Propagação de jambeiro vermelho (Syzygium malaccense L.) por estaquia de ramos herbáceos

The consumption of exotic fruits has been showing accentuated increase and the cultivated area is in expansion, generating demand for adequate culturing techniques. The Malay apple (Syzygium malaccense), with probable origin in India, has a fruit widely known and appreciated in the North and Northeasthern Brazilian states. The Malay apple tree is extremely tall and has a long juvenile period when propagated by seed, making its vegetative multiplication is desirable, to anticipate the productive period and decrease its size, and also to obtain uniform orchards. The experiment was conducted at UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal Campus, using Malay apple herbaceous cuttings subjected to treatments with indol butyric acid (IBA) (0; 1,000; 3,000 and 5,000 mgL(-1)) and cuttings with and without basal incision. The variables analyzed were percentage of survival and rooting of the cuttings, number and mean length of roots per cutting. The experiment was conducted under CRB on a factorial scheme (4 X 2) with 4 replicates constituted by 10 cuttings each. Data were analyzed by Tukey's mean test at 5% probability. The vegetative propagation by rooting of herbaceous cuttings of the Malay apple is possible, however, both IBA treatments and basal incision have not shown significant effect on the analyzed variables.

Programa alfabetização solidária: um estudo sobre a experiência no município de Lagoa de Pedras/RN (1997 - 2003)

The educational reform of the 90 s was tainted by the objectives of the fiscal adjustments, resulting in the redefinition of the state s role in the financing and offering of teaching services, and bringing about a shuffling of the responsibility between the public and private sectors to promote education to young people and adults. The 90 s also highlighted the proliferation of providers and the multiplication of Educational Programs for Youths and Adults (EJA), implemented through partnerships between governmental and nongovernmental agencies. During this period of time, the agenda of educational responsibilities concerning analphabetism was organized in a process of decentralized of the state, with the following political, social, and economic objectives: to reduce the public deficit, increasing public savings and the financial capacity of the state to concentrate resources in areas considered indispensable to direct intervention; to increase the efficiency of the social services moffered or funded by the state, giving citizens more at a lower cost, and spreading services to more remote areas, expanding access to reach those most in need; to increase the participation of citizens in public management, stimulating communitarian acts as well as developing efforts towards the effective coordination of public figures in the implementation of associated social services. Thus, Assistance Programs co-financed by the government try to deal with the problem of analphabetism. Within the sphere of the 90 s educational policy decentralization, we come to see how the agenda dedicated to the reduction of analphabetism was formed by the Solidarity Alphabetization Program (PAS). Between 1997 and 2003, the latter agenda s decentralizing proposal was integrated in the management partnership for the operationalization of tasks and resources faced with the execution of the formal objectives. In this study, we identify the dimensions of the implantation and progress of the tasks carried out by PAS, in the municipality of Lagoa de Pedras/RN. However, we consider these Programs to assist in the process without guaranteeing the reduction of the causes or substituting the responsibility of the system once the monetary resources for program maintenance provided by the partners is exhausted

Identification of new Bremia lactucae races in lettuce in São Paulo state

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Época de coleta e ácido indolbutírico no enraizamento de estacas de espirradeira (Nerium oleander L.)

A espirradeira (Nerium oleander L.) é uma importante espécie arbórea ornamental, muito utilizada no meio urbano. É propagada por estacas, porém a porcentagem de enraizamento é baixa e não há estudos sobre fatores que influenciam nesse processo. Este trabalho teve, portanto, o objetivo de estudar o efeito da época de coleta e do ácido indolbutírico (AIB) no enraizamento de estacas de duas variedades de espirradeira (Nerium oleander L.), determinadas pela coloração das flores (rosa e branca). O experimento foi instalado na UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal/SP, no verão e no inverno. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 4 (duas variedades combinadas com duas estações do ano e quatro concentrações de AIB - 0, 1.000, 2.000 e 4.000 mg kg-1). As avaliações foram realizadas 60 dias após a estaquia, sendo estas as variáveis: porcentagem de enraizamento, número médio, comprimento e massa de matéria seca de raízes. Concluiu-se que o enraizamento de ambas as variedades de espirradeira (rosa e branca) foi superior no verão. A variedade de flores rosas apresentou maior número e comprimento médio de raízes no verão, porém as maiores porcentagens de enraizamento e massa de matéria seca de raízes foram encontradas no inverno. O ácido indolbutírico foi efetivo para aumentar a porcentagem de enraizamento nas concentrações testadas de 1.000 e 2.000 mg kg-1; maior número, comprimento e massa de matéria seca de raízes foram obtidos na concentração de 2.000 mg kg-1.

Propagação vegetativa de porta-enxertos para citros

O enraizamento de estacas é um método de propagação assexuada que mantém as características da planta-mãe e incrementa o número de plantas rapidamente, o que é de grande interesse para a citricultura, além de permitir a propagação de materiais na fase juvenil. A obtenção de porta-enxertos por estaquia é uma prática que pode possibilitar, além da redução do prazo na formação da muda, produção de plantas de menor porte e garantir a uniformidade do pomar. O objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu na observação e comparação da propagação vegetativa, por enraizamento de estacas, de quatro porta-enxertos utilizados na produção de mudas cítricas (Poncirus trifoliata, Citrus volkameriana, Citrumelo Swingle e Citrus limonia), sob a influência de diferentes doses de IBA (ácido indolbutírico). O experimento foi conduzido em câmara de nebulização intermitente, e as estacas foram imersas em soluções com 0; 100; 200 e 400 mg.L-1 de IBA, por um período de 14 horas. Avaliaram-se: porcentagem de sobrevivência; porcentagem de enraizamento; comprimento, e número médios de raízes. Analisando os resultados, conclui-se que: o Citrus volkameriana e o Citrus limonia mostraram resultados superiores aos obtidos para as demais espécies estudadas; a porcentagem de sobrevivência é influenciada pela dose de IBA, pelo porta-enxerto e pela época de coleta das estacas; a porcentagem de enraizamento é influenciada pelas características genéticas do porta-enxerto e época de coleta; o comprimento médio das raízes é influenciado pelo porta-enxerto e época de coleta das estacas; o número médio de raízes é influenciado pela dose de IBA e pelo porta-enxerto.

Clonagem de quatro espécies de Annonaceae potenciais como porta-enxertos

O trabalho objetivou o estudo da capacidade de enraizamento de quatro espécies de Annonaceae potenciais como porta-enxertos (Annona glabra L., Annona montana Macfad, Rollinia emarginata e Rollinia mucosa Baill.) em três épocas do ano (verão, outono e inverno). Experimento conduzido em câmara de nebulização intermitente pertencente à UNESP/FCAV (21º15'22S e 48º18'58W), utilizando-se de estacas apicais enfolhadas em tratamento rápido (5 segundos) com ácido indolbutírico (IBA) (0; 1000; 3000; 5000 e 7000 mg.L-1), em esquema fatorial. Após 90 dias, avaliaram-se a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, sobrevivência, comprimento e número de raízes. Como resultados, o IBA não incrementou a capacidade de enraizamento das espécies. A época do ano foi grande influente no sucesso de enraizamento, sendo o verão mais adequado. A. glabra e A. montana mostraram-se promissoras na propagação vegetativa via estaquia (clonagem). R. emarginata apresentou baixos valores para as características avaliadas, devendo ser intensificados experimentos na promoção do enraizamento em relação aos atuais valores obtidos. R. mucosa não apresentou resultados satisfatórios, ocorrendo necrose de tecido na base das estacas, devendo as causas serem melhor investigadas. O sucesso no enraizamento de Annonaceae é dependente da espécie, tendo aquelas do gênero Annona apresentado resultados superiores em relação às do gênero Rollinia.

Rigitano: nova cultivar de umezeiro para porta-enxerto de pessegueiro

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Conversor CC/CA de alta freqüência baseado em inversores ressonantes com comutação seqüencial para excitação de uma tocha indutiva a plasma térmico

This work describes the study, the analysis, the project methodology and the constructive details of a high frequency DC/AC resonant series converter using sequential commutation techniques for the excitation of an inductive coupled thermal plasma torch. The aim of this thesis is to show the new modulation technique potentialities and to present a technological option for the high-frequency electronic power converters development. The resonant converter operates at 50 kW output power under a 400 kHz frequency and it is constituted by inverter cells using ultra-fast IGBT devices. In order to minimize the turn-off losses, the inverter cells operates in a ZVS mode referred by a modified PLL loop that maintains this condition stable, despite the load variations. The sequential pulse gating command strategy used it allows to operate the IGBT devices on its maximum power limits using the derating and destressing current scheme, as well as it propitiates a frequency multiplication of the inverters set. The output converter is connected to a series resonant circuit constituted by the applicator ICTP torch, a compensation capacitor and an impedance matching RF transformer. At the final, are presented the experimental results and the many tests achieved in laboratory as form to validate the proposed new technique

Avaliação da esporulação de Bionectria ochroleuca em diferentes meios de culturas

The biological control of the plants diseases, caused by fungi, is carried out using others organisms (predator, parasite or pathogen). Among the possible agents of biocontrol, a fungus has been highlighting as promising and it is known as Clonostachys rosea, asexual form of Bionectria ochroleuca. For that, it is necessary the in vitro production of spores of this fungus. In this study were tested several culture media to select those with better conidia production. The study was conducted at Plant Protection Division, in the Plant Production Department, FCA - UNESP, Botucatu campus, São Paulo state, Brazil. We used the isolated CCR64 (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA)-CNPMA). The means of crops were: BDA; Oats-Agar; Mazeina-Agar; Rice-Agar; V8-5%; V8-10%; V8-20%; TJ-5 %; TJ-10, TJ-20%. The sporulation of the fungus in different culture media was estimated at 8 days after of the incubation. The data were analyzed using method of comparing averages, using the Tukey test, at 5% probability, and the data processed, using (X + 1) 0.5 transformation. All culture media tested were able to produce conidia. It was found that the best culture media for production of conidia of Bionectria ochroleuca is the TJ-5%, followed by TJ-20%, with an sporulation average of 3,5 x 106 conidia / ml.

Avaliação preliminar da viabilidade de produção in vitro de um isolado brasileiro de baculovírus Spodoptera frugiperda MNPV

In vivo production of viral biopesticides is the major source of viral insecticides currently in the marketplace. However, this system presents limitations during production scale-up. For the Spodoptera frugiperda nucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV), the insect used for replication has cannibalistic characteristics, thus production is even more difficult. Insect cells are commonly used for in vitro baculovirus production. Most of these cell lines are derived from Lepidoptera species. The Sf21 cell line is derived from Spodoptera frugiperda caterpillar ovarian tissue, and its clonal isolate Sf9 has been used for biopesticide production due to its ease of growth in suspension cultures. In this work, the in vitro production capabilities of a Brazilian SfMNPV isolate obtained from cornfields was evaluated. Comparison of polyhedra production was carried out using both Sf21 and Sf9 cells, based on volumetric and specific yields. Both cell lines were cultivated in Hyclone medium supplemented with different fetal bovine serum concentrations (2,5 and 5%). The best results were obtained using Sf9 cells supplemented with 5% serum. These results were further confirmed quantitively through kinetic parameter estimation for both cells lines and different serum concentrations. After seven successive passages, this system still presented high specific polyhedra production

Efeito de variáveis de processo no tempo de fermentação e na concentração das dicetonas vicinais totais

Among the main challenges in the beer industrial production is the market supply at the lowest cost and high quality, in order to ensure the expectations of customers and. consumers The beer fermentation stage represents approximately 70% of the whole time necessary to its production, having a obligatoriness of strict process controls to avoid becoming bottleneck in beer production. This stage is responsible for the formation of a series of subproducts, which are responsible for the composition of aroma/bouquet existing in beer and some of these subproducts, if produced in larger quantities, they will confer unpleasant taste and odor to the final product. Among the subproducts formed during the fermentation stage, total vicinal diketones is the main component, since it is limiting for product transfusion to the subsequent steps, besides having a low perception threshold by the consumer and giving undesirable taste and odor. Due to the instability of main raw materials quality and also process controls during fermentation, the development of alternative forms of beer production without impacting on total fermentation time and final product quality is a great challenge to breweries. In this work, a prior acidification of the pasty yeast was carried out, utilizing for that phosphoric acid, food grade, reducing yeast pH of about 5.30 to 2.20 and altering its characteristic from flocculent to pulverulent during beer fermentation. An increase of six times was observed in amount of yeast cells in suspension in the second fermentation stage regarding to fermentations by yeast with no prior acidification. With alteration on two input variables, temperature curve and cell multiplication, which goal was to minimize the maximum values for diketones detected in the fermenter tank, a reduction was obtained from peak of formed diacetyl and consequently contributed to reduction in fermentation time and total process time. Several experiments were performed with those process changes in order to verify the influence on the total fermentation time and total vicinal diketones concentration at the end of fermentation. This experiment reached as the best production result a total fermentation time of 151 hours and total vicinal diketone concentration of 0.08 ppm. The mass of yeast in suspension in the second phase of fermentation increased from 2.45 x 106 to 16.38 x 106 cells/mL of yeast, which fact is key to a greater efficiency in reducing total vicinal diketones existing in the medium, confirming that the prior yeast acidification, as well as the control of temperature and yeast cell multiplication in fermentative process enhances the performance of diketones reduction and consequently reduce the total fermentation time with diketones concentration below the expected value (Max: 0.10 ppm)

As quatro operações básicas: uma compreensão dos procedimentos algorítmicos

The current research had as main objective to analyze the possibility of knowledge elaboration/re-elaboration about ideas and algorithmic procedures related to basic operations by pupils of the 6th degree fundamental teaching in a significant learning process. This way the study had as basis a methodological intervention developed in a 6th degree class of a Fundamental Teaching Municipal School in the city of João Pessoa, PB. The research had as central steps the application of pre-tests (1 and 2); the execution of semi-structured interviews with the pupils involved in the theme deep studies; the elaboration and development of teaching activities, having as referential the significant learning and the application of a pre-test. The data collected in the pre-tests (1 and 2) showed a low level of the pupils comprehension about the contents related to the four operations. The answers to the post-test questions were analyzed mainly from the qualitative point of view based on the mathematic concepts comprehension theory proposed by Skemp (1980) having as complementary subsidy data collected through interviews. The analysis of the results obtained in the post-test showed that the major part of pupils reached a relational comprehension about the ideas and algorithmic procedures related to addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Such results showed us that the application of a teaching methodology that privileges the content comprehension, considering the pupils previous knowledge and the reflection about the action along the activities proposed, made possible the elaboration or re-elaboration of knowledge by pupils regarding to contents adopted as theme for our research

Propriedades dos sistemas de numeração: uma sequência didática em uma abordagem histórica

This paper aims to describe the construction and validation of a notebook of activities whose content is a didactic sequence that makes use of the study of ancient numbering systems as compared to the object of our decimal positional numbering system Arabic. This is on the assumption that the comparison with a system different from our own might provide a better understanding of our own numbering system, but also help in the process of arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction and multiplication, since it will force us to think in ways that are not routinely object of our attention. The systems covered in the study were the Egyptian hieroglyphic system of numbering, the numbering system Greek alphabet and Roman numbering system, always compared to our numbering system. The following teachung is presented structured in the form of our activities, so-called exercise set and common tasks around a former same numbering system. In its final stage of preparation, the sequence with the participation of 26 primary school teachers of basic education

Estratégias midiáticas na aprendizagem do tema DST/AIDS: ações em rede para reduzir vulnerabilidades de adolescentes e jovens da comunidade de Mãe Luiza, Natal-RN

Youngsters and teenagers are still a very vulnerable group of DST/AIDS. In order to combat this vulnerability the community intervention project being developed in Mãe Luiza neighborhood in the city of Natal-RN, entitled Strengthening Community Action Network for Prevention in HIV/AIDS: knowledge and Intervene emerged, popularly known as Project Viva Mãe Luiza. The project develops workshops of educomunication whose approach involves the DST/AIDS subject with the following media: video, photography, and theater playbook. This research integrates the activities of the project and has as main objective to investigate how strategies and practices of media communication developed in Project Viva Mãe Luiza through workshops of educomunication, assisted learning for the prevention of DST/AIDS and contributed to the reduction of vulnerability to DST/AIDS among adolescents and young participants of the project residents of Mãe Luiza community. The methodological basis was based on intervention research, with the technique of gathering daily field data, literature and documentary, in-depth interviews and ethnographic observation. The qualitative analysis was based on the monitoring of video workshops, photography, theater and primer, respectively, crossed by transverse to the prevention of DST/AIDS, conducted between June 2012 and December 2013 issues. Interviews with eight multipliers, aiming to understand their perceptions of vulnerability, prevention, multiplication and use of media that were part of the project were conducted. The analyzes show that learning workshops educomunication community health repercussions both in the development of individual skills in communication as changing perceptions about the vulnerabilities to which they are exposed, the awareness about prevention at the individual and differentiated actions multiplication in the community

The hamster cheek pouch: an immunologically privileged site suitable to the study of granulomatous infections

A bolsa jugal do hamster (BJH) é uma invaginação da mucosa oral, caracterizada histologicamente como semelhante a pele. Nesse estudo nós descrevemos algumas de suas características anatômicas, histológicas e embriológicas e comentamos sobre sua propriedade como local imunologicamente privilegiado, considerando a ausência de drenagem linfática e o reduzido número de células de Langerhans. Apresentamos também os resultados obtidos quando da inoculação de micobacterias (BCG, Mycobacterium tuberculosis e Mycobacterium leprae) e do fungo Paracoccidioides brasiliensis na bolsa jugal. Comparada com as lesões provocadas em outras localizações e, à exceção do BCG, as lesões induzidas na bolsa são menores e de maior duração e, mesmo quando granulomatosas, incapazes de controlar a multiplicação do agente; nos casos em que houve o desenvolvimento da resposta imune, ele se fez tardiamente e foi acompanhado pela redução do número de parasitas nas lesões. Essas observações apontam a bolsa jugal do hamster como um local de escolha para o estudo sobre a participação da resposta imune no desenvolvimento e modulação das doenças infecciosas e dos granulomas.