Preparação e análise estrutural de complexos de samário

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Biológica - Ramo de Bioprocessos

Arylhydrazones of barbituric acid: synthesis, coordination ability and catalytic activity of their CoII, CoII/IIIand CuIIcomplexes toward peroxidative oxidation of alkanes

New ortho-substituted arylhydrazones of barbituric acid, 5-(2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)hydrazono) pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (H4L1) and the sodium salt of 2-(2-(2,4,6-trioxotetra-hydropyrimidin-5(2H)-ylidene)hydrazinyl) benzenesulfonic acid (H4L2), [Na(H3L2)(mu-H2O)(H2O)(2)](2) (1), were used in the synthesis of Cu-II, Co-II and Co-II/III complexes, [Cu(H2L1)(H2O)(im)]center dot 3H(2)O (im = imidazole) (2), [Co(H2O)(6)] [Co(H2L1)(2)](2)center dot 8H(2)O (3), [Co(H2L2)(im)(3)] (4), [Cu(H2L2)(im)(2)]center dot H2O (5) and [Co(H2O)(6)][H3L2](2)center dot 8H(2)O (6). The complexes are water soluble and the mono-or di-deprotonated ligands display different coordination modes, depending on the synthetic conditions. The electrochemical behaviour of all the compounds was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis, revealing that the ligands are also redox active. All the compounds were evaluated as catalysts for the peroxidative (with H2O2) oxidation of cyclohexane at room temperature. The compounds 2 and 3 are the most active ones (yields up to 21% and TON up to 213 are achieved, in the presence of 3).

Síntese e caracterização de um novo complexo de platina (IV) a partir de seu análogo de platina (II) utilizando iodo molecular como agente oxidante: uma rota sintética interessante para obtenção de novos complexos de platina

In an attempt to reduce toxicity and widen the spectrum of activity of cisplatin and its analogues, much attention has been focused on designing new platinum complexes. This work reports the synthesis and characterization of novel compounds of the platinum (II) and platinum (IV) containing 2-furoic hydrazide acid and iodide as ligands. Although the prepared compounds do not present the classical structure of biologically active platinum analogues, they could be potentially active or useful as precursors to prepare antitumor platinum complexes. The reported compounds were characterized by ¹H NMR, 13C NMR, 195Pt NMR, IR and elemental analyses.

Spectrophotometric study of iron oxidation in the iron(II)/thiocyanate/acetone system and some analytical applications

The possibility of using thiocyanate to determine iron(II) and/or iron(III) in water-acetone mixture has been re-examined as part of a systematic and comparative study involving metallic complexes of pseudohalide ligands. Some parameters that affect the complete oxidation of the ferrous cations, their subsequent complexation and the system stability have been studied to optimize the experimental conditions. Our results show the viability and potentiality of this simply methodology as an alternative analytical procedure to determine iron cations with high sensitivity, precision and accuracy. Studies on the calibration, stability, precision, and effect of various different ions have been carried out by using absorbance values measured at 480 nm. The analytical curve for the total iron determination obeys Beer's law (r = 0.9993), showing a higher sensitivity (molar absorptivity of 2.10x10(4) L cm-1 mol-1) when compared with other traditional systems (ligands) or even with the "similar" azide ion [1.53x10(4) L cm-1 mol-1, for iron-III/azide complexes, in 70% (v/v) tetrahydrofuran/water, at 396 nm]. Under such optimized experimental conditions, it is possible to determine iron in the concentration range from 0.5 to 2 ppm (15-65% T for older equipments, quartz cells of 1.00 cm). Analytical applications have been tested for some different materials (iron ores), also including pharmaceutical products for anemia, and results were compared with atomic absorption determinations. Very good agreement was obtained with these two different techniques, showing the potential of the present experimental conditions for the total iron spectrophotometric determinations (errors < 5%). The possibility of iron speciation was made evident by using another specific and auxiliary method for iron(II) or (III).

Thermal behaviour of TEGMMA copolymers obtained by photopolymerization using iron complexes

Copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) obtained by photoinitiated polymerization using Fe(III) complexes were submitted to thermogravimetry (TGA) under dynamic air atmosphere and N2, and differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC). Thermal events were observed only between 90 - 110 ºC. Glass transitions were observed at ca. 100 ºC, followed by an exothermic peak at 170 ºC. The exothermic peak was assigned to a thermal curing process due to the presence of unreacted vinyl groups of the monomers. DSC revealed to be a useful tool to evaluate the curing completeness in this kind of material, using small amounts of sample in relatively short time.

Synthesis and magnetic studies of copper(II)-lanthanide(III) 5-bromosalicylideneglycylglycine

The physico-chemical properties of the new 3d-4f heteronuclear complexes with general formula LnCu3(C11H8N2 O4Br)3·13H2O (where Ln = Pr, Eu, Gd, Tb, Er, Yb and H3(C11H8N2 O4Br) - 5-bromosalicylideneglycylglycine) were studied. The compounds were characterized by elemental, spectral and thermal analyses and magnetic measurements. The formation of Schiff base is evidenced by a strong band at ca. 1646-1650 cm-1 attributable to C=N stretching mode. The presence of water molecules is confirmed by broad absorptions with maximum at 3360 - 3368 cm-1. The Cu(II)-Ln(III) complexes are stable up to ca. 318 K. During dehydration process the water molecules are lost probably in two stages. The magnetic susceptibility data for these complexes change with temperature according to the Curie-Weiss law.

Triarylamminium radical-cation complexes: design and magnetic properties and Base-catalyzed hydrosilylation: mechanism and substrate scope

1. Triarylamminium radical-cation complexes. The detailed study of manganese, copper and nickel metal-radical complexes with triarylamminium ligands was conducted. Stable, neutral and pseudo-octahedral coordination monometallic complexes with simple monodentate 2,2`-bipyridine ligand containing a redox-active N,N`-(4,4`-dimethoxydiphenyl-amino) substituent were synthesized and fully characterized. The one-electron oxidation process and formation of persistent radical-cation complexes was observed by cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemical measurements. Evans method measurements were performed with radical-cation complexes generated by chemical one-electron oxidation with NOPF6 in acetonitrile. The experimental results indicate ferromagnetic coupling between metal and triarylamminium cation in manganese (II) complex and antiferromagnetic coupling in nickel (II) complex. This data is supported by DFT calculations which also lend weight to the  spin polarization mechanism as an operative model for magnetic exchange coupling. Neutral bimetallic complexes with a new ditopic ligand were synthesized and fully characterized, including magnetic and electrochemical studies. Chemical oxidation of these precursor complexes did not generate radical-cations, but dicationic complexes, which was confirmed by UV-vis and EPR-experiments, as well as varied temperature magnetic measurements. DFT calculations for radical-cation complexes are included. A synthetic pathway for polytopic ligand with multiple redox-active triarylamine sites was developed. The structure of the ligand is presumably suitable for -spin polarization exchange model and allows for production of polymetallic complexes having high spin ground states. 2. Base-catalyzed hydrosilylation. A simple reductive base-catalyzed hydrosilation of aldehydes and ketones was adapted to the use of the cheap, safe, and non-toxic polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) instead of the common PhSiH3 and (EtO)3SiH, which present significant cost and safety concerns, respectively. The conversion of silane into pentacoordinate silicate species upon addition of a base was studied in details for the cases of phenyl silane and PMHS and is believed to be essential for the hydrosilylation process. We discovered that nucleophiles (a base or fluoride-anion) induced the rearrangement of PMHS and TMDS into light silanes: MeSiH3 and Me2SiH2, respectively. The reductive properties of PMHS under basic conditions can be attributed to the formation of methyl silane and its conversion into a silicate species. A procedure for the generation of methyl silane and its use in further efficient reductions of aldehydes and ketones has been developed. The protocol was extended to the selective reduction of esters and tertiary amides into alcohols and aldimines into amines with good isolated yields and reduction of heterocyclic compounds was attempted.

Characterization and Catalytic Activity of Polymer Supported Ruthenium Schiff Base Complexes Towards Catechol Oxidation

Ruthenium(III) complexes of the Schiff bases formed by the condensation of polymer bound aldehyde and the amines, such as 1,2-phenylenediamine (PS-opd), 2-aminophenol (PS-ap), and 2-aminobenzimidazole (PS-ab) have been prepared. The magnetic moment, EPR and electronic spectra suggest an octahedral structure for the complexes. The complexes of PS-opd, PS-ap, and PS-ab have been assigned the formula [PS-opdRuCl3(H2O)], [PS-apRuCl2(H2O)2], [PS-ab- RuCl3(H2O)2], respectively. These complexes catalyze oxidation of catechol using H2O2 selectively to o-benzoquinone. The catalytic activity of the complexes is in the order [PS-ab- RuCl3(H2O)2] . [PS-opdRuCl3(H2O)] [PS-apRuCl2(H2O)2]. Mechanism of the catalytic oxidation of catechol by ruthenium( III) complex is suggested to take place through the formation of a ruthenium(II) complex and its subsequent oxidation by H2O2 to the ruthenium(III) complex.

Transition Metal Complexes of Schiff Bases with Azide and Thiocyanate as Coligands:Spectral and Structural Investigations

Metallo-organic chemistry,incorporating the frontiers of both inorganic and organic chemical aspects,is a topic of utility concern.The first exploration of coordinated metal complexes dates back to the ninettenth century,during the days of Alfred Werner.Thereafter,inorganic chemistry witnessed a great outflow of coordination compounds,with unique structural characteristics and diverse applicatons.The diversity in structures exhibited by the coordination complexes of multidentate ligands have led to their usage as sensors,models for enzyme mimetic centers,medicines etc.The liganda chosen are of prime importance in determining the properties of coordination compounds.Schiff bases are compounds obtained by the condensation of an aidehyde or ketone with an amine.The chemical properties of Schiff bases and their complexes are widely explored in recent years owing to their pharmacological activity,their catalytic activities and so on.On the other hand pseudohalides like azide and thiocyanate are versatile candidates for the construction of dimeric or polymeric complexes having excellent properties and diverse applications.So a combination of the Schiff bases and the pseudohalogens for the synthesis of metal complexes can bring about interesting results.An attempt into this area is the besis of this Ph.D theis.

Studies on some new Schiff base complexes of ruthenium and neodymium

In the present study an attempt has been made to synthesize some simple complexes of multidentate ligands. Analogous zeolite encapsulated complexes were also synthesized and characterized. Immobilization on to polymer supports through covalent attachment is expected to solve the problem of decomposition of many complexes during catalytic reaction. Hence the work is also extended to the synthesis and characterization of some polymer supported complexes of Schiff base Iigands. All the three types of synthesized complexes, simple, zeolite encapsulated and polystyrene anchored, were subjected to catalytic activity study towards catechol-oxidation reaction. A selected group of complexes were also screened for their catalytic activity towards phenol-oxidation reaction. Biological screening of the synthesized ligands and neat complexes were done with a view to establish the effect of complexation on biological systems.

Zeolite encapsulated complexes of ruthenium: synthesis, characterisation and catalytic activity studies

The work presented in this thesis is mainly centered on the synthesis and characterization of some encapsulated transition metal complexes and the catalytic activity of the synthesized complexes in certain organic reactions.thesis deals with the catalytic activity of ruthenium-exchanged zeolite and the zeolite encapsulated complexes of SSC, SOD, SPD, AA, ABA, DMG, PCO, PCP, CPO and CPP in the hydroxylation of phenol using hydrogen peroxide. The products were analyzed with a GC to determine the percentage conversion and the chromatograms indicate the presence of different products like hydroquinone, catechol,benzoquinone, benzophenone etc. The major product formed is hydroquinone. From the screening studies, RuYSSC was found to be the most effective catalyst for phenol hydroxylation with 94.4% conversion and 76% hydroquinone selectivity. The influence of different factors like reaction time, temperature, amount of catalyst, effect of various solvents and oxidant to substrate ratio in the catalytic activity were studied in order to find out the optimum conditions for the hydroxylation reaction. The influence of time on the percentage conversion of phenol was studied by conducting the reactions for different durations varying from one hour to four hours. There is an induction period for all the complexes and the length of the induction period depends on the nature of the active components. Though the conversion of phenol and selectivity for hydroquinone. increases with time, the amount of benzoquinone formed decreases with time. This is probably due to the decomposition of benzoquinone formed during the initial stages of the reaction into other degradation products like benzophenones. The effect of temperature was studied by carrying out the reaction at three different temperatures, 30°C, 50°C and 70°C. Reactions carried at temperatures higher than 70°C result either in the decomposition of the products or in the formation of tarry products. Activity increased with increase in the amount of the catalyst up to a certain level. However further increase in the weight of the catalyst did not have any noticeable effect on the percentage conversion. The catalytic studies indicate that the oxidation reaction increases with increase in the volume of hydrogen peroxide till a certain volume. But further increase in the volume of H202 is detrimental as some dark mass is obtained after four hours of reaction. The catalytic activity is largely dependent on the nature of the solvent and maximum percentage conversion occurred when the solvent used is water. The intactness of the complexes within the zeolite cages enhances their possibility of recycling and the activities of the recycled catalysts show only a slight decrease when compared to the fresh samples .

Transition metal complexes derived from ketone based N(4)-substituted thiosemicarbazones: Crystal structures and spectral studies

Thiosemicarbazones have recently attracted considerable attention due to their ability to form tridentate chelates with transition metal ions through either two nitrogen and sulfur atoms, N–N–S or oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur atoms, O–N–S. Considerable interest in thiosemicarbazones and their transition metal complexes has also grown in the areas of biology and chemistry due to biological activities such as antitumoral, fungicidal, bactericidal, antiviral and nonlinear optical properties. They have been used for metal analyses, for device applications related to telecommunications, optical computing, storage and information processing.The versatile applications of metal complexes of thiosemicarbazones in various fields prompted us to synthesize the tridentate NNS-donor thiosemicarbazones and their metal complexes. As a part of our studies on transition metal complexes with these ligands, the researcher undertook the current work with the following objectives. 1. To synthesize and physico-chemically characterize the following thiosemicarbazone ligands: a. Di-2-pyridyl ketone-N(4)-methyl thiosemicarbazone (HDpyMeTsc) b. Di-2-pyridyl ketone-N(4)-ethyl thiosemicarbazone (HDpyETsc) 2. To synthesize oxovanadium(IV), manganese(II), nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II) and cadmium(II) complexes using the synthesized thiosemicarbazones as principal ligands and some anionic coligands. 3. To study the coordination modes of the ligands in metal complexes by using different physicochemical methods like partial elemental analysis, thermogravimetry and by different spectroscopic techniques. 4. To establish the structure of compounds by single crystal XRD studies

Síntesi, estructura i reactivitat de nous complexos de Cu, Ag i Ni contenint lligands triazamacrocíclics. Aplicacions en l'activació d'enllaços

· S'ha preparat i caracteritzat una família de complexos de Cu(III) contenint lligands triazamacrocíclics, estudiant-se les seves propietats estructurals, espectroscòpiques i redox. Aquesta àmplia família de complexos tenen un gran interès perquè permeten descriure les propietats dels complexos de Cu en un estat d'oxidació poc habitual i a més ens han permès mesurar de manera quantitativa l'efecte Meyerstein. · Una nova família de complexos de Cu(I) amb els lligands triazamacrocíclics es sintetitzada i caracteritzada per tècniques espectroscòpiques i estructurals, demostrant que aquests complexos presenten diferents estructures a l'estat sòlid i en dissolució. Així doncs, mentre que en dissolució es demostra per RMN que es tracta d'una espècie monomèrica, la determinació estructural per difracció de raigs X d'aquests complexos de Cu(I), ens confirma la formació d'espècies polimèriques. Per altra banda, s'ha estudiat la seva reactivitat; a) la seva implicació en la formació de lligands deuterats mitjançant l'intercanvi H/D en condicions suaus i b) la formació de complexos bisfenoxo a partir de la reactivitat entre els corresponents complexos de Cu(I) i oxigen molecular. De la mateixa manera, s'ha preparat el corresponent anàleg de Ag(I) en estat sòlid, obtenint la formació d'un polímer de Ag(I), el qual presenta a l'estat sòlid una estructura en forma de ziga-zaga, diferent a l'estructura del polímer de Cu(I), que és lineal. · S'ha determinat i proposat el mecanisme que té lloc en l'activació de l'enllaç C-H i posterior reacció de transferència per tal d'estabilitzar els productes finals mitjançant una reacció de desproporció. El seguiment de la reacció té lloc mitjançant tècniques espectroscòpiques com UV-vis. Dit seguiment, ens permet determinar les diferents influències electròniques sobre la reacció de formació dels complexos organometàl·lics de Cu(III). A més a més, el seguiment de la reacció a baixa temperatura ens permet determinar espectroscòpica i teòricament la formació d'un intermedi de Cu(II), i mitjançant la determinació dels paràmetres cinètics i termodinàmics es proposa un mecanisme de reacció. Posteriorment, s'ha assajat la reactivitat d'una sal de Cu(II) amb un lligand macrocíclic que conté un grup metil en el carboni orientat cap al centre del macrocicle, implicant la formació d'un intermedi agòstic. De la determinació estructural d'aquest intermedi de CuII i del lligand protonat, s'extreuen una sèrie de conclusions molt interessants, com són la demostració estructural de l'activació de l'enllaç C-C en la primera etapa de formació i de manera anàloga poder comparar-ho amb els sistemes macrocíclics HL2-HL6, demostrant la possible formació d'un intermedi agòstic, on es produeix l'activació de l'enllaç C-H. Aquesta similitud estaria d'acord amb els sistemes HL2-HL6, els quals espectroscòpica i teòricament s'havia detectat la presència d'un intermedi de característiques similars. Degut a l'acidesa d'aquest protó, i gràcies a la presència d'una base com és el propi lligand, aquest podia ésser extret donant lloc a la formació dels corresponents organometàl·lics de Cu(III). Dita estructura també representa un dels pocs exemples d'un organometàl·lic de CuII, un estat d'oxidació poc conegut dins d'aquest camp. · S'ha descrit la reactivitat dels nous complexos organometàl·lics de Cu(III), els quals sota medi pròtic i en condicions àcides o neutres són espècies totalment estables, però en condicions bàsiques o reductores aquestes espècies reaccionen donant lloc a la formació de noves espècies de tipus bisfenoxo, on el Cu es troba en estat d'oxidació +2. S'han caracteritzat mitjançant difracció de RX, on es s'observa l'entorn químic del Cu, la geometria del complex bisfenoxo i l'hidroxilació de l'anell aromàtic. · Finalment, s'ha descrit per primera vegada la síntesi i caracterització d'uns nous complexos organometàl·lics de Ni. Aquests són sintetitzats en base als càlculs teòrics realitzats sobre els nostres sistemes macrocíclics. Per aquests complexos hem investigat l'efecte del metall, canviant el coure per altres metalls de la primera sèrie de transició (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) i de la segona sèrie de transició (Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag). Els resultats demostren que el Ni(II), és el metall que presenta una major capacitat de l'activació de l'enllaç C-H en aquests sistemes aromàtics. Aquests compostos s'oxiden lentament cap a complexos de Ni(III). Per altra banda, l'addició d'una sal de clor sobre una solució d'un complex de Ni(II) permet aïllar el corresponent complex de Ni(III), caracteritzat per ressonància de spin electrònic

Anion directed templated synthesis of mono- and di-Schiff base complexes of Ni(II)

Two sets of Schiff base ligands, set-1 and set-2 have been prepared by mixing the respective diamine (1,2-propanediamine or 1,3-propanediamine) and carbonyl compounds (2-acetylpyridine or pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde) in 1:1 and 1:2 ratios, respectively and employed for the synthesis of complexes with Ni(II) perchlorate and Ni(II) thiocyanate. Ni(II) perchlorate yields the complexes having general formula [NiL2](ClO4)(2) (L = L-1 [N-1-(1-pyridin-2-yl-ethylidine)-propane-1,3-diamine] for complex 1, L-2 [N-1-pyridine-2-ylmethylene-propane1,3-diamine] for complex 2 or L-3 [N-1-(1-pyridine-2-yl-ethylidine)-propane-1,2-diamine] for complex 3) in which the Schiff bases are mono-condensed terdentate whereas Ni(II) thiocyanate results in the formation of tetradentate Schiff base complexes, [NiL](SCN)(2) (L=L-4 [N,N'-bis-(1-pyridine-2-yl-ethylidine)-propane-1,3-diamine] for complex 4, L-5 [NN'-bis(pyridine-2-ylmethyline)-propane-1, 3-diamine] for complex 5 or L-6 [NN'-bis-(1-pyridine-2-yl-ethylidine)-propane- 1, 2-diamine] for complex 6) irrespective of the sets of ligands used. Formation of the complexes has been explained by anion modulation of cation templating effect. All the complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, spectral and electrochemical results. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies confirm the structures of four representative members, 1, 3, 4 and 5; all of them have distorted octahedral geometry around Ni(II). The bis-complexes of terdentate ligands, I and 3 are the mer isomers and the complexes of tetradentate ligands, 4 and 5 possess trans geometry. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

6,6 '-bis (5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-benzo[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl) [2,2 ']bipyridine, an effective extracting agent for the separation of americium(III) and curium(III) from the lanthanides

The extraction of americium(III), curium(III), and the lanthanides(III) from nitric acid by 6,6'- bis (5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-benzo[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl)-[2,2'] bipyridine (CyMe4-BTBP) has been studied. Since the extraction kinetics were slow, N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-dioctyl-2-(2-hexyloxy-ethyl)malonamide (DMDOHEMA) was added as a phase transfer reagent. With a mixture of 0.01 M CyMe4-BTBP + 0.25 M DMDOHEMA in n -octanol, extraction equilibrium was reached within 5 min of mixing. At a nitric acid concentration of 1 M, an americium(III) distribution ratio of approx. 10 was achieved. Americium(III)/lanthanide(III) separation factors between 50 (dysprosium) and 1500 (lanthanum) were obtained. Whereas americium(III) and curium(III) were extracted as disolvates, the stoichiometries of the lanthanide(III) complexes were not identified unambiguously, owing to the presence of DMDOHEMA. In the absence of DMDOHEMA, both americium(III) and europium(III) were extracted as disolvates. Back-extraction with 0.1 M nitric acid was thermodynamically possible but rather slow. Using a buffered glycolate solution of pH=4, an americium(III) distribution ratio of 0.01 was obtained within 5 min of mixing. There was no evidence of degradation of the extractant, for example, the extraction performance of CyMe4-BTBP during hydrolylsis with 1 M nitric acid did not change over a two month contact.