathogène des auto-anticorps anti-CENP-B dans la ScS.

Modulation de l’expression du récepteur B1 des kinines par l’angiotensine II et l’endothéline-1 dans des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires

Le stress oxydatif est impliqué dans l’expression du récepteur B1 des kinines (RB1) dans différents modèles de diabète et d'hypertension. Puisque l'angiotensine II (Ang II) et l'endothéline-1 (ET-1) sont des peptides prooxydants impliqués dans les maladies cardiovasculaires, leur contribution dans l'augmentation de l'expression du RB1 a été étudiée dans des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLV). Le QRT-PCR et l’immunobuvardage de type Western ont été utilisés pour mesurer l’expression du RB1 dans des CMLV dérivées de la lignée A10 et de l’aorte de rats Sprague-Dawley. Cette étude montre que l’Ang II augmente l’expression du RB1 (ARNm et protéine) en fonction de la concentration et du temps (maximum 1 μM entre 3-6 h). Cette augmentation implique le récepteur AT1, la PI3K et le NF-κB, mais non le récepteur AT2 et ERK1/2. Aussi, le récepteur ETA de l’ET-1 est impliqué dans la réponse à l’Ang II à 6-8 h et non à 1-4 h. Par contre, l’ET-1 augmente l’expression du RB1 (maximum 2-4 h) via la stimulation des récepteurs ETA et ETB. L’augmentation du RB1 causée par l’Ang II et l’ET-1 est bloquée par les antioxydants (N-acétyl-cystéine et diphénylèneiodonium). Ces résultats suggèrent que l’Ang II induit le RB1 dans les CMLV par le récepteur AT1 dans la première phase, et par la libération d’ET-1 (majoritairement par ETA) dans la phase tardive, via le stress oxydatif et l’activation de la PI3K et du NF-κB. Ces résultats précisent le mécanisme impliqué dans la surexpression du RB1 ayant des effets néfastes dans le diabète et l'hypertension.