Seleção de genótipos de soja portadores ou não do gene RR por meio de análise multivariada e desempenho agronômico

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

REML/BLUP para predição de valores genotípicos de topcrosses e seleção de testadores em milho

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Adoção da certificação leed em meios de hospedagem: esverdeando a hotelaria?

A pesquisa objetivou analisar o processo de adoção da certificação "Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design" (LEED) a partir dos estabelecimentos do setor hoteleiro que já a adotaram. Para sua concretização procedeu-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica, coleta de dados secundários em sites institucionais, periódicos e material documental, bem como de dados primários por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Foram 21 entrevistados, sendo 02 do Green Building Council Brasil e 19 de meios de hospedagem (31% dos certificados). A análise deu-se por meio da análise de conteúdo com auxílio do software ATLAS.ti. Os resultados permitiram identificar a cronologia dos processos de certificação e o perfil das categorias hoteleiras que adotam o programa LEED. Além disso, as entrevistas possibilitaram a discussão das motivações iniciais de busca pela certificação, bem como as vantagens e os entraves percebidos quanto à sua adoção.

Bacchus and Civic Order: The Culture of Drink in Early Modern Germany / Bacchus und die bürgerliche Ordnung. Die Kultur des Trinkens im frühneuzeitlichen Augsburg

Lining the streets inside the city's gates, clustered in its center, and thinly scattered among its back quarters were Augsburg's taverns and drinking rooms. These institutions ranged from the poorly lit rooms of backstreet wine sellers to the elaborate marble halls frequented by society's most privileged members. Urban drinking rooms provided more than food, drink, and lodging for their guests. They also conferred upon their visitors a sense of social identity commensurate with their status. Like all German cities, Augsburg during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries had a history shaped by the political events attending the Reformation, the post-Reformation, and the Thirty Years' War; its social and political character was also reflected and supported by its public and private drinking rooms. In Bacchus and Civic Order: The Culture of Drink in Early Modern Germany, Ann Tlusty examines the social and cultural functions served by drinking and tavern life in Germany between 1500 and 1700, and challenges existing theories about urban identity, sociability, and power. Through her reconstruction of the social history of Augsburg, from beggars to council members, Tlusty also sheds light on such diverse topics as social ritual, gender and household relations, medical practice, and the concerns of civic leaders with public health and poverty. Drunkenness, dueling, and other forms of tavern comportment that may appear "disorderly" to us today turn out to be the inevitable, even desirable result of a society functioning according to its own rules.

Bringing high-throughput techniques to orphan crop of Africa: Highlights from the Tef TILLING Project

Orphan- or understudied-crops are mostly staple food crops in developing world. They are broadly classified under cereals, legumes, root crops, fruits and vegetables. These under-researched crops contribute to the diet of a large portion of resource-poor consumers and at the same time generate income for small-holder farmers in developing countries, particularly in Africa. In addition, they perform better than major crops of the world under extreme soil and climatic conditions. However, orphan crops are not without problems. Due to lack of scientific investigation, most of them produce low yields while others have a variety of toxins that affect the health of consumers. Here, we present some highlights on the status and future perspectives of the Tef Biotechnology Project that employs modern improvement technique in order to genetically improve tef (Eragrostis tef), one of the most important orphan crop in Africa. A reverse genetics approach known as TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genome) is implemented in order to tackle lodging, the major yield limiting factor in tef.Key words: Orphan crops, underresearched crops, Eragrostis tef, TILLING, semi-dwarf.

Genetic and phenotypic diversity in selected genotypes of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.)] Trotter

Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is an important staple food crop, especially in Ethiopia where it is annually grown on 2.8 million hectares of land. It is important for food security in the region, in spite of having a low yield, mainly due to lodging. In this study, 15 representative landraces as well as three improved varieties have been selected for in-depth characterization of many parameters, especially those implicated in yield. The genotypes were clustered into six groups, mainly based on agronomic traits and about 80% of the diversity in the genotypes could be explained on the basis of four principal components. In general, all traits investigated showed substantial diversity among genotypes, offering high chances for improving tef through direct selection or intra-specific hybridization. Moreover, in view of climatic changes, breeding with early maturing landraces such as Red dabi or Karadebi would be advantageous to cope with moisture scarcity during the later stage of crop maturity.

Grain yield variation and association of major traits in brown-seeded genotypes of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.)Trotter]

Background Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is the major cereal crop of Ethiopia where it is annually cultivated on more than three million hectares of land by over six million small-scale farmers. It is broadly grouped into white and brown-seeded type depending on grain color, although some intermediate color grains also exist. Earlier breeding experiments focused on white-seeded tef, and a number of improved varieties were released to the farming community. Thirty-six brown-seeded tef genotypes were evaluated using a 6 × 6 simple lattice design at three locations in the central highlands of Ethiopia to assess the productivity, heritability, and association among major pheno-morphic traits. Results The mean square due to genotypes, locations, and genotype by locations were significant (P < 0.01) for all traits studied. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variations ranged from 2.5 to 20.3 % and from 4.3 to 21.7 %, respectively. Grain yield showed significant (P < 0.01) genotypic correlation with shoot biomass and harvest index, while it had highly significant (P < 0.01) phenotypic correlation with all the traits evaluated. Besides, association of lodging index with biomass and grain yield was negative and significant at phenotypic level while it was not significant at genotypic level. Cluster analysis grouped the 36 test genotypes into seven distinct classes. Furthermore, the first three principal components with eigenvalues greater than unity extracted 78.3 % of the total variation. Conclusion The current study, generally, revealed the identification of genotypes with superior grain yield and other desirable traits for further evaluation and eventual release to the farming community.

The Jurisprudence of the World Trade Organization 2014

In 2014, the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) adopted seven panel reports and six Appellate Body rulings. Two of the cases relate to anti-dumping measures. Three cases, comprising five complaints, are of particular interest and these are summarized and discussed below. China – Rare Earths further refines the relationship between protocols of accession and the general provisions of WTO agreements, in particular the exceptions of Article XX GATT. Recourse to that provision is no longer excluded but depends on a careful case-by-case analysis. While China failed to comply with the conditions for export restrictions, the case reiterates the problem of insufficiently developed disciplines on export restrictions on strategic minerals and other commodities in WTO law. EC – Seals Products is a landmark case for two reasons. Firstly, it limits the application of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) resulting henceforth in a narrow reading of technical regulations. Normative rules prescribing conditions for importation are to be dealt with under the rules of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) instead. Secondly, the ruling permits recourse to public morals in justifying import restrictions essentially on the basis of process and production methods (PPMs). Meanwhile, the more detailed implications for extraterritorial application of such rules and for the concept of PPMs remain open as these key issues were not raised by the parties to the case. Peru – Agricultural Products adds to the interpretation of the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA), but most importantly, it confirms the existing segregation of WTO law and the law of free trade agreements. The case is of particular importance for Switzerland in its relations with the European Union (EU). The case raises, but does not fully answer, the question whether in a bilateral agreement, Switzerland or the EU can, as a matter of WTO law, lawfully waive their right of lodging complaints against each other under WTO law within the scope of their bilateral agreement, for example the Agreement on Agriculture where such a clause exists.

AUGMENTATION OF RECONSTITUTION OF GUT ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE IN THE SYNGENEIC MURINE BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION MODEL

Gut was studied as a prototypical mucosal membrane in the murine BDF-1 syngeneic bone marrow transplant model. Measures of jejunal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and crypt cells were obtained by standard techniques and a method of quantifying gut lamina propria plasma cells (PCs) was developed. The degree of ablation of gut PCs and IELs after 900 rads total body irradiation with ('60)Co, and their repopulation effected by transplantation with 2.0 x 10('5) or 1.0 x 10('6) bone marrow cells demonstrated a prolonged period of profound depression in population levels of these cells which was not reflected by the extent of damage sustained to the epithelium. Differences in the depopulation and recovery of gut PCs and IELs revealed a tendency towards initial differentiation of effector cells. A positive dose response to high bone marrow cell innocula was obtained. Subsequent studies determined that gut IEL and PC repopulation was potentiated by the addition of IELs or buffy coat cells (BCs) to the bone marrow transplant. A method of isolating 1.4 - 4.0 x 10('7) viable IELs per gram of murine small bowel was devised employing intralumenal hyaluronidase digestion of the epithelial layer and centrifugation of the resulting suspension through discontinuous Percoll gradients. Irradiated mice received 2.0 x 10('5) bone marrow cells along with an equal number of IELs or BCs. The extent and duration of depression of numbers of IELs and PCs was markedly reduced by the addition of the IEL isolate to the transplantation innocula, and to a lesser degree by the addition of BCs. The augmentation of repopuation far exceeded that expected by simple lodging of cells suggesting that the additionally transplanted cells contained a subpopulation of mucosal membrane lymphoid stem cells or helper cells. Correlation analysis of PC versus IEL levels suggests a possible feedback mechanism governing the relative size of their populations. Normal ratios of IgA, IgM, and IgG bearing PCs was maintained post transplantation with all of the regimens. ^

Prevalence and risk factors of asthma and work -related asthma among U.S. adults: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988--1994

This cross-sectional analysis of the data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was conducted to determine the prevalence and determinants of asthma and wheezing among US adults, and to identify the occupations and industries at high risk of developing work-related asthma and work-related wheezing. Separate logistic models were developed for physician-diagnosed asthma (MD asthma), wheezing in the previous 12 months (wheezing), work-related asthma and work-related wheezing. Major risk factors including demographic, socioeconomic, indoor air quality, allergy, and other characteristics were analyzed. The prevalence of lifetime MD asthma was 7.7% and the prevalence of wheezing was 17.2%. Mexican-Americans exhibited the lowest prevalence of MD asthma (4.8%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.2, 5.4) when compared to other race-ethnic groups. The prevalence of MD asthma or wheezing did not vary by gender. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that Mexican-Americans were less likely to develop MD asthma (adjusted odds ratio (ORa) = 0.64, 95%CI: 0.45, 0.90) and wheezing (ORa = 0.55, 95%CI: 0.44, 0.69) when compared to non-Hispanic whites. Low education level, current and past smoking status, pet ownership, lifetime diagnosis of physician-diagnosed hay fever and obesity were all significantly associated with MD asthma and wheezing. No significant effect of indoor air pollutants on asthma and wheezing was observed in this study. The prevalence of work-related asthma was 3.70% (95%CI: 2.88, 4.52) and the prevalence of work-related wheezing was 11.46% (95%CI: 9.87, 13.05). The major occupations identified at risk of developing work-related asthma and wheezing were cleaners; farm and agriculture related occupations; entertainment related occupations; protective service occupations; construction; mechanics and repairers; textile; fabricators and assemblers; other transportation and material moving occupations; freight, stock and material movers; motor vehicle operators; and equipment cleaners. The population attributable risk for work-related asthma and wheeze were 26% and 27% respectively. The major industries identified at risk of work-related asthma and wheeze include entertainment related industry; agriculture, forestry and fishing; construction; electrical machinery; repair services; and lodging places. The population attributable risk for work-related asthma was 36.5% and work-related wheezing was 28.5% for industries. Asthma remains an important public health issue in the US and in the other regions of the world. ^

Utilización del cultivo plurianual de pataca (Helianthus tuberosus L.) para la producción de hidratos de carbono fermentables a partir de los tallos

La pataca (Helianthus tuberosus L.) es una especie de cultivo con un alto potencial en la producción de hidratos de carbono de reserva en forma de polifructanos, especialmente inulina, que se acumulan temporalmente en los tallos en forma de polisacáridos para translocarse posteriormente a los tubérculos, donde son almacenados. Aunque tradicionalmente el producto de interés del cultivo son los tubérculos, que acumulan gran cantidad de hidratos de carbono fermentables (HCF) cuando se recogen al final del ciclo de desarrollo, en este trabajo se pretende evaluar el potencial de la pataca como productor de HCF a partir de los tallos cosechados en el momento de máximo contenido en HCF, mediante un sistema de cultivo plurianual. Se han realizado los siguientes estudios: i) Determinación del momento óptimo de cosecha en ensayos con 12 clones ii) Potencial del cultivo plurianual de la pataca en términos de producción anual de biomasa aérea y de HCF en cosechas sucesivas, iii) Ensayos de conservación de la biomasa aérea, iv) Estimación de los costes de las dos modalidades de cultivo de pataca para producción de HCF y v) Estimación de la sostenibilidad energética de la producción de bioetanol mediante la utilización de los subproductos. Para la determinación del momento óptimo de la cosecha de la biomasa aérea se ensayaron 12 clones de diferente precocidad en Madrid; 4 tempranos (Huertos de Moya, C-17, Columbia y D-19) y 8 tardíos (Boniches, China, K-8, Salmantina, Nahodka, C-13, INIA y Violeta de Rennes). El máximo contenido en HCF tuvo lugar en el estado fenológico de botón floral-flor que además coincidió con la máxima producción de biomasa aérea. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, la cosecha de los clones tempranos se debería realizar en el mes de julio y en los clones tardíos en septiembre, siendo éstos últimos más productivos. La producción media más representativa entre los 12 clones, obtenida en el estado fenológico de botón floral fue de 23,40 t ms/ha (clon INIA), con un contenido medio en HCF de 30,30 % lo que supondría una producción potencial media de 7,06 t HCF/ha. La producción máxima en HCF se obtuvo en el clon Boniches con 7,61 t/ha y 22,81 t ms/ha de biomasa aérea. En el sistema de cultivo plurianual la cantidad de tallos por unidad de superficie aumenta cada año debido a la cantidad de tubérculos que van quedando en el terreno, sobre todo a partir del 3er año, lo que produce la disminución del peso unitario de los tallos, con el consiguiente riesgo de encamado. El aclareo de los tallos nacidos a principios de primavera mediante herbicidas tipo Glifosato o mediante una labor de rotocultor rebaja la densidad final de tallos y mejora los rendimientos del cultivo. En las experiencias de conservación de la biomasa aérea se obtuvo una buena conservación por un período de 6 meses de los HCF contenidos en los tallos secos empacados y almacenados bajo cubierta. Considerando que el rendimiento práctico de la fermentación alcohólica es de 0,5 l de etanol por cada kg de azúcar, la producción potencial de etanol para una cosecha de tallos de 7,06 t de HCF/ha sería de 3.530 l/ha. El bagazo producido en la extracción de los HCF de la biomasa aérea supondría 11,91 t/ha lo que utilizado para fines térmicos supone más de 3 veces la energía primaria requerida en el proceso de producción de etanol, considerando un poder calorífico inferior de 3.832,6 kcal/kg. Para una producción de HCF a partir de la biomasa aérea de 7,06 t/ha y en tubérculos al final del ciclo de 12,11 t/ha, los costes de producción estimados para cada uno de ellos fueron de 184,69 €/t para los HCF procedentes de la biomasa aérea y 311,30 €/t para los de tubérculos. Como resultado de este trabajo se puede concluir que la producción de HCF a partir de la biomasa aérea de pataca en cultivo plurianual, es viable desde un punto de vista técnico, con reducción de los costes de producción respecto al sistema tradicional de cosecha de tubérculos. Entre las ventajas técnicas de esta modalidad de cultivo, cabe destacar: la reducción de operaciones de cultivo, la facilidad y menor coste de la cosecha, y la posibilidad de conservación de los HCF en la biomasa cosechada sin mermas durante varios meses. Estas ventajas, compensan con creces el menor rendimiento por unidad de superficie que se obtiene con este sistema de cultivo frente al de cosecha de los tubérculos. Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) (JA) is a crop with a high potential for the production of carbohydrates in the form of polyfructans, especially inulin, which are temporarily accumulated in the stems in the form of polysaccharides. Subsequently they are translocated to the tubers, where they are finally accumulated. In this work the potential of Jerusalem artichoke for fermentable carbohydrates from stems that are harvested at their peak of carbohydrates accumulation is assessed as compared to the traditional cultivation system that aims at the production of tubers harvested at the end of the growth cycle. Tubers are storage organs of polyfructans, namely fermentable carbohydrates. Studies addressed in this work were: i) Determination of the optimum period of time for stem harvesting as a function of clone precocity in a 12-clone field experiment; ii) Study of the potential of JA poly-annual crop regarding the annual yield of aerial biomass and fermentable carbohydrates (HCF) over the years; iii) Tests of storage of the aerial biomass, iv) Comparative analysis of the two JA cultivation systems for HCF production: the poly-annual system for aerial biomass harvesting versus the annual cultivation system for tubers and v) Estimation of the energy sustainability of the bioethanol production by using by-products of the production chain. In order to determine the best period of time for aerial biomass harvesting twelve JA clones of different precocity were tested in Madrid: four early clones (Huertos de Moya, C-17, Columbia and D-19) and eight late clones (Boniches, China, K-8 , Salmantina, Nahodka, C-13, INIA and Violeta de Rennes). Best time was between the phenological stages of floral buds (closed capitula) and blossom (opened capitula), period in which the peak of biomass production coincides with the peak of HCF accumulation in the stems. According to the results, the early clones should be harvested in July and the late ones in September, being the late clones more productive. The clone named INIA was the one that exhibited more steady yields in biomass over the 12 clones experimented. The average potential biomass production of this clone was 23.40 t dm/ha when harvested at the floral buds phenological stage; mean HCF content is 30.30%, representing 7.06 t HCF/ha yield. However, the highest HCF production was obtained for the clone Boniches, 7.61 t HCF/ha from a production of 22.81 t aerial biomass/ha. In the poly-annual cultivation system the number of stems per unit area increases over the years due to the increase in the number of tubers that are left under ground; this effect is particularly important after the 3rd year of the poly-annual crop and results in a decrease of the stems unit weight and a risk of lodging. Thinning of JA shoots in early spring, by means of an herbicide treatment based on glyphosate or by means of one pass with a rotary tiller, results in a decrease of the crop stem density and in higher crop yields. Tests of biomass storing showed that the method of keeping dried stems packed and stored under cover results in a good preservation of HCF for a period of six months at least. Assuming that the fermentation yield is 0.5 L ethanol per kg sugars and a HCF stem production of 7.06 t HCF/ha, the potential for bioethanol is estimated at 3530 L/ha. The use of bagasse -by-product of the process of HCF extraction from the JA stems- for thermal purposes would represent over 3 times the primary energy required for the industrial ethanol production process, assuming 11.91 t/ha bagasse and 3832.6 kcal/kg heating value. HCF production costs of 7.06 t HCF/ha yield from aerial biomass and HCF production costs of 12.11 t HCF/ha from tubers were estimated at 184.69 €/t HCF and 311.30 €/t HCF, respectively. It can be concluded that the production of HCF from JA stems, following a poly-annual cultivation system, can be feasible from a technical standpoint and lead to lower production costs as compared to the traditional annual cultivation system for the production of HCF from tubers. Among the technical advantages of the poly-annual cultivation system it is worth mentioning the reduction in crop operations, the ease and efficiency of harvesting operations and the possibility of HCF preservation without incurring in HCF losses during the storage period, which can last several months. These advantages might compensate the lower yield of HCF per unit area that is obtained in the poly-annual crop system, which aims at stems harvesting, versus the annual one, which involves tubers harvesting.

Connexin-43 in the osteogenic BM niche regulates its cellular composition and the bidirectional traffic of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors

Connexin-43 (Cx43), a gap junction protein involved in control of cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, has been suggested to have a role in hematopoiesis. Cx43 is highly expressed in osteoblasts and osteogenic progenitors (OB/P). To elucidate the biologic function of Cx43 in the hematopoietic microenvironment (HM) and its influence in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) activity, we studied the hematopoietic function in an in vivo model of constitutive deficiency of Cx43 in OB/P. The deficiency of Cx43 in OB/P cells does not impair the steady state hematopoiesis, but disrupts the directional trafficking of HSC/progenitors (Ps) between the bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB). OB/P Cx43 is a crucial positive regulator of transstromal migration and homing of both HSCs and progenitors in an irradiated microenvironment. However, OB/P Cx43 deficiency in nonmyeloablated animals does not result in a homing defect but induces increased endosteal lodging and decreased mobilization of HSC/Ps associated with proliferation and expansion of Cxcl12-secreting mesenchymal/osteolineage cells in the BM HM in vivo. Cx43 controls the cellular content of the BM osteogenic microenvironment and is required for homing of HSC/Ps in myeloablated animals

Coherent structures in statistically-stationary homogeneous shear turbulence

La región cerca de la pared de flujos turbulentos de pared ya está bien conocido debido a su bajo número de Reynolds local y la separación escala estrecha. La región lejos de la pared (capa externa) no es tan interesante tampoco, ya que las estadísticas allí se escalan bien por las unidades exteriores. La región intermedia (capa logarítmica), sin embargo, ha estado recibiendo cada vez más atención debido a su propiedad auto-similares. Además, de acuerdo a Flores et al. (2007) y Flores & Jiménez (2010), la capa logarítmica es más o menos independiente de otras capas, lo que implica que podría ser inspeccionado mediante el aislamiento de otras dos capas, lo que reduciría significativamente los costes computacionales para la simulación de flujos turbulentos de pared. Algunos intentos se trataron después por Mizuno & Jiménez (2013), quien simulan la capa logarítmica sin la región cerca de la pared con estadísticas obtenidas de acuerdo razonablemente bien con los de las simulaciones completas. Lo que más, la capa logarítmica podría ser imitado por otra turbulencia sencillo de cizallamiento de motor. Por ejemplo, Pumir (1996) encontró que la turbulencia de cizallamiento homogéneo estadísticamente estacionario (SS-HST) también irrumpe, de una manera muy similar al proceso de auto-sostenible en flujos turbulentos de pared. Según los consideraciones arriba, esta tesis trata de desvelar en qué medida es la capa logarítmica de canales similares a la turbulencia de cizalla más sencillo, SS-HST, mediante la comparación de ambos cinemática y la dinámica de las estructuras coherentes en los dos flujos. Resultados sobre el canal se muestran mediante Lozano-Durán et al. (2012) y Lozano-Durán & Jiménez (2014b). La hoja de ruta de esta tarea se divide en tres etapas. En primer lugar, SS-HST es investigada por medio de un código nuevo de simulación numérica directa, espectral en las dos direcciones horizontales y compacto-diferencias finitas en la dirección de la cizalla. Sin utiliza remallado para imponer la condición de borde cortante periódica. La influencia de la geometría de la caja computacional se explora. Ya que el HST no tiene ninguna longitud característica externa y tiende a llenar el dominio computacional, las simulaciopnes a largo plazo del HST son ’mínimos’ en el sentido de que contiene sólo unas pocas estructuras media a gran escala. Se ha encontrado que el límite principal es el ancho de la caja de la envergadura, Lz, que establece las escalas de longitud y velocidad de la turbulencia, y que las otras dos dimensiones de la caja debe ser suficientemente grande (Lx > 2LZ, Ly > Lz) para evitar que otras direcciones estando limitado también. También se encontró que las cajas de gran longitud, Lx > 2Ly, par con el paso del tiempo la condición de borde cortante periódica, y desarrollar fuertes ráfagas linealizadas no físicos. Dentro de estos límites, el flujo muestra similitudes y diferencias interesantes con otros flujos de cizalla, y, en particular, con la capa logarítmica de flujos turbulentos de pared. Ellos son exploradas con cierto detalle. Incluyen un proceso autosostenido de rayas a gran escala y con una explosión cuasi-periódica. La escala de tiempo de ruptura es de aproximadamente universales, ~20S~l(S es la velocidad de cizallamiento media), y la disponibilidad de dos sistemas de ruptura diferentes permite el crecimiento de las ráfagas a estar relacionado con algo de confianza a la cizalladura de turbulencia inicialmente isotrópico. Se concluye que la SS-HST, llevado a cabo dentro de los parámetros de cílculo apropiados, es un sistema muy prometedor para estudiar la turbulencia de cizallamiento en general. En segundo lugar, las mismas estructuras coherentes como en los canales estudiados por Lozano-Durán et al. (2012), es decir, grupos de vórticidad (fuerte disipación) y Qs (fuerte tensión de Reynolds tangencial, -uv) tridimensionales, se estudia mediante simulación numérica directa de SS-HST con relaciones de aspecto de cuadro aceptables y número de Reynolds hasta Rex ~ 250 (basado en Taylor-microescala). Se discute la influencia de la intermitencia de umbral independiente del tiempo. Estas estructuras tienen alargamientos similares en la dirección sentido de la corriente a las familias separadas en los canales hasta que son de tamaño comparable a la caja. Sus dimensiones fractales, longitudes interior y exterior como una función del volumen concuerdan bien con sus homólogos de canales. El estudio sobre sus organizaciones espaciales encontró que Qs del mismo tipo están alineados aproximadamente en la dirección del vector de velocidad en el cuadrante al que pertenecen, mientras Qs de diferentes tipos están restringidos por el hecho de que no debe haber ningún choque de velocidad, lo que hace Q2s (eyecciones, u < 0,v > 0) y Q4s (sweeps, u > 0,v < 0) emparejado en la dirección de la envergadura. Esto se verifica mediante la inspección de estructuras de velocidad, otros cuadrantes como la uw y vw en SS-HST y las familias separadas en el canal. La alineación sentido de la corriente de Qs ligada a la pared con el mismo tipo en los canales se debe a la modulación de la pared. El campo de flujo medio condicionado a pares Q2-Q4 encontró que los grupos de vórticidad están en el medio de los dos, pero prefieren los dos cizalla capas alojamiento en la parte superior e inferior de Q2s y Q4s respectivamente, lo que hace que la vorticidad envergadura dentro de las grupos de vórticidad hace no cancele. La pared amplifica la diferencia entre los tamaños de baja- y alta-velocidad rayas asociados con parejas de Q2-Q4 se adjuntan como los pares alcanzan cerca de la pared, el cual es verificado por la correlación de la velocidad del sentido de la corriente condicionado a Q2s adjuntos y Q4s con diferentes alturas. Grupos de vórticidad en SS-HST asociados con Q2s o Q4s también están flanqueadas por un contador de rotación de los vórtices sentido de la corriente en la dirección de la envergadura como en el canal. La larga ’despertar’ cónica se origina a partir de los altos grupos de vórticidad ligada a la pared han encontrado los del Álamo et al. (2006) y Flores et al. (2007), que desaparece en SS-HST, sólo es cierto para altos grupos de vórticidad ligada a la pared asociados con Q2s pero no para aquellos asociados con Q4s, cuyo campo de flujo promedio es en realidad muy similar a la de SS-HST. En tercer lugar, las evoluciones temporales de Qs y grupos de vórticidad se estudian mediante el uso de la método inventado por Lozano-Durán & Jiménez (2014b). Las estructuras se clasifican en las ramas, que se organizan más en los gráficos. Ambas resoluciones espaciales y temporales se eligen para ser capaz de capturar el longitud y el tiempo de Kolmogorov puntual más probable en el momento más extrema. Debido al efecto caja mínima, sólo hay un gráfico principal consiste en casi todas las ramas, con su volumen y el número de estructuras instantáneo seguien la energía cinética y enstrofía intermitente. La vida de las ramas, lo que tiene más sentido para las ramas primarias, pierde su significado en el SS-HST debido a las aportaciones de ramas primarias al total de Reynolds estrés o enstrofía son casi insignificantes. Esto también es cierto en la capa exterior de los canales. En cambio, la vida de los gráficos en los canales se compara con el tiempo de ruptura en SS-HST. Grupos de vórticidad están asociados con casi el mismo cuadrante en términos de sus velocidades medias durante su tiempo de vida, especialmente para los relacionados con las eyecciones y sweeps. Al igual que en los canales, las eyecciones de SS-HST se mueven hacia arriba con una velocidad promedio vertical uT (velocidad de fricción) mientras que lo contrario es cierto para los barridos. Grupos de vórticidad, por otra parte, son casi inmóvil en la dirección vertical. En la dirección de sentido de la corriente, que están advección por la velocidad media local y por lo tanto deforman por la diferencia de velocidad media. Sweeps y eyecciones se mueven más rápido y más lento que la velocidad media, respectivamente, tanto por 1.5uT. Grupos de vórticidad se mueven con la misma velocidad que la velocidad media. Se verifica que las estructuras incoherentes cerca de la pared se debe a la pared en vez de pequeño tamaño. Los resultados sugieren fuertemente que las estructuras coherentes en canales no son especialmente asociado con la pared, o incluso con un perfil de cizalladura dado. ABSTRACT Since the wall-bounded turbulence was first recognized more than one century ago, its near wall region (buffer layer) has been studied extensively and becomes relatively well understood due to the low local Reynolds number and narrow scale separation. The region just above the buffer layer, i.e., the logarithmic layer, is receiving increasingly more attention nowadays due to its self-similar property. Flores et al. (20076) and Flores & Jim´enez (2010) show that the statistics of logarithmic layer is kind of independent of other layers, implying that it might be possible to study it separately, which would reduce significantly the computational costs for simulations of the logarithmic layer. Some attempts were tried later by Mizuno & Jimenez (2013), who simulated the logarithmic layer without the buffer layer with obtained statistics agree reasonably well with those of full simulations. Besides, the logarithmic layer might be mimicked by other simpler sheardriven turbulence. For example, Pumir (1996) found that the statistically-stationary homogeneous shear turbulence (SS-HST) also bursts, in a manner strikingly similar to the self-sustaining process in wall-bounded turbulence. Based on these considerations, this thesis tries to reveal to what extent is the logarithmic layer of channels similar to the simplest shear-driven turbulence, SS-HST, by comparing both kinematics and dynamics of coherent structures in the two flows. Results about the channel are shown by Lozano-Dur´an et al. (2012) and Lozano-Dur´an & Jim´enez (20146). The roadmap of this task is divided into three stages. First, SS-HST is investigated by means of a new direct numerical simulation code, spectral in the two horizontal directions and compact-finite-differences in the direction of the shear. No remeshing is used to impose the shear-periodic boundary condition. The influence of the geometry of the computational box is explored. Since HST has no characteristic outer length scale and tends to fill the computational domain, longterm simulations of HST are ‘minimal’ in the sense of containing on average only a few large-scale structures. It is found that the main limit is the spanwise box width, Lz, which sets the length and velocity scales of the turbulence, and that the two other box dimensions should be sufficiently large (Lx > 2LZ, Ly > Lz) to prevent other directions to be constrained as well. It is also found that very long boxes, Lx > 2Ly, couple with the passing period of the shear-periodic boundary condition, and develop strong unphysical linearized bursts. Within those limits, the flow shows interesting similarities and differences with other shear flows, and in particular with the logarithmic layer of wallbounded turbulence. They are explored in some detail. They include a self-sustaining process for large-scale streaks and quasi-periodic bursting. The bursting time scale is approximately universal, ~ 20S~l (S is the mean shear rate), and the availability of two different bursting systems allows the growth of the bursts to be related with some confidence to the shearing of initially isotropic turbulence. It is concluded that SS-HST, conducted within the proper computational parameters, is a very promising system to study shear turbulence in general. Second, the same coherent structures as in channels studied by Lozano-Dur´an et al. (2012), namely three-dimensional vortex clusters (strong dissipation) and Qs (strong tangential Reynolds stress, -uv), are studied by direct numerical simulation of SS-HST with acceptable box aspect ratios and Reynolds number up to Rex ~ 250 (based on Taylor-microscale). The influence of the intermittency to time-independent threshold is discussed. These structures have similar elongations in the streamwise direction to detached families in channels until they are of comparable size to the box. Their fractal dimensions, inner and outer lengths as a function of volume agree well with their counterparts in channels. The study about their spatial organizations found that Qs of the same type are aligned roughly in the direction of the velocity vector in the quadrant they belong to, while Qs of different types are restricted by the fact that there should be no velocity clash, which makes Q2s (ejections, u < 0, v > 0) and Q4s (sweeps, u > 0, v < 0) paired in the spanwise direction. This is verified by inspecting velocity structures, other quadrants such as u-w and v-w in SS-HST and also detached families in the channel. The streamwise alignment of attached Qs with the same type in channels is due to the modulation of the wall. The average flow field conditioned to Q2-Q4 pairs found that vortex clusters are in the middle of the pair, but prefer to the two shear layers lodging at the top and bottom of Q2s and Q4s respectively, which makes the spanwise vorticity inside vortex clusters does not cancel. The wall amplifies the difference between the sizes of low- and high-speed streaks associated with attached Q2-Q4 pairs as the pairs reach closer to the wall, which is verified by the correlation of streamwise velocity conditioned to attached Q2s and Q4s with different heights. Vortex clusters in SS-HST associated with Q2s or Q4s are also flanked by a counter rotating streamwise vortices in the spanwise direction as in the channel. The long conical ‘wake’ originates from tall attached vortex clusters found by del A´ lamo et al. (2006) and Flores et al. (2007b), which disappears in SS-HST, is only true for tall attached vortices associated with Q2s but not for those associated with Q4s, whose averaged flow field is actually quite similar to that in SS-HST. Third, the temporal evolutions of Qs and vortex clusters are studied by using the method invented by Lozano-Dur´an & Jim´enez (2014b). Structures are sorted into branches, which are further organized into graphs. Both spatial and temporal resolutions are chosen to be able to capture the most probable pointwise Kolmogorov length and time at the most extreme moment. Due to the minimal box effect, there is only one main graph consist by almost all the branches, with its instantaneous volume and number of structures follow the intermittent kinetic energy and enstrophy. The lifetime of branches, which makes more sense for primary branches, loses its meaning in SS-HST because the contributions of primary branches to total Reynolds stress or enstrophy are almost negligible. This is also true in the outer layer of channels. Instead, the lifetime of graphs in channels are compared with the bursting time in SS-HST. Vortex clusters are associated with almost the same quadrant in terms of their mean velocities during their life time, especially for those related with ejections and sweeps. As in channels, ejections in SS-HST move upwards with an average vertical velocity uτ (friction velocity) while the opposite is true for sweeps. Vortex clusters, on the other hand, are almost still in the vertical direction. In the streamwise direction, they are advected by the local mean velocity and thus deformed by the mean velocity difference. Sweeps and ejections move faster and slower than the mean velocity respectively, both by 1.5uτ . Vortex clusters move with the same speed as the mean velocity. It is verified that the incoherent structures near the wall is due to the wall instead of small size. The results suggest that coherent structures in channels are not particularly associated with the wall, or even with a given shear profile.

O MERCADO DE TRABALHO PARA O PROFISSIONAL DA HOTELARIA NAS CIDADES DE GUARULHOS E SÃO BERNARDO DO CAMPO

O objetivo desse estudo é descobrir se as cidades de Guarulhos e São Bernardo do Campo têm chances de, ao explorar sua vocação turística para os negócios, obter reais possibilidades de ampliar seu mercado de trabalho na área de hotelaria. Para realizar o que se propôs, utilizou-se dos dados primários advindos das entrevistas pessoais com alguns profissionais ligados ao setor; além dos dados secundários e informações coletadas nos próprios sites das prefeituras, sindicatos, meios de hospedagem e outras associações que integrados à pesquisa bibliográfica verificou-se que as duas cidades possuem potencial turístico para os negócios porque contam com parques industriais que possibilitam a entrada e permanência de pessoas que vem às cidades para realizar diversos tipos de negócios. Para tanto, precisam hospedar-se, geralmente, por um espaço de tempo em que pretendem descansar, alimentar-se, banhar-se como se estivessem em suas casas. Além desse potencial, as cidades apresentam mais algumas características em comum como a localização de aeroportos, Cumbica e Congonhas, bem próximos de seus centros e, ainda, servem de passagem para outras cidades consideradas mais acolhedoras como Santos, Guarujá entre outras localizadas no litoral e São Paulo, na região conhecida como a grande São Paulo. Por isso Guarulhos e São Bernardo acabam sendo pouco aproveitadas no que se refere aos seus potenciais turísticos. A pesquisa aponta que se houver investimentos nesse setor, o turismo poderá crescer tornando-as cidades receptivas àqueles que as visitam por motivo de trabalho e que precisam de uma boa hospedagem e, muitas vezes, de um lugar para utilizar como seu próprio escritório. Com isso, aumenta-se a necessidade de profissionais qualificados para atender às expectativas desses turistas. Conseqüentemente amplia-se o mercado de trabalho nas áreas voltadas ao turismo e hotelaria das cidades. Entre elas, destacam-se Transportes, Comércio, Segurança, Gastronomia, Cultura, Esportes e Lazer, Redes Hoteleiras e até mesmo Escolas Técnicas e Faculdades. Identificou-se que as duas cidades estudadas possuem potencial turístico para os negócios e podem ampliar o mercado de trabalho hoteleiro a partir da conscientização das partes interessadas em investirem na infra-estrutura, na capacitação dos Recursos Humanos, na estrutura dos empreendimentos hoteleiros e na divulgação do local, dos produtos e dos serviços oferecidos.(AU)

O MERCADO DE TRABALHO PARA O PROFISSIONAL DA HOTELARIA NAS CIDADES DE GUARULHOS E SÃO BERNARDO DO CAMPO

O objetivo desse estudo é descobrir se as cidades de Guarulhos e São Bernardo do Campo têm chances de, ao explorar sua vocação turística para os negócios, obter reais possibilidades de ampliar seu mercado de trabalho na área de hotelaria. Para realizar o que se propôs, utilizou-se dos dados primários advindos das entrevistas pessoais com alguns profissionais ligados ao setor; além dos dados secundários e informações coletadas nos próprios sites das prefeituras, sindicatos, meios de hospedagem e outras associações que integrados à pesquisa bibliográfica verificou-se que as duas cidades possuem potencial turístico para os negócios porque contam com parques industriais que possibilitam a entrada e permanência de pessoas que vem às cidades para realizar diversos tipos de negócios. Para tanto, precisam hospedar-se, geralmente, por um espaço de tempo em que pretendem descansar, alimentar-se, banhar-se como se estivessem em suas casas. Além desse potencial, as cidades apresentam mais algumas características em comum como a localização de aeroportos, Cumbica e Congonhas, bem próximos de seus centros e, ainda, servem de passagem para outras cidades consideradas mais acolhedoras como Santos, Guarujá entre outras localizadas no litoral e São Paulo, na região conhecida como a grande São Paulo. Por isso Guarulhos e São Bernardo acabam sendo pouco aproveitadas no que se refere aos seus potenciais turísticos. A pesquisa aponta que se houver investimentos nesse setor, o turismo poderá crescer tornando-as cidades receptivas àqueles que as visitam por motivo de trabalho e que precisam de uma boa hospedagem e, muitas vezes, de um lugar para utilizar como seu próprio escritório. Com isso, aumenta-se a necessidade de profissionais qualificados para atender às expectativas desses turistas. Conseqüentemente amplia-se o mercado de trabalho nas áreas voltadas ao turismo e hotelaria das cidades. Entre elas, destacam-se Transportes, Comércio, Segurança, Gastronomia, Cultura, Esportes e Lazer, Redes Hoteleiras e até mesmo Escolas Técnicas e Faculdades. Identificou-se que as duas cidades estudadas possuem potencial turístico para os negócios e podem ampliar o mercado de trabalho hoteleiro a partir da conscientização das partes interessadas em investirem na infra-estrutura, na capacitação dos Recursos Humanos, na estrutura dos empreendimentos hoteleiros e na divulgação do local, dos produtos e dos serviços oferecidos.(AU)