The attractiveness of the work is affected when production of handcrafted log houses moves indoors

Viewed from a historical perspective, a shift has occurred within the forestry and wood sector towards indoor work. In Sweden, the production of handcrafted log houses has now also begun to move indoors. With a point of departure in development processes within the log house sector involving working indoors, education, work attractiveness, between 2001-2005, the aim of this study was to compare indoor work with outdoor work, based on log house builders' experience of working on handcrafted log houses. Methods used in the interactive development project involving apprentices, experienced log house builders and researchers, were participation with continuous documentation of experiences and opinions; questions; interviews; and measurement of the work environment. The Attractive Work Model has been used in order to analyse perceptions and values. The changes, 15 out of 22 areas, were perceived both negatively and positively. Therefore, it can not be said that working on traditional, handcrafted log houses becomes more attractive if it is moved indoors. The majority wanted to work both outdoors and indoors, while most of the others only wanted to work outdoors. The results indicate that there is scope for developing more attractive work indoors by utilising experiences from log house builders and closely related activities such as the forestry and wood sector. Changes made within one area of work attractiveness affect other areas. Further research is needed both with regard to comparisons between indoor and outdoor work and regarding the interaction between the areas that are identified in the Attractive Work Model.

Avaliação da profundidade de lesões de cárie proximal por exame clínico, radiográfico com uso de filtro digital de cor e de secções histológicas digitalizadas em scanner

Esta dissertação é apresentada sob a forma de dois artigos. O primeiro foi realizado com o objetivo de comparar medidas verticais e horizontais de imagens adquiridas em estereomicroscópio (E) e scanner de mesa (S). Para isso, 50 dentes posteriores extraídos de humanos e seccionados no sentido mésio-distal foram utilizados. Cada hemi-secção foi fotografada no estereomicroscópio e digitalizada em scanner de mesa, com resolução de 230 dpi. No programa Photoshop foram realizadas medições horizontais (H) e verticais (V) de cada hemi-secção, nas imagens obtidas pelos dois métodos, com repetição aleatória de 20% dos casos da amostra. As medidas iniciais e repetidas apresentaram excelente correlação e o teste t para amostras pareadas não evidenciou diferenças significativas (p = 0,05) entre elas nos dois métodos. As médias das medidas e seus desvios-padrão foram: horizontais E 8,89 mm ? 4,30 mm, S 8,89 mm ? 4,52 mm e verticais E 4,42 mm ? 2,19 mm, S 4,43 mm ? 2,19 mm. O teste t para amostras pareadas com nível de significância de 5% demonstrou não haver diferenças significativas entre os dois métodos, tanto para as medidas horizontais (p=0,685) quanto para as verticais (p=0,299). Conclui-se que o scanner de mesa pode substituir o estereomicroscópio na aquisição de imagens de hemi-secções de dentes, com a finalidade de obtenção de medidas horizontais e verticais. O segundo artigo avaliou, in vitro, a profundidade de lesões de cárie proximal em dentes posteriores, comparando os exames clínico e radiográfico interproximal, com e sem a aplicação de cores, ao exame histológico. No total, 142 superfícies proximais foram avaliadas clinicamente e radiografadas. Para obtenção do padrão-ouro do estudo o exame histológico com cortes seriado foi realizado e as secções adquiridas, assim como as radiografias, digitalizadas com scanner de mesa A partir da criação de um programa digital, foi possível a aplicação de cores nas imagens radiográficas de maneira padronizada, de acordo com a intensidade de pixels de cada superfície. A profundidade das lesões foi aferida por meio de escores e de medidas nas imagens histológicas, radiográficas com e sem o uso de cor em cada superfície da amostra. O programa não foi capaz de identificar superfícies hígidas e lesões em diferentes profundidades no esmalte. Em todas as lesões que apresentavam alteração radiográfica em dentina, os escores atribuídos às imagens radiográficas com aplicação de cores foram 100% concordantes com os escores histológicos. Em relação às lesões que apresentavam histologicamente alteração na metade externa dentina, 55,56% tiveram sua profundidade subestimada, contudo nenhuma era cavidade em dentina. Todas as lesões que apresentavam profundidade histológica na metade interna de dentina apresentavam cavidade em dentina e mostraram a mesma extensão com a aplicação de cor na radiografia, superando os resultados obtidos com a radiografia sem cor. Em relação às medidas de profundidade, quando um desvio-padrão foi subtraído da média de densidade óptica para a aplicação de cores, as medidas resultantes foram ligeiramente menores e não diferiram significativamente daquela do exame histológico de acordo com a Análise de Variância, utilizando o delineamento de blocos casualizados, complementado pelo teste de Comparações Múltiplas de Tukey. O uso de um programa digital que determina de maneira padronizada como cada imagem deve ser colorida auxilia no diagnóstico de lesões de cárie que apresentam extensão histológica em dentina, especialmente aquelas que atinjam a sua porção interna.

Arranjos Log-Periódicos Compactos em Microfita com Elementos Fractais de Koch

This work aims to present how the application of fractal geometry to the elements of a log-periodic array can become a good alternative when one wants to reduce the size of the array. Two types of log-periodic arrays were proposed: one with fed by microstrip line and other fed by electromagnetic coupling. To the elements of these arrays were applied fractal Koch contours, at two levels. In order to validate the results obtained some prototypes were built, which were measured on a vector network analyzer and simulated in a software, for comparison. The results presented reductions of 60% in the total area of the arrays, for both types. By analyzing the graphs of return loss, it was observed that the application of fractal contours made different resonant frequencies appear in the arrays. Furthermore, a good agreement was observed between simulated and measured results. The array with feeding by electromagnetic coupling presented, after application of fractal contours, radiation pattern with more smooth forms than the array with feeding by microstrip line

Lumber quality of Eucalyptus grandis as a function of diametrical position and log steaming

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Simetria de invariância de escala discreta, log-periodicidade e singularidades em tempo finito

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Log smoldering after an Amazonian deforestation fire

The characteristics of log smoldering after an Amazonian deforestation fire are described. The experiment was carried out in 2001 at the Caiabi farm, near the city of Alta Floresta, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, as part of a set of tests that have been performed in the same area since 1997. A 200 x 200m(2) test area was slashed in the beginning of June and burned on 20 August. The area contained 507 logs with diameter at breast height (DBH) higher than 10 cm, per hectare. In the day following the main burn 59 logs were found to remain smoldering, a number that corresponds to 2.9% of the total in the area. We chose 11 of the 59 logs to have their smoldering process monitored. Their diameter, moisture content and CHN dry biomass composition after the plot burn and before smoldering were determined. Other parameters such as temperature distribution while smoldering, porosity, density and mass volatilized during thermogravimetric test were also determined. Average smoldering speeds were in the range from 0.8 to 1.5 cm h(-1) for logs that smoldered without transition to the flaming regime. The average speed increased to 2.1 cm h(-1) for those logs that oscillated between smoldering and flaming. The speeds were lower overnight as compared to values determined during daytime for the same log. Higher log moisture contents were found to produce decreased speeds. Micro-porous biomass was not observed in the set of the 11 selected logs. Smoldering was observed to occur at substantial intensity in crossing of logs, with no longitudinal propagation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Generalized Log-Normal Model for Grouped Survival Data

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Gradually truncated log-normal in USA publicly traded firm size distribution

We study the statistical distribution of firm size for USA and Brazilian publicly traded firms through the Zipf plot technique. Sale size is used to measure firm size. The Brazilian firm size distribution is given by a log-normal distribution without any adjustable parameter. However, we also need to consider different parameters of log-normal distribution for the largest firms in the distribution, which are mostly foreign firms. The log-normal distribution has to be gradually truncated after a certain critical value for USA firms. Therefore, the original hypothesis of proportional effect proposed by Gibrat is valid with some modification for very large firms. We also consider the possible mechanisms behind this distribution. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Numeric evaluation of the stiffness of log-concrete composite beams submitted the cyclical load

In this paper was evaluated, using the software ANSYS, the stiffness (El) of the log-concrete composite beams, of section T, with connectors formed by bonded-in steel rods, type CA-50, disposed in X, with application of cyclical load. The stiffness of the system was evaluated through the simulation of bending tests, considered 1/2 beam, with cyclical shipment varying among 40 % and 5 % of the strength of the connection with the load relationship R=0,125, for a total of 10 load cycles applied. The numeric results show a good agreement with experimental tests.

Construction and test of low cost X-ray tomography scanner for physical-chemical analysis and nondestructive inspections

X-ray computed tomography (CT) refers to the cross-sectional imaging of an object measuring the transmitted radiation at different directions. In this work, we describe the development of a low cost micro-CT X-ray scanner that is being developed for nondestructive testing. This tomograph operates using a microfocus X-ray source and contains a silicon photodiode as detectors. The performance of the system, by its spatial resolution, has been estimated through its Modulation Transfer Function - MTF and the obtained value at 10% of MTF is 661 μm. It was built as a general purpose nondestructive testing device. © 2009 American Institute of Physics.

A semi-automatic method for indirect orientation of aerial images using ground control lines extracted from airborne laser scanner data

This paper presents a method for indirect orientation of aerial images using ground control lines extracted from airborne Laser system (ALS) data. This data integration strategy has shown good potential in the automation of photogrammetric tasks, including the indirect orientation of images. The most important characteristic of the proposed approach is that the exterior orientation parameters (EOP) of a single or multiple images can be automatically computed with a space resection procedure from data derived from different sensors. The suggested method works as follows. Firstly, the straight lines are automatically extracted in the digital aerial image (s) and in the intensity image derived from an ALS data-set (S). Then, correspondence between s and S is automatically determined. A line-based coplanarity model that establishes the relationship between straight lines in the object and in the image space is used to estimate the EOP with the iterated extended Kalman filtering (IEKF). Implementation and testing of the method have employed data from different sensors. Experiments were conducted to assess the proposed method and the results obtained showed that the estimation of the EOP is function of ALS positional accuracy.

Uso de la modelización log-lineal en el análisis de datos de sobrevivencia

Incluye Bibliografía

Temperature charts of Hevea brasiliensis during log steaming and its effect on the board cracks

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)