Estudio de los factores que condicionan, a escala local, la presencia de Epidendrum rhopalostele (Orchidaceae): Implicaciones para su conservación

El análisis de los factores que determinan el establecimiento y supervivencia de orquídeas epífitas, incluyen: a) las condiciones microambientales de los bosques que las mantienen, b) preferencias por las características de los hospederos donde crecen, c) limitación en la dispersión de semillas, d) interacciones planta-planta, y e) asociaciones micorrízicas para la germinación y resultan esenciales para el desarrollo de estrategias para la conservación y manejo de este grupo de plantas. Este trabajo ha evaluado la importancia de estos factores en Epidendrum rhopalostele, orquídea epífita del bosque de niebla montano, a través de los análisis de los patrones espaciales de los árboles que la portan y de la propia orquídea, a escala de población, estudios de asociación y métodos moleculares. Estos últimos han consistido en el uso de marcadores AFLP para el análisis de la estructura genética de la orquídea y en la secuenciación-clonación de la región ITS para la identificación de los hongos micorrízicos asociados. El objetivo de esta tesis es, por tanto, una mejor comprensión de los factores que condicionan la presencia de orquídeas epífitas en los remanentes de bosque de niebla montano y una evaluación de las implicaciones para la conservación y mantenimiento de sus hábitats y la permanencia de sus poblaciones. El estudio fue realizado en un fragmento de bosque de niebla montano de sucesión secundaria situado al este de la Cordillera Real, en los Andes del sur de Ecuador, a 2250 m.s.n.m y caracterizado por una pendiente marcada, temperatura media anual de 20.8°C y precipitación anual de 2193 mm. En este fragmento se mapearon, identificaron y caracterizaron todos los árboles presentes con DBH > 1 cm y todos los individuos de Epidendrum rhopalostele. Así mismo se tomaron muestras de hoja para obtener ADN de todas las orquídeas registradas y muestras de raíces de individuos con flor de E. rhopalostele, uno por cada forófito, para el análisis filogenético de micorrizas. Análisis espaciales de patrones de puntos basados en la K de Ripley y la distancia al vecino más cercano fueron usados para los árboles, forófitos y la población de E. rhopalostele. Se observó que la distribución espacial de árboles y forófitos de E. rhopalostele no es aleatoria, ya que se ajusta a un proceso agregado de Poisson. De ahí se infiere una limitación en la dispersión de las semillas en el fragmento estudiado y en el establecimiento de la orquídea. El patrón de distribución de la población de E. rhopalostele en el fragmento muestra un agrupamiento a pequeña escala sugiriendo una preferencia por micro-sitios para el establecimiento de la orquídea con un kernel de dispersión de las semillas estimado de 0.4 m. Las características preferentes del micro-sitio como tipos de árboles (Clusia alata y árboles muertos), tolerancia a la sombra, corteza rugosa, distribución en los dos primeros metros sugieren una tendencia a distribuirse en el sotobosque. La existencia de una segregación espacial entre adultos y juveniles sugiere una competencia por recursos limitados condicionada por la preferencia de micro-sitio. La estructura genética de la población de E. rhopalostele analizada a través de Structure y PCoA evidencia la presencia de dos grupos genéticos coexistiendo en el fragmento y en los mismos forófitos, posiblemente por eventos de hibridización entre especies de Epidendrum simpátricas. Los resultados del análisis de autocorrelación espacial efectuados en GenAlex confirman una estructura genético-espacial a pequeña escala que es compatible con un mecanismo de dispersión de semillas a corta distancia ocasionada por gravedad o pequeñas escorrentías, frente a la dispersión a larga distancia promovida por el viento generalmente atribuida a las orquídeas. Para la identificación de los micobiontes se amplificó la región ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, y 47 secuencias fueron usadas para el análisis filogenético basado en neighborjoining, análisis bayesiano y máximum-likelihood que determinó que Epidendrum rhopalostele establece asociaciones micorrízicas con al menos dos especies diferentes de Tulasnella. Se registraron plantas que estaban asociadas con los dos clados de hongos encontrados, sugiriendo ausencia de limitación en la distribución del hongo. Con relación a las implicaciones para la conservación in situ resultado de este trabajo se recomienda la preservación de todo el fragmento de bosque así como de las interacciones existentes (polinizadores, micorrizas) a fin de conservar la diversidad genética de esta orquídea epífita. Si fuere necesaria una reintroducción se deben contemplar distancias entre los individuos en cada forófito dentro de un rango de 0.4 m. Para promover el reclutamiento y regeneración de E. rhopalostele, se recomienda que los forófitos correspondan preferentemente a árboles muertos o caídos y a especies, como Clusia alata, que posean además corteza rugosa, sean tolerantes a la sombra, y en el área del sotobosque con menor luminosidad. Además es conveniente que las orquídeas en su distribución vertical estén ubicadas en los primeros metros. En conclusión, la limitación en la dispersión, las características del micro-sitio, las interacciones intraespecíficas y con especies congenéricas simpátricas y las preferencias micorrízicas condicionan la presencia de esta orquídea epífita en este tipo de bosque. ABSTRACT The analysis of factors that determine the establishment and survival of epiphytic depends on factors such as a) microenvironmental conditions of forest, b) preference for host characteristics where orchids grow, c) seed dispersal limitation, d) plant-plant interaction, e) priority mycorrhizal associations for germination, are essential for the development of strategies for management and conservation. This work evaluated the importance of these factors in Epidendrum rhopalostele, an epiphytic orchid of montane cloud forest through the analysis of spatial patterns of host trees and the orchid, in a more specific scale, with association studies and molecular methods, including AFLPs for orchid population genetic structure and the sequencing of the ITS region for associated mycorrhizal fungi. The aim of this thesis is to understand the factors that condition the presence of epiphytic orchids in the remnants of montane cloud forest and to assess the implications for the conservation and preservation of their habitats and the persistence of the orchid populations. The study was carried out in a fragment of montane cloud forest of secondary succession on the eastern slope of Cordillera Real in the Andes of southern Ecuador, located at 2250 m a.s.l. characterized by a steep slope, mean annual temperature of 20.8°C and annual precipitation of 2193 mm. All trees with DBH > 1 cm were mapped, characterized and identified. All E. rhopalostele individuals present were counted, marked, characterized and mapped. Leaf samples of all orchid individuals were collected for DNA analysis. Root samples of flowering E. rhopalostele individuals were collected for phylogenetic analysis of mycorrhizae, one per phorophyte. Spatial point pattern analysis based on Ripley`s K function and nearest neighbor function was used for trees, phorophytes and orchid population. We observed that spatial distribution of trees and phorophytes is not random, as it adjusts to a Poisson cluster process. This suggests a limitation for seed dispersal in the study fragment that is affecting orchid establishment. Furthermore, the small-scale spatial pattern of E. rhopalostele evidences a clustering that suggests a microsite preference for orchid establishment with a dispersal kernel of 0.4 m. Microsite features such as types of trees (dead trees or Clusia alata), shade tolerance trees, rough bark, distribution in the first meters suggest a tendency to prefer the understory for their establishment. Regarding plant-plant interaction a spatial segregation between adults and juveniles was present suggesting competition for limited resources conditioned for a microsite preference. Analysis of genetic structure of E. rhopalostele population through Structure and PCoA shows two genetic groups coexisting in this fragment and in the same phorophyte, possibly as a result of hybridization between sympatric species of Epidendrum. Our results of spatial autocorrelation analysis develop in GenAlex confirm a small-scale spatial-genetic structure within the genetic groups that is compatible with a short-distance dispersal mechanism caused by gravity or water run-off, instead of the long-distance seed dispersal promoted by wind generally attributed to orchids. For mycobionts identification ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region was amplified. Phylogenetic analysis was performed with neighborjoining, Bayesian likelihood and maximum-likelihood for 47 sequences yielded two Tulasnella clades. This orchid establishes mycorrhizal associations with at least two different Tulasnella species. In some cases both fungi clades were present in same root, suggesting no limitation in fungal distribution. Concerning the implications for in situ conservation resulting from this work, the preservation of all forest fragment and their interactions (pollinators, mycorrhiza) is recommended to conserve the genetic diversity of this species. If a reintroduction were necessary, distances between individuals in each phorophyte within a range of 0.4 m, are recommended. To promote recruitment and regeneration of E. rhopalostele it is recommended that phorophytes correspond to dead or fallen trees or species, such as Clusia alata. Trees that have rough bark and are shade tolerant are also recommended. Furthermore, regarding vertical distribution, it is also convenient that orchids are located in the first meter (in understory, area with less light). In conclusion, limitation on seed dispersal, microsite characteristics, plant-plant interactions or interaction with cogeneric sympatric species and mycorrhizal preferences conditioned the presence of this epiphytic orchid in this fragment forest.

Feature integration in pattern perception

The human visual system is able to effortlessly integrate local features to form our rich perception of patterns, despite the fact that visual information is discretely sampled by the retina and cortex. By using a novel perturbation technique, we show that the mechanisms by which features are integrated into coherent percepts are scale-invariant and nonlinear (phase and contrast polarity independent). They appear to operate by assigning position labels or “place tags” to each feature. Specifically, in the first series of experiments, we show that the positional tolerance of these place tags in foveal, and peripheral vision is about half the separation of the features, suggesting that the neural mechanisms that bind features into forms are quite robust to topographical jitter. In the second series of experiment, we asked how many stimulus samples are required for pattern identification by human and ideal observers. In human foveal vision, only about half the features are needed for reliable pattern interpolation. In this regard, human vision is quite efficient (ratio of ideal to real ≈ 0.75). Peripheral vision, on the other hand is rather inefficient, requiring more features, suggesting that the stimulus may be relatively underrepresented at the stage of feature integration.

The circadian clock controls the expression pattern of the circadian input photoreceptor, phytochrome B

Developmental and physiological responses are regulated by light throughout the entire life cycle of higher plants. To sense changes in the light environment, plants have developed various photoreceptors, including the red/far-red light-absorbing phytochromes and blue light-absorbing cryptochromes. A wide variety of physiological responses, including most light responses, also are modulated by circadian rhythms that are generated by an endogenous oscillator, the circadian clock. To provide information on local time, circadian clocks are synchronized and entrained by environmental time cues, of which light is among the most important. Light-driven entrainment of the Arabidopsis circadian clock has been shown to be mediated by phytochrome A (phyA), phytochrome B (phyB), and cryptochromes 1 and 2, thus affirming the roles of these photoreceptors as input regulators to the plant circadian clock. Here we show that the expression of PHYB∷LUC reporter genes containing the promoter and 5′ untranslated region of the tobacco NtPHYB1 or Arabidopsis AtPHYB genes fused to the luciferase (LUC) gene exhibit robust circadian oscillations in transgenic plants. We demonstrate that the abundance of PHYB RNA retains this circadian regulation and use a PHYB∷Luc fusion protein to show that the rate of PHYB synthesis is also rhythmic. The abundance of bulk PHYB protein, however, exhibits only weak circadian rhythmicity, if any. These data suggest that photoreceptor gene expression patterns may be significant in the daily regulation of plant physiology and indicate an unexpectedly intimate relationship between the components of the input pathway and the putative circadian clock mechanism in higher plants.

A model of self-thinning through local competition.

Explanations of self-thinning in plant populations have focused on plant shape and packing. A dynamic model based on the structure of local interactions successfully reproduces the pattern and can be approximated to identify key parameters and relationships. The approach generates testable new explanations for differences between species and populations, unifies self-thinning with other patterns in plant population dynamics, and indicates why organisms other than plants can follow the law.

A Computational Model of the Belief System Under the Scope of Social Communication

This paper presents an approach to the belief system based on a computational framework in three levels: first, the logic level with the definition of binary local rules, second, the arithmetic level with the definition of recursive functions and finally the behavioural level with the definition of a recursive construction pattern. Social communication is achieved when different beliefs are expressed, modified, propagated and shared through social nets. This approach is useful to mimic the belief system because the defined functions provide different ways to process the same incoming information as well as a means to propagate it. Our model also provides a means to cross different beliefs so, any incoming information can be processed many times by the same or different functions as it occurs is social nets.

Taquicardia ventricular idiopática : estudo de correlação do ECG com o local de origem

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Systemic and local immune responses in sheep after Neospora caninum experimental infection at early, mid and late gestation.

Besides its importance in cattle, Neospora caninum may also pose a high risk as abortifacient for small ruminants. We have recently demonstrated that the outcome of experimental infection of pregnant sheep with 10(6) Nc-Spain7 tachyzoites is strongly dependent on the time of gestation. In the current study, we assessed peripheral and local immune response in those animals. Serological analysis revealed earlier and higher IFN-γ and IgG responses in ewes infected at early (G1) and mid (G2) gestation, when abortion occurred. IL-4 was not detected in sera from any sheep. Inflammatory infiltrates in the placenta mainly consisted of CD8+ and, to a lesser extent, CD4+ T cells and macrophages (CD163+). The infiltrate was more intense in sheep infected at mid-gestation. In the foetal mesenchyme, mostly free tachyzoites were found in animals infected at G1, while those infected in G2 displayed predominantly particulate antigen, and parasitophorous vacuoles were detected in sheep infected at G3. A similar pattern of placental cytokine mRNA expression was found in all groups, displaying a strengthened upregulation of IFN-γ and IL-4 and milder increases of TNF-α and IL-10, reminiscent of a mixed Th1 and Th2 response. IL-12 and IL-6 were only slightly upregulated in G2, and TGF-β was downregulated in G1 and G2, suggestive of limited T regulatory (Treg) cell activity. No significant expression of TLR2 or TLR4 could be detected. In summary, this study confirms the pivotal role of systemic and local immune responses at different times of gestation during N. caninum infection in sheep.

Reliability measures for local nodes assessment in classification trees

Most of the modem developments with classification trees are aimed at improving their predictive capacity. This article considers a curiously neglected aspect of classification trees, namely the reliability of predictions that come from a given classification tree. In the sense that a node of a tree represents a point in the predictor space in the limit, the aim of this article is the development of localized assessment of the reliability of prediction rules. A classification tree may be used either to provide a probability forecast, where for each node the membership probabilities for each class constitutes the prediction, or a true classification where each new observation is predictively assigned to a unique class. Correspondingly, two types of reliability measure will be derived-namely, prediction reliability and classification reliability. We use bootstrapping methods as the main tool to construct these measures. We also provide a suite of graphical displays by which they may be easily appreciated. In addition to providing some estimate of the reliability of specific forecasts of each type, these measures can also be used to guide future data collection to improve the effectiveness of the tree model. The motivating example we give has a binary response, namely the presence or absence of a species of Eucalypt, Eucalyptus cloeziana, at a given sampling location in response to a suite of environmental covariates, (although the methods are not restricted to binary response data).

Hyperspace geography: Visualizing fitness landscapes beyond 4D

Human perception is finely tuned to extract structure about the 4D world of time and space as well as properties such as color and texture. Developing intuitions about spatial structure beyond 4D requires exploiting other perceptual and cognitive abilities. One of the most natural ways to explore complex spaces is for a user to actively navigate through them, using local explorations and global summaries to develop intuitions about structure, and then testing the developing ideas by further exploration. This article provides a brief overview of a technique for visualizing surfaces defined over moderate-dimensional binary spaces, by recursively unfolding them onto a 2D hypergraph. We briefly summarize the uses of a freely available Web-based visualization tool, Hyperspace Graph Paper (HSGP), for exploring fitness landscapes and search algorithms in evolutionary computation. HSGP provides a way for a user to actively explore a landscape, from simple tasks such as mapping the neighborhood structure of different points, to seeing global properties such as the size and distribution of basins of attraction or how different search algorithms interact with landscape structure. It has been most useful for exploring recursive and repetitive landscapes, and its strength is that it allows intuitions to be developed through active navigation by the user, and exploits the visual system's ability to detect pattern and texture. The technique is most effective when applied to continuous functions over Boolean variables using 4 to 16 dimensions.

Testing predictions of macroscopic binary diffusion coefficients using lattice models with site heterogeneity

Quantitatively predicting mass transport rates for chemical mixtures in porous materials is important in applications of materials such as adsorbents, membranes, and catalysts. Because directly assessing mixture transport experimentally is challenging, theoretical models that can predict mixture diffusion coefficients using Only single-component information would have many uses. One such model was proposed by Skoulidas, Sholl, and Krishna (Langmuir, 2003, 19, 7977), and applications of this model to a variety of chemical mixtures in nanoporous materials have yielded promising results. In this paper, the accuracy of this model for predicting mixture diffusion coefficients in materials that exhibit a heterogeneous distribution of local binding energies is examined. To examine this issue, single-component and binary mixture diffusion coefficients are computed using kinetic Monte Carlo for a two-dimensional lattice model over a wide range of lattice occupancies and compositions. The approach suggested by Skoulidas, Sholl, and Krishna is found to be accurate in situations where the spatial distribution of binding site energies is relatively homogeneous, but is considerably less accurate for strongly heterogeneous energy distributions.

Heuristic algorithm for computing reversal distance with multigene families via binary integer programming

Hannenhalli and Pevzner developed the first polynomial-time algorithm for the combinatorial problem of sorting of signed genomic data. Their algorithm solves the minimum number of reversals required for rearranging a genome to another when gene duplication is nonexisting. In this paper, we show how to extend the Hannenhalli-Pevzner approach to genomes with multigene families. We propose a new heuristic algorithm to compute the reversal distance between two genomes with multigene families via the concept of binary integer programming without removing gene duplicates. The experimental results on simulated and real biological data demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is able to find the reversal distance accurately. ©2005 IEEE

The spatial pattern of child growth in Papua New Guinea

Child growth in PNG shows strong regional differences, with highlands children being generally shorter but stockier than those from lowland areas. Differences in diet, socioeconomic status and local subsistence agriculture were found to be important predictors of child growth. All variables indicating higher socioeconomic status were correlated with better growth, as was a high consumption of imported and local high quality foods such as cereals, legumes, tinned fish or meat and fresh fish. Differences in subsistence explained between 25% and 50% of the geographical variation in growth. Child growth was better in systems based on cassava and sweet potato, and worse in those where banana, sago and taro are staples. The cultivation of all major cash crops and sales of fish and food crops improved child growth. Birth weights show similar patterns to those observed in child growth. The implications of these findings for possible interventions are discussed.

Local luminance amplitude modulates the interpretation of shape-from-shading in textured surfaces

The pattern of illumination on an undulating surface can be used to infer its 3-D form (shape-from-shading). But the recovery of shape would be invalid if the luminance changes actually arose from changes in reflectance. So how does vision distinguish variation in illumination from variation in reflectance to avoid illusory depth? When a corrugated surface is painted with an albedo texture, the variation in local mean luminance (LM) due to shading is accompanied by a similar modulation in local luminance amplitude (AM). This is not so for reflectance variation, nor for roughly textured surfaces. We used depth mapping and paired comparison methods to show that modulations of local luminance amplitude play a role in the interpretation of shape-from-shading. The shape-from-shading percept was enhanced when LM and AM co-varied (in-phase) and was disrupted when they were out of phase or (to a lesser degree) when AM was absent. The perceptual differences between cue types (in-phase vs out-of-phase) were enhanced when the two cues were present at different orientations within a single image. Our results suggest that when LM and AM co-vary (in-phase) this indicates that the source of variation is illumination (caused by undulations of the surface), rather than surface reflectance. Hence, the congruence of LM and AM is a cue that supports a shape-from-shading interpretation. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Spectral pattern, grouping, and the pitches of complex tones and their components

Harmonically related components are typically heard as a unified entity with a rich timbre and a pitch corresponding to the fundamental frequency. Mistuning a component generally has four consequences: (i) the global pitch of the complex shifts in the same direction as the mistuning; (ii) the component makes a reduced contribution to global pitch; (iii) the component is heard out as a separate sound with a pure timbre; (iv) its pitch differs from that of a pure tone of equal frequency in a small but systematic way. Local interactions between neighbouring components cannot explain these effects; instead they are usually explained in terms of the global operation of a single harmonic-template mechanism. However, several observations indicate that separate mechanisms govern the selection of spectral components for perceptual fusion and for the computation of global pitch. First, an increase in mistuning causes a harmonic to be heard out before it begins to be excluded from the computation of global pitch. Second, a single even harmonic added to an odd-harmonic complex is typically more salient than its odd neighbours. Third, the mistuning of a component in frequency-shifted stimuli, or stimuli with a moderate spectral stretch, results in changes in salience and component pitch like those seen for harmonic stimuli. Fourth, the global pitch of frequency-shifted stimuli is predicted well by the weighted fit of a harmonic template, but, with the exception of the lowest component, the fusion of individual partials for shifted stimuli is best predicted by the common pattern of spectral spacing. Fifth, our sensitivity to spectral pattern is surprisingly resistant to random variations in component spacing induced by applying mistunings to several harmonics at once. These findings are evaluated in the context of an autocorrelogram model of the proposed pitch/grouping dissociation. © S. Hirzel Verlag · EAA.

The spatial pattern of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and A4 deposits in Alzheimer's disease

The spatial patterns of senile plaques (SP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) as visualised using the Gallyas stain and of discrete A4 protein deposits were determined in coronal serial sections from a variety of brain regions in six elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). These lesions showed clustering in virtually all tissues examined with many of the clusters being regularly spaced. These spatial patterns were compared with the clustering observed for SP and NFT stained by the Glees and Marsland method in the same tissues. The data suggest that on average, while the regular clusters of A4 deposits and NFT were of approximately the same mean diameter (3600 microns), clusters of both Glees and Gallyas SP were approximately half this diameter (1800 - 2000 microns). If SP develop in local areas of the brain where both A4 deposition and neurofibrillary changes have occurred, the data suggest that the SP clusters would represent the region of overlap of the A4 deposits and neurofibrillary changes. Various hypothese are advocated to explain the regular clsuetring of the A4 deposits.