System-level characterization of Th2 cell development and immune cell responses to ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles

Asthma and allergy are common diseases and their prevalence is increasing. One of the hypotheses that explains this trend is exposure to inhalable chemicals such as traffi c-related air pollution. Epidemiological research supports this theory, as a correlation between environmental chemicals and allergic respiratory diseases has been found. In addition to ambient airborne particles, one may be exposed to engineered nanosized materials that are actively produced due to their favorable physico-chemical properties compared to their bulk size counterparts. On the cellular level, improper activity of T helper (Th) cells has been connected to allergic reactions. Th cells can differentiate into functionally different effector subsets, which are identifi ed according to their characteristic cytokine profi les resulting in specifi c ability to communicate with other cells. Th2 cells activate humoral immunity and stimulate eradication of extracellular pathogens. However, persistent predominance of Th2 cells is involved in a development of number of allergic diseases. The cytokine environment at the time of antigen recognition is the major factor determining the polarization of a naïve Th cell. Th2 cell differentiation is initiated by IL4, which signals via transcription factor STAT6. Although the importance of this pathway has been evaluated in the mouse studies, the signaling components involved have been largely unknown. The aim of this thesis was to identify molecules, which are under the control of IL4 and STAT6 in Th cells. This was done by using system-level analysis of STAT6 target genes at genome, mRNA and protein level resulting in identifi cation of various genes previously not connected to Th2 cell phenotype acquisition. In the study, STAT6-mediated primary and secondary target genes were dissection from each other and a detailed transcriptional kinetics of Th2 cell polarization of naïve human CD4+ T cells was collected. Integration of these data revealed the hierarchy of molecular events that mediates the differentiation towards Th2 cell phenotype. In addition, the results highlighted the importance of exploiting proteomics tools to complement the studies on STAT6 target genes identifi ed through transcriptional profi ling. In the last subproject, the effects of the exposure with ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles was analyzed in Jurkat T cell line and in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells to evaluate their toxicity and potential to cause infl ammation. Identifi cation of ZnO-derived gene expression showed that the same nanoparticles may elicit markedly distinctive responses in different cell types, thus underscoring the need for unbiased profi ling of target genes and pathways affected. The results gave additional proof that the cellular response to nanosized ZnO is due to leached Zn2+ ions. The approach used in ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticle study demonstrated the value of assessing nanoparticle responses through a toxicogenomics approach. The increased knowledge of Th2 cell signaling will hopefully reveal new therapeutic nodes and eventually improve our possibilities to prevent and tackle allergic infl ammatory diseases.

alpha-Smooth muscle actin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: functional and structural parameters of renal disease progression

The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SM-actin) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in renal cortex from patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and their correlations with parameters of renal disease progression. We analyzed renal biopsies from 41 patients with idiopathic FSGS and from 14 control individuals. The alpha-SM-actin immunoreaction was evaluated using a score that reflected the changes in the extent and intensity of staining in the glomerular or cortical area. The PCNA reaction was quantified by counting the labeled cells of the glomeruli or renal cortex. The results, reported as median ± percentile (25th; 75th), showed that the alpha-SM-actin scores in the glomeruli and tubulointerstitium from the renal cortex were 2.0 (2.0; 4.0) and 3.0 (3.0; 4.0), respectively, in patients with FSGS, and 0.5 (0.0; 1.0) and 0.0 (0.0; 0.5) in the controls. The number of PCNA-positive cells per glomerulus and graded field of tubulointerstitium from the renal cortex was 0.2 (0.0; 0.4) and 1.1 (0.3; 2.2), respectively, for patients with FSGS, and 0.0 (0.0; 0.5) and 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) for controls. The present data showed an increase of alpha-SM-actin and PCNA expression in glomeruli and renal cortex from FSGS patients. The extent of immunoreaction for alpha-SM-actin in the tubulointerstitial area was correlated with the intensity of proteinuria. However, there was no correlation between the kidney expression of these proteins and the reciprocal of plasma creatinine level or renal fibrosis. These findings suggest that the immunohistochemical alterations may be reversible.

Secondary prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus: stopping immune destruction and promoting ß-cell regeneration

Type 1 diabetes mellitus results from a cell-mediated autoimmune attack against pancreatic ß-cells. Traditional treatments involve numerous daily insulin dosages/injections and rigorous glucose control. Many efforts toward the identification of ß-cell precursors have been made not only with the aim of understanding the physiology of islet regeneration, but also as an alternative way to produce ß-cells to be used in protocols of islet transplantation. In this review, we summarize the most recent studies related to precursor cells implicated in the regeneration process. These include embryonic stem cells, pancreas-derived multipotent precursors, pancreatic ductal cells, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, hepatic oval cells, and mature ß-cells. There is controversial evidence of the potential of these cell sources to regenerate ß-cell mass in diabetic patients. However, clinical trials using embryonic stem cells, umbilical cord blood or adult bone marrow stem cells are under way. The results of various immunosuppressive regimens aiming at blocking autoimmunity against pancreatic ß-cells and promoting ß-cell preservation are also analyzed. Most of these regimens provide transient and partial effect on insulin requirements, but new regimens are beginning to be tested. Our own clinical trial combines a high dose immunosuppression with mobilized peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in early-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Evidence for eosinophil recruitment, leukotriene B4 production and mast cell hyperplasia following Toxocara canis infection in rats

It is well known that eosinophilia is a key pathogenetic component of toxocariasis. The objective of the present study was to determine if there is an association between peritoneal and blood eosinophil influx, mast cell hyperplasia and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production after Toxocara canis infection. Oral inoculation of 56-day-old Wistar rats (N = 5-7 per group) with 1000 embryonated eggs containing third-stage (L3) T. canis larvae led to a robust accumulation of total leukocytes in blood beginning on day 3 and peaking on day 18, mainly characterized by eosinophils and accompanied by higher serum LTB4 levels. At that time, we also noted increased eosinophil numbers in the peritoneal cavity. In addition, we observed increased peritoneal mast cell number in the peritoneal cavity, which correlated with the time course of eosinophilia during toxocariasis. We also demonstrated that mast cell hyperplasia in the intestines and lungs began soon after the T. canis larvae migrated to these compartments, reaching maximal levels on day 24, which correlated with the complete elimination of the parasite. Therefore, mast cells appear to be involved in peritoneal and blood eosinophil infiltration through an LTB4-dependent mechanism following T. canis infection in rats. Our data also demonstrate a tight association between larval migratory stages and intestinal and pulmonary mast cell hyperplasia in the toxocariasis model.

Retinoic acid and cAMP inhibit rat hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and enhance cell differentiation

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third highest cause of cancer death worldwide. In general, the disease is diagnosed at an advanced stage when potentially curative therapies are no longer feasible. For this reason, it is very important to develop new therapeutic approaches. Retinoic acid (RA) is a natural derivative of vitamin A that regulates important biological processes including cell proliferation and differentiation. In vitro studies have shown that RA is effective in inhibiting growth of HCC cells; however, responsiveness to treatment varies among different HCC cell lines. The objective of the present study was to determine if the combined use of RA (0.1 µM) and cAMP (1 mM), an important second messenger, improves the responsiveness of HCC cells to RA treatment. We evaluated the proliferative behavior of an HCC cell line (HTC) and the expression profile of genes related to cancer signaling pathway (ERK and GSK-3β) and liver differentiation (E-cadherin, connexin 26 (Cx26), and Cx32). RA and cAMP were effective in inhibiting the proliferation of HTC cells independently of combined use. However, when a mixture of RA and cAMP was used, the signals concerning the degree of cell differentiation were increased. As demonstrated by Western blot, the treatment increased E-cadherin, Cx26, Cx32 and Ser9-GSK-3β (inactive form) expression while the expression of Cx43, Tyr216-GSK-3β (active form) and phosphorylated ERK decreased. Furthermore, telomerase activity was inhibited along treatment. Taken together, the results showed that the combined use of RA and cAMP is more effective in inducing differentiation of HTC cells.

Interactions of diploid embryonal carcinoma cells and normal cell mass cells with 2.5 day mouse embryos following aggregation

Spontaneous teratocarcinomas are ovarian or testicular tumors which have their origins in germ cells. The tumors contain a disorganized array of benign differentiated cells as well as an undifferentiated population of malignant stem cells, the embryonal carcinoma or EC cells. These pluripotent stem cells in tissue culture share many properties with the transient pluripotent cells of the early embryo, and might therefore serve as models for the investigation of developmental events ill vitro. The property of EC cells of prime interest in this study is an in vivo phenomenon. Certain EC cell lines are known to be regulated ill vivo and to differentiate normally in association with normal embryonic cells, resulting in chimeric mice. These mice have two genetically distinct cell populations, one of which is derived from the originally malignant EC cells. This has usually been accomplished by injection of the EC cells into the Day 3 blastocyst. In this study, the interactions between earlier stage embryos and EC cells have been tested by aggregating clumps of EC cells with Day 2 embryos. The few previous aggregation studies produced a high degree of abnormality in chimeric embryos, but the EC cells employed had known chromosomal abnormalities. In this study, two diploid EC cell lines (P19 and Pi0) were aggregated with 2.5 day mouse embryos, and were found to behave quite differently in the embryonic environment. P19 containing aggregates generally resorbed early, and the few embryos recovered at midgestation were normal and non-chimeric. Pi0 containing aggregates survived in high numbers to midgestation, and the Pi0 cells were very successful in colonizing the embryo. All these embryos were chimeric, and the contribution by the EC cells to each chimera was very high. However, these heavily chimeric embryos were all abnormal. Blastocyst injection had previously produced some abnormal embryos with high Pl0 contributions in addition to the live born mice, which had lower EC contributions. This study now adds more support to the hypothesis that high EC contributions may be incompatible with normal development. The possibility that the abnormalities were due to the mixing of temporally asynchronous embryonic cell types in the aggregates was tested by aggregating normal pluripotent cells taken from 3.5 day embryos with 2.5 day embryos. Early embryo loss was very high, and histological studies showed that the majority of these embryos died by 6.5 days development. Some embryos escaped this early death such that some healthy chimeras were recovered, in contrast to recovery of abnormal chimeric embryos following Pl0-morula aggregations, and non-chimeric embryos following P19-morula aggregations. This somewhat surprising adverse effect on development following aggregation of normal cell types suggests that there are developmental difficulties associated with the mixing of asynchronous cell types in aggregates. However, the greater magnitude of the adverse effects when the aggregates contained tumor derived cells suggests that EC cells should not be considered the complete equivalent of the pluripotent cells of the early embryo.

The role of DcR3 in systemic lupus erythematosus and islet β-Cell viability and function

Le récepteur DcR3 (Decoy receptor 3) est un membre de la famille des récepteurs aux facteurs de nécrose tumorale (TNF). Il est fortement exprimé dans les tissus humains normaux ainsi que les tumeurs malignes. DcR3 est un récepteur pour trois ligands de la famille du TNF tels que FasL, LIGHT et TL1A. Étant une protéine soluble donc dépourvue de la portion transmembranaire et intracytoplasmique, le récepteur DcR3 est incapable d’effectuer une transduction de signal intracellulaire à la suite de son interaction avec ses ligands. De ce fait, DcR3 joue un rôle de compétiteur pour ces derniers, afin d’inhiber la signalisation via leurs récepteurs fonctionnels tels que Fas, HVEM/LTbetaR et DR3. Lors de nos précédentes études, nous avons pu démontrer, que DcR3 pouvaist moduler la fonction des cellules immunitaires, et aussi protéger la viabilité des îlots de Langerhans. À la suite de ces résultats, nous avons généré des souris DcR3 transgéniques (Tg) en utilisant le promoteur du gène β-actine humaine afin d’étudier plus amplement la fonction de ce récepteur. Les souris Tg DcR3 ont finalement développé le syndrome lupus-like (SLE) seulement après l’âge de 6 mois. Ces souris présentent une variété d'auto-anticorps comprenant des anticorps anti-noyaux et anti-ADN. Elles ont également manifesté des lésions rénales, cutanées, hépatiques et hématopoïétiques. Contrairement aux modèles de lupus murin lpr et gld, les souris DcR3 sont plus proche du SLE humain en terme de réponse immunitaire de type Th2 et de production d'anticorps d'anti-Sm. En péus, nous avons constaté que les cellules hématopoïétiques produisant DcR3 sont suffisantes pour causer ces pathologies. DcR3 peut agir en perturbant l’homéostasie des cellules T pour interférer avec la tolérance périphérique, et ainsi induire l'autoimmunité. Chez l'humain, nous avons détecté dans le sérum de patients SLE des niveaux élevés de la protéine DcR3. Chez certains patients, comme chez la souris, ces niveaux sont liés directement aux titres élevés d’IgE. Par conséquent, DcR3 peut représenter un facteur pathogénique important du SLE humain. L’étude des souris Tg DcR3, nous a permis aussi d’élucider le mécanisme de protection des îlots de Langerhans. Le blocage de la signalisation des ligands LIGHT et TL1A par DcR3 est impliqué dans une telle protection. D'ailleurs, nous avons identifié par ARN microarray quelques molécules en aval de cette interaction, qui peuvent jouer un rôle dans le mécanisme d’action. Nous avons par la suite confirmé que Adcyap1 et Bank1 joue un rôle critique dans la protection des îlots de Langerhans médiée par DcR3. Notre étude a ainsi élucidé le lien qui existe entre la signalisation apoptotique médiée par Fas/FasL et la pathogénèse du SLE humain. Donc, malgré l’absence de mutations génétiques sur Fas et FasL dans le cas de cette pathologie, DcR3 est capable de beoquer cette signalisation et provoquer le SLE chez l’humain. Ainsi, DcR3 peut simultanément interférer avec la signalisation des ligands LIGHT et TL1A et causer un phénotype plus complexe que les phénotypes résultant de la mutation de Fas ou de FasL chez certains patients. DcR3 peut également être utilisé comme paramètre diagnostique potentiel pour le SLE. Les découvertes du mécanisme de protection des îlots de Langerhans par DcR3 ouvrent la porte vers de nouveaux horizons afin d'explorer de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour protéger la greffe d'îlots.

Expression of steroidogenic proteins and genes in bovine placenta from conventional and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) gestations

Pendant la grossesse, les hormones stéroïdes jouent un rôle indispensable dans la régulation des principales manifestations physiologiques telles que la reconnaissance maternelle de la gestation, la réceptivité de l'endomètre, le début du développement embryonnaire ainsi que le maintien de la gestation. Cependant, on sait très peu sur la production de ces hormones et les principaux facteurs des voies intracellulaires impliqués dans le processus de stéroïdogenèse dans le placenta bovin pendant les stades initiaux et plus avancés de la gestation. Par ailleurs, certaines anomalies du placenta chez les bovins suite à une mauvaise production de stéroïdes n'ont pas encore été démontrées. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient donc de : 1) déterminer la présence et la localisation des principales protéines stéroïdiennes dans le placenta de bovins provenant de gestations de 50 à 120 jours, 2) comparer l'expression placentaire d'une série de gènes et de protéines stéroïdiennes entre une gestation impliquant un transfert de noyaux de cellules somatiques (SCNT) et une gestation non-clonale; 3) étudier l'impact des hormones trophiques et des seconds messagers sur la stéroïdogenèse dans le placenta bovin à 140 +10 jours de gestation. L’utilisation de techniques d’immunohistochimie, d’immunobuvardage et de PCR quantitatif nous a permis d’évaluer la présence d'un large éventail de gènes stéroïdiens (STAR, CYP11A1, HSD3B1, CYP17A1 et SCARB1) qui participent au transport du cholestérol et dans la production de différents types de stéroïdes. Dans cette thèse, nous avons démontré la capacité du placenta bovin d’initier la stéroïdogenèse au début de la gestation et nous avons également déterminé les principales cellules impliquées dans ce processus. Nous avons constaté que les tissus maternels expriment les principaux marqueurs de stéroïdogenèse suggérant une plus grande capacité stéroïdogénique que les tissus fœtaux. En outre, un modèle d'expression des protéines complémentaires stéroïdogéniques entre la caroncule et le cotylédon a été observé, indiquant que la stéroïdogenèse placentaire exige une communication cellule à cellule entre les cellules de la mère et du fœtus. Après avoir démontré les principales cellules impliquées dans la synthèse des hormones stéroïdiennes dans le placenta bovin en début de gestation, nous avons ensuite étudié les modifications possibles de la stéroïdogenèse dans les tissus SCNT cotylédonaires à 40 jours de gestation. Nous avons identifié d'importantes modifications dans l'expression des gènes STAR, CYP11A1, HSD3B1, CYP17A1, et SULT1E1. Conséquemment, nous postulons que l'expression réduite des gènes stéroïdiens peut provoquer une insuffisance de la biosynthèse des hormones stéroïdiennes, ce qui pourrait contribuer à un développement anormal du placenta et du fœtus dans les gestations SCNT à court ou long terme. Finalement, nous avons développé un modèle efficace de culture d’explants de placentome qui nous a permis d'explorer les mécanismes sous-jacents spécifiques à la stéroïdogenèse placentaire. Nous avons exploré l'effet stimulant des hormones trophiques et différents messagers secondaires sur l'expression de différentes protéines stéroïdogéniques ainsi que le taux de progestérone (P4) dans les explants de placentome. En utilisant les techniques de RIA et de PCR quantitatif, nous avons constaté que même si les analogues de l'hormone lutéinisante (hCG) ont un effet stimulant sur plusieurs gènes stéroïdiens, le calcium ionophore est le principal modulateur dans la synthèse de la P4. Ces résultats suggèrent que dans le placenta bovin, la synthèse de la P4 est modulée principalement par l'afflux de calcium intracellulaire, et apparemment les nucléotides cycliques ne semblent pas contrôler ce processus. En conclusion, cette étude contribue de manière significative à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes d'entraînement de la synthèse des stéroïdes placentaires au début de la gestation et permet aussi d’apporter de nouveaux éclairages sur l'importance des stéroïdes placentaires dans la régulation du développement du placenta et du fœtus.

The BTB/POZ Transcription Factor Miz-1 Is Required To Regulate The Commitment, Survival And Differentiation Of Early B And T Cell Lineages

Les lymphocytes B et T sont issus de cellules progénitrices lymphoïdes de la moelle osseuse qui se différencient grâce à l’action de facteurs de transcription, cytokines et voies de signalisation, dont l’interleukine-7 (IL-7)/IL-7 récepteur (IL-7R). Le facteur de transcription c-Myc est exprimé par les cellules lymphoïdes et contrôle leur croissance et leur différenciation. Cette régulation transcriptionnelle peut être coordonnée par le complexe c-Myc/Myc-Interacting Zinc finger protein-1 (Miz-1). Le but de ce projet était de comprendre les mécanismes qui impliquent Miz-1 et le complexe c-Myc/Miz-1 dans le développement des lymphocytes B et T. Pour réaliser ce projet, des souris déficientes pour le domaine de transactivation de Miz-1 (Miz-1POZ) et des souris à allèles mutantes pour c-MycV394D, mutation qui empêche l’interaction avec Miz-1, ont été générées. La caractérisation des souris Miz 1POZ a démontré que l’inactivation de Miz-1 perturbe le développement des lymphocytes B et T aux stades précoces de leur différenciation qui dépend de l’IL-7. L’analyse de la cascade de signalisation IL-7/IL-7R a montré que ces cellules surexpriment la protéine inhibitrice SOCS1 qui empêche la phosphorylation de STAT5 et perturbe la régulation à la hausse de la protéine de survie Bcl-2. De plus, Miz-1 se lie directement au promoteur de SOCS1 et contrôle son activité. En plus de contrôler l’axe IL-7/IL-7R/STAT5/Bcl-2 spécifiquement aux stades précoces du développement afin d’assurer la survie des progéniteurs B et T, Miz-1 régule l’axe EBF/Pax-5/Rag-1/2 dans les cellules B afin de coordonner les signaux nécessaires pour la différenciation des cellules immatures. La caractérisation des souris c-MycV394D a montré, quant à elle, que les fonctions de Miz-1 dans les cellules B et T semblent indépendantes de c-Myc. Les cellules T des souris Miz-1POZ ont un défaut de différenciation additionnel au niveau de la -sélection, étape où les signaux initiés par le TCR remplacent ceux induits par IL-7 pour assurer la prolifération et la différenciation des thymocytes en stades plus matures. À cette étape du développement, une forme fonctionnelle de Miz-1 semble être requise pour contrôler le niveau d’activation de la voie p53, induite lors du processus de réarrangement V(D)J du TCR. L’expression de gènes pro-apoptotiques PUMA, NOXA, Bax et du régulateur de cycle cellulaire p21CIP1 est régulée à la hausse dans les cellules des souris Miz-1POZ. Ceci provoque un débalancement pro-apoptotique qui empêche la progression du cycle cellulaire des cellules TCR-positives. La survie des cellules peut être rétablie à ce stade de différenciation en assurant une coordination adéquate entre les signaux initiés par l’introduction d’un TCR transgénique et d’un transgène codant pour la protéine Bcl-2. En conclusion, ces études ont montré que Miz-1 intervient à deux niveaux du développement lymphoïde: l’un précoce en contrôlant la signalisation induite par l’IL-7 dans les cellules B et T, en plus de l’axe EBF/Pax-5/Rag-1/2 dans les cellules B; et l’autre tardif, en coordonnant les signaux de survie issus par le TCR et p53 dans les cellules T. Étant donné que les thymocytes et lymphocytes B immatures sont sujets à plusieurs rondes de prolifération, ces études serviront à mieux comprendre l’implication des régulateurs du cycle cellulaire comme c-Myc et Miz-1 dans la génération des signaux nécessaires à la différenciation non aberrante et à la survie des ces cellules. Enfin, les modèles expérimentaux, souris déficientes ou à allèles mutantes, utilisés pour ce travail permettront de mieux définir les bases moléculaires de la transformation maligne des lymphocytes B et T et de révéler les mécanismes conduisant au lymphome.

Development of cellular and gene therapies for b[beta]-Thalassemia and sickle cell disease

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Hypothalamic GABA receptor functional regulation and liver cell proliferation

GABAergic alterations in hypothalamus during compensatory hyperplasia after partial hepatectomy (PH), lead nitrate (LN) induced direct hyperplasia and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) induced neoplasia in liver were investigated. Serum GABA levels were increased in all 3 experimental groups compared with the control. GABA content decreased in hypothalamus of PH and NDEA treated rats, while it increased in LN treated rats. GABAA receptor number and affinity in hypothalamic membrane preparations of rats showed a significant decrease in PH and NDEA treated rats, while in LN treated rats the affinity increased without any change in the receptor number. The GABAB receptor number increased in PH and NDEA treated rats, while it decreased in LN treated rats. The affinity of the receptor also increased in NDEA treated rats. Plasma NE levels showed significant increase in PH and NDEA rats compared with the control while it decreased in LN treated rats. The results of the present study suggests that liver cell proliferation is influencing the hypothalamic GABAergic neurotransmission and these changes regulate the hepatic proliferation through the sympathetic stimulation.

Marine Actinomycetes as Source of Antimicrobial Compounds and as Probiotics and Single Cell Protein for Application in Penaeid Prawn Culture Systems

This thesis Entitled Marine actinomycetes as source of antimicrobial compounds and as probiotics and single cell protein for application in penaeid peawn culture systems. Ocean harbours more than 80% of all life on earth and remains our greatest untapped natural resource. The study revealed the potential of marine actinomycetes as a source of antimicrobial compounds. The selected streptomycetes were found to be capable of inhibiting most of the pathogenic vibrios, whichis a major problem both in hatcheries and grow out systems. The bioactive principle can be incorporated with commercial feeds and applied as medicated diet for the control of vibrios in culture systems.The hydrolytic potential inhibitory property against pathogens and non—pathogenicity to penaeid prawns make the selected Streptomycesspp.an effective probioic in aquaculture. Since there is considerably less inhibition to the natural in pond ecosystem the microbial diversityis being maintained and thereby the water quality. Actinomycetes was found to be a good source of single cell protein as an ingredient inaquaculture feed formulations. Large amount of mycelial waste (actinomycete biomassO is produced from antibiotic industries and this nutrient rich waste can be effectively used as a protein source in aquaculture feeds.This study reveals the importance of marine actinomycetes as a source of antimicrobial compounds and as a probiotic and single cell protein for aquaculture applications.

Cisplatin ototoxicity and hair cell regeneration in the zebrafish lateral line

Hair cell death and regeneration on the zebrafish posterior lateral line was investigated after cisplatin administration. Hair cell regeneration was first observed by 24 hours of recovery and was further analyzed after specific recovery intervals. Disruption of the notch signaling pathways by the y-secretase inhibitor DAPT resulted in an increase in hair cells at three days of recovery.

Biological control of black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus, Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by entomopathogenic bacteria and their cell-free toxic metabolites

Biocontrol agents such as Xeiwrhabduf, nemalophilci and X. nematophila ssp. bovienii and their cell-free protein toxin complexes were lethal to larvae of O. sulcatus when applied to potting compost in the absence of plants. Similarly, strawberry plants infected with 0. sulcaitfi larvae were protected from damage by applications of both cell suspensions of the bacteria and solutions of their cell-free toxic metabolites, indicating that it is the protein toxins, which are responsible for the lethal effects observed. These toxic metabolites were found more effective against 0. sulccitus larvae when treated in soil microflora. Insect mortality is increased by increasing temperature and bacterial concentration. The toxins remained pathogenic for several months when stored in potting soil either at 15 or 20°C, however, bacterial cells were not as persistent as the toxins. It is therefore suggested that these bacteria and their toxic metabolites can he applied in soil for insect pest control.

Forkhead (FOX) transcription factors and the cell cycle: measurement of DNA binding by FoxO and FoxM transcription factors

Certain forkhead (FOX) transcription factors have been shown to play an intrinsic role in controlling cell cycle progression. In particular, the FoxO subclass has been shown to regulate cell cycle entry and exit, whereas the expression and activity of FoxM1 is important for the correct coupling of DNA synthesis to mitosis. In this chapter, I describe a method for measuring FoxO and FoxM1 transcription factor DNA binding in nuclear extracts from mammalian cells.