Haloalkane degradation and assimilation by Rhodococcus rhodochrous NCIMB -13064

The bacterium Rhodococcus rhodochrous NCIMB 13064, isolated from an industrial site, could use a wide range of 1-haloalkanes as sole carbon source but apparently utilized several different mechanisms simultaneously for assimilation of substrate. Catabolism of 1-chlorobutane occurred mainly by attack at the C-1 atom by a hydrolytic dehalogenase with the formation of butanol which was metabolized via butyric acid. The detection of small amounts of gamma-butyrolactone in the medium suggested that some oxygenase attack at C-4 also occurred, leading to the formation of 4-chlorobutyric acid which subsequently lactonized chemically to gamma-butyrolactone. Although 1-chlorobutane-grown cells exhibited little dehalogenase activity on 1-chloroalkanes with chain lengths above C-10, the organism utilized such compounds as growth substrates with the release of chloride. Concomitantly, gamma-butyrolactone accumulated to 1 mM in the culture medium with 1-chlorohexadecane as substrate. Traces of 4-hydroxybutyric acid were also detected. It is suggested that attack on the long-chain chloroalkane is initiated by an oxygenase at the non-halogenated end of the molecule leading to the formation of an omega-chlorofatty acid. This is degraded by beta-oxidation to 4-chlorobutyric acid which is chemically lactonized to gamma-butyrolactone which is only slowly further catabolized via 4-hydroxybutyric acid and succinic acid. However, release of chloride into the medium during growth on long-chain chloroalkanes was insufficient to account for all the halogen present in the substrate. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of 1-chlorohexadecane-grown cells indicated that chlorofatty acids comprised 75% of the total fatty acid content with C-14:0, C-16:0, C-16:1, and C-18:1 acids predominating. Thus the incorporation of 16-chlorohexadecanoic acid, the product of oxygenase attack directly into cellular lipid represents a third route of chloroalkane assimilation. This pathway accounts at least in part for the incomplete mineralization of long-chain chloroalkane substrates. This is the first report of the coexistence of a dehalogenase and the ability to incorporate long-chain haloalkanes into the lipid fraction within a single organism and raises important questions regarding the biological treatment of haloalkane containing effluents.

Long-chain haloalkanes are incorporated into fatty-acids by Rhodococcus rhodochrous NCIMB-13064

The fatty acid composition of the cellular lipids of Rhodococcus rhodochrous NCIMB 13064 grown on various long-chain haloalkanes has been investigated and the influence of halogen substituents, carbon chain length and the position of halogen substitution in the growth substrate explored. Of the total fatty acids present in cells grown on 1-chloro-, 1-bromo- and 1-iodohexadecane, 75, 90 and 81%, respectively, were substituted in the omega-position by the corresponding halogen but only 1% of the fatty acids present after growth on 1-fluorotetradecane were fluorinated in this position. The extent of the halofatty acid incorporation with different halogen substituents in the growth substrate appears to reflect the degree to which oxygenase attack is restricted to the non-halogenated end of the haloalkane. Studies of the fatty acid composition of cells after growth on a series of 1-chloroalkanes containing an even number of carbon atoms between C-10 and C-18 indicated chlorofatty acid incorporation from C-12 to C-18 substrates at levels ranging from 21% with C-12 to 75% with C-16. The chlorofatty acids formed by initial oxidation of the chloroalkane were chain-lengthened or chain-shortened by from two to eight carbon atoms, with accompanying desaturation in some instances. Substantial quantities of a methyl-branched C-19:0 chlorofatty acid were also present with several chloroalkane substrates, When the fatty acid composition of cells after growth on 1-bromoalkanes containing an odd number of carbon atoms between C-11 and C-17 was examined, the incorporation of bromofatty acids was observed with C-13, C-15 and C-17 substrates; a maximum of 76% was recorded for the C-15 bromoalkane. As with even chain-length chloroalkanes, both chain-lengthening and -shortening occurred predominantly via two-carbon units so that most bromoacids present possessed an odd number of carbon atoms, When 1-bromododecane or 2-bromododecane were substrates, overall incorporations of bromofatty acids into the lipid fraction were very similar, demonstrating that the position of halogen substitution in the haloalkane was not critical in determining the extent of incorporation of the haloacids into cellular lipids. The results of the study indicate a mechanism by which degradation products of chlorinated paraffins could enter the biological food chain.

Chemical structural effects on γ-ray spectra of positron annihilation in fluorobenzenes

Spectra of ?-ray Doppler shifts for positron annihilation in benzene and its fluoro-derivatives are simulated using low energy plane wave positron (LEPWP) approximation. The results are compared with available measurements. It is found that the Doppler shifts in these larger aromatic compounds are dominated by the contributions of the valence electrons and that the LEPWP model overestimates the measurements by approximately 30%, in agreement with previous findings in noble gases and small molecules. It is further revealed that the halogen atoms not only switch the sign of the charges on carbon atoms that they bond to, but that they also polarize other C-H bonds in the molecule leading to a redistribution of the molecular electrostatic potentials. As a result, it is likely that the halogen atoms contribute more significantly to the annihilation process. The present study also suggests that, while the Doppler shifts are sensitive to the number of valence electrons in the molecules, they are less sensitive to the chemical structures of isomers that have the same numbers and type of atoms and, hence, the same numbers of electrons. Further investigation of this effect is warranted. © EDP Sciences, Società Italiana di Fisica, Springer-Verlag 2012.

Methane to higher hydrocarbons via halogenation

Activation of methane with a halogen followed by the metathesis of methyl halide is a novel route from methane to higher hydrocarbons or oxygenates. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that bromine is the most suitable halogen for this goal. Analysis of the published data on the reaction kinetics in a CSTR enabled us to judge on the effects of temperature, reactor residence time and the feed concentrations of bromine and methane to the conversion of methane and the selectivity towards mono or dibromomethane. The analysis indicated that high dibromomethane selectivity is attainable (over 90%) accompanied by high methane conversions. The metathesis of dibromomethane can provide an alternative route to the conversion of methane (natural gas) economically with smaller installations than the current syn-gas route. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Process for the preparation of water-soluble cellulose hydrolysis products.

The title process comprises admixing cellulose with an ionic liq. capable of solvating or dissolving at least some of the cellulose, the ionic liq. being a compd. comprised solely of cations and anions (e.g., 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium sulfate) and which exists in a liq. state at a temp. at or below 150°, the cations in the ionic liq. having the general formula R1Z(R2)(R3)R4: in which Z represents a nitrogen or phosphorus atom, R1 represents a Me or Et group, each of R2 and R3, which may be the same or different, is selected from C4-8alkyl, optionally-substituted benzyl, optionally-substituted Ph, and C5-7cycloalkyl, and R4 represents C1-8 alkyl, optionally-substituted benzyl, optionally-substituted Ph or C5-7cyclohexyl; in which the optional substituents on a benzyl or Ph ring are one, two or three substituents selected from C1-4alkyl or alkoxy groups, halogen atoms and nitro groups; and treating the resulting solvate or soln. with an acid in the presence of water, the acid having a pKa in water of less than 2 at 25°. [on SciFinder(R)]

Optimisation of singlet oxygen production from photosensitiser-incorporated, medically-relevant hydrogels

Photodynamic therapy and photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy are widely used, but despite this, the relationships between fluence, wavelength of irradiation and singlet oxygen (1O2) production are poorly understood. To establish the relationships between these factors in medically-relevant materials, the effect of fluence on 1O2 production from a tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphyrin (TMPyP)-incorporated 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate: methyl methacrylate: methacrylic acid (HEMA:MMA:MAA) copolymer, a total energy of 50.48 J/cm², was applied at varying illumination power, and times. 1O2 production was characterised using anthracene-9,10-dipropionic acid, disodium salt (ADPA) using a recently described method. Using two light sources, a white LED array and a white halogen source, the LED array was found to produce less 1O2 than the halogen source when the same power (over 500-600 nm) and time conditions were applied. Importantly, it showed that the longest wavelength Q band (590 nm) is primarily responsible for 1O2 generation, and that a linear relationship exists between increasing power and time and the production of singlet oxygen.

Optimization of singlet oxygen production from photosensitizer-incorporated, medically relevant hydrogels

Photodynamic therapy and photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy are widely used, but despite this, the relationships between fluence, wavelength of irradiation and singlet oxygen ((1) O2 ) production are poorly understood. To establish the relationships between these factors in medically relevant materials, the effect of fluence on (1) O2 production from a tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphyrin (TMPyP)-incorporated 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate: methyl methacrylate: methacrylic acid (HEMA: MMA:MAA) copolymer, a total energy of 50.48 J/cm(2) , was applied at varying illumination power, and times. (1) O2 production was characterized using anthracene-9,10-dipropionic acid, disodium salt (ADPA) using a recently described method. Using two light sources, a white LED array and a white halogen source, the LED array was found to produce less (1) O2 than the halogen source when the same power (over 500 - 600 nm) and time conditions were applied. Importantly, it showed that the longest wavelength Q band (590 nm) is primarily responsible for (1) O2 generation, and that a linear relationship exists between increasing power and time and the production of singlet oxygen. 

Photoinactivation of viruses by porphyrins

A inativação fotodinâmica tem sido usada com sucesso na inativação de microorganismos. Diversos aspetos da inativação fotodinâmica foram já estudados para diferentes microrganismos, contudo, existe ainda pouca informação disponível no que diz respeito à inativação de bacteriófagos por processos fotodinâmicos. Este trabalho pretendeu elucidar e avaliar vários aspetos da fotoinativação de vírus, em particular de bacteriófagos, incluindo (i) o efeito de diversos parâmetros de luz utilizados na fotoinativação de bacteriófagos; (ii) a eficiência da inativação fotodinâmica de diferentes tipos de bacteriófagos (fagos do tipo DNA e RNA); (iii) o principal mecanismo através do qual a inativação fotodinâmica tem lugar; (iv) o efeito da fotoinativação nas proteínas do bacteriófago; e (v) o possível desenvolvimento de resistência e recuperação da viabilidade após vários tratamentos fotodinâmicos consecutivos. Para avaliar o efeito dos diferentes parâmetros de luz, suspensões fágicas com 107 UFP mL-1 foram irradiadas com diferentes fontes e doses de luz, intensidades luminosas e tempos de irradiação (30,90 e 270 min) na presença de 0,5; 1,0 e 5,0 μM dos derivados porfirínicos catiónicos Tri- Py+-Me-PF e Tetra-Py+-Me. A eficiência da fotoinativação de diferentes fagos do tipo DNA e RNA, foi avaliada através da irradiação da suspensão fágica com luz branca (40 W m-2) durante 270 min na presença de 0,5 e 5,0 μM do derivado porfirínico Tri-Py+-Me-PF, respetivamente para os fagos do tipo RNA e DNA. O mecanismo através do qual a fotoinativação de fagos de DNA (fago do tipo T4) e de RNA (fago Qb) tem lugar foi avaliado por exposição da suspensão fágica à luz branca com uma potência de 40 W m-2, na presença de fotossensibilizador (Tri-Py+-Me-PF e Tetra-Py+-Me) e inibidores, quer do oxigénio singuleto (azida de sódio e L-histidina) quer de radicais livres (Dmanitol e L-cisteína). Os danos nas proteínas do fago do tipo T4, induzidos pelas espécies reativas de oxigénio geradas por 5,0 μM Tri-Py+-Me-PF, foram avaliados pelo método convencional de SDS-PAGE e por espectroscopia de infravermelho. O possível desenvolvimento de resistência e recuperação da viabilidade após a inativação fotodinâmica dos bacteriófagos foi avaliado após dez ciclos consecutivos de tratamento fotodinâmico incompletos (120 min sob irradiação de luz branca a uma potência de 40 W m-2) na presença de 5,0 μM do derivado porfirínico Tri-Py+-Me-PF. Os resultados deste trabalho mostraram que (i) quando uma quantidade de energia (dose de luz) determinada foi aplicada numa suspensão fágica, a partir de uma mesma fonte irradiação, a fotoinactivação do fago foi tanto mais eficiente quanto mais baixa foi a potência luminosa aplicada; (ii) os bacteriófagos foram eficientemente inativados até ao limite de deteção (redução de 6-7 log); (ii) os fagos do tipo RNA foram inativados mais facilmente do que os fagos do tipo DNA (tempos de exposição mais curtos e com concentração de fotossensibilizador dez vezes menor do que a usada para inativar os fagos do tipo DNA); (iii) o mecanismo do tipo II (via produção de oxigénio singuleto) foi o principal mecanismo através do qual a fotoinativação dos bacteriófagos teve lugar; (iv) foi possível detectar danos no perfil proteico após tratamento fotodinâmico e a espectroscopia de infravermelho apresentou-se como uma metodologia promissora de screening para avaliação dos danos induzidos pela inativação fotodinâmica em proteínas; e (v) após dez ciclos consecutivos de tratamento fotodinâmico, o fago do tipo T4 não revelou nenhum tipo de resistência ao tratamento fotodinâmico nem recuperou a sua viabilidade. Como conclusão, a inativação fotodinâmica microbiana é uma tecnologia bastante eficaz para a fotoinativação de bacteriófagos do tipo DNA e RNA sem invólucro, a qual pode ser considerada como uma alternativa ao tratamento convencional com agentes antivíricos, mesmo com intensidades luminosas baixas, sem o risco associado de desenvolvimento de mecanismos de resistência.

Síntese de receptores para o reconhecimento e transporte de aniões

Nesta tese, realizada no âmbito do Programa Doutoral em Química da Universidade de Aveiro, foram desenvolvidas duas famílias de receptores sintéticos: macrocíclicos baseados na plataforma tetraazacalix[2]areno[2]triazina; e acíclicos construídos a partir de diaminas simples. A plataforma macrocíclica foi decorada nos átomos de azoto em ponte com unidades de reconhecimento molecular contendo fragmentos com grupos amida para o reconhecimento de aniões ou com grupos ácidos carboxílicos para a coordenação de metais de transição. Os receptores acíclicos foram obtidos por acoplamento de diaminas (etilenodiamina, orto-fenilenodiamina ou 2-aminobenzilamina) com uma unidade lipofílica incorporando um anel heterocíclico (derivados de oxadiazole ou furano) e com um derivado isocianato. Estas moléculas assimétricas com um grupo amida e um grupo ureia como unidades de reconhecimento molecular foram avaliadas como receptores e transportadores transmembranares de aniões biologicamente relevantes (Cl- e HCO3-). Os resultados experimentais obtidos serão descritos ao longo de três capítulos, após um primeiro capítulo bibliográfico. No Capítulo 1 começa-se por fazer uma revisão bibliográfica sucinta sobre o desenvolvimento recente de receptores funcionais baseados em azacalixarenos bem como das suas aplicações, designadamente no reconhecimento molecular. Numa segunda parte apresenta-se uma revisão sucinta de receptores derivados de (tio)ureias, relacionados com os receptores sintetizados no âmbito desta tese e com propriedades de reconhecimento e transporte transmembranar de aniões. No Capítulo 2 reporta-se uma série de macrociclos novos com os átomos de azoto em ponte de tetraazacalix[2]areno[2]triazina funcionalizados com bromoacetato de metilo. Foram preparados três novos macrociclos com quatro grupos éster, como braços pendentes, a partir de percursores tetraazacalix[2]areno[2]triazina com os anéis de triazina substituídos com cloro, metilamina ou hexilamina. Os grupos acetato foram hidrolisados em condições básicas, tendo cada um dos derivados dialquilamina originado um composto com quatro grupo carboxílicos, enquanto o análogo diclorado originou uma mistura de compostos com dois grupos carboxílico e com os átomos de cloro substituídos por grupos hidroxilo. Subsequentemente, as propriedades de coordenação dos derivados alquilamina para cobre(II) foram avaliadas por espectroscopia de UV-Vis, tendo-se obtido constantes de estabilidades semelhantes (logk ≈ 6,7). No Capítulo 3 descrevem-se três macrociclos obtidos através da funcionalização dos átomos de azoto em ponte de tetraazacalix[2]areno[2]triazina com grupos amida derivados de N-Boc-etilenodiamina, benzilamina e (S)-metilbenzilamina. A afinidade destes receptores para a série de aniões carboxilato (oxalato, malonato, succinato, glutarato, diglicolato, pimelato, suberato, fumarato, maleato, ftalato e isoftalato) e inorgânicos (Cl-, H2PO4- e SO42-) por titulação de RMN de 1H, foi avaliada. Estes macrociclos conjuntamente com os descritos no Capítulo 2 são os primeiros exemplos reportados na literatura de receptores sintéticos baseados na plataforma de tetraazacalix[2]areno[2]triazina com grupos funcionais nos azotos em ponte. O receptor derivado de N-Boc-etilenodiamina, com oito grupos N-H, entre os três receptores, é o que apresenta maior afinidade para os aniões estudados. No Capítulo 4 é descrita a síntese 59 compostos acíclicos (vide supra) obtidos em três passos de síntese com bons rendimentos. No design desta biblioteca de moléculas a afinidade para aniões dos grupos ureia foi modelada pela inserção de diferentes substituintes arilo ou alquilo, com propriedades electrónicas distintas. A introdução destes grupos em conjugação com um anel de oxadiazole ou furano permitiu também modelar a lipofília destes compostos. A afinidade destes receptores para aniões cloreto e bicarbonato, e em alguns casos para fumarato e maleato, foi investigada por titulação de RMN de 1H. Estes compostos apresentaram constantes de associações compatíveis com o transporte transmembranar de cloreto. Por outro lado estes receptores apresentaram afinidades elevadas para fumarato e maleato, com seletividade para este último. São também discutidos os resultados dos ensaios de transporte de cloreto por estes receptores através de vesículas de em POPC. No Capítulo 5 encontram-se as conclusões gerais desta tese de Doutoramento. No Capitulo 6 encontram-se os dados espectroscópicos e os restantes detalhes experimentais para todos os compostos sintetizados.

Estudo de retardantes de chama, isentes de halogéneos, em espumas de poliuretano monocomponente

Estágio de natureza profissional para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química

Exchange reactions of organic halides and organo-silicon compounds with boron tribromide and boron triiodide

Reactions of the boron halides with organic halides and organo-silicon compounds have been investigated. The results show exchange of halogens between the BX3 (X = Br# 1) and the organic halidef exchange of the halogen of the C-X bond being proved. The rates of halogen exchange vary. Reaction of the heavier halides with organo-silicon compounds indicated that the silicon-carbon bonds ruptured in the absence of electronegative atom attached to the silicon. The presence of an electronegative atom (halogen or oxygen) attached to the silicon causes the bond between the silicon and the electronegative atom to be preferentially broken. Products of exchange reactions of the boron halides and the organic halides or the organo-silicon compounds were studied by use of 1H NMR and GC/MS. From these results some possible mechanisms for the exchange reactions are postulated, but further work is indicated to prove the real courses of the reactions

NMR studies of the exchange reactions of CH3CN.BX3 with excess CH3CN /|nJoseph Fogelman. -- 260 St. Catharines, Ont. : [s. n.],

Exchange reactions between molecular complexes and excess acid or base are well known and have been extensively surveyed in the literature(l). Since the exchange mechanism will, in some way involve the breaking of the labile donor-acceptor bond, it follows that a discussion of the factors relating to bonding in molecular complexes will be relevant. In general, a strong Lewis base and a strong Lewis acid form a stable adduct provided that certain stereochemical requirements are met. A strong Lewis base has the following characteristics (1),(2) (i) high electron density at the donor site. (ii) a non-bonded electron pair which has a low ionization potential (iii) electron donating substituents at the donor atom site. (iv) facile approach of the site of the Lewis base to the acceptor site as dictated by the steric hindrance of the substituents. Examples of typical Lewis bases are ethers, nitriles, ketones, alcohols, amines and phosphines. For a strong Lewis acid, the following properties are important:( i) low electron density at the acceptor site. (ii) electron withdrawing substituents. (iii) substituents which do not interfere with the close approach of the Lewis base. (iv) availability of a vacant orbital capable of accepting the lone electron pair of the donor atom. Examples of Lewis acids are the group III and IV halides such (M=B, AI, Ga, In) and MX4 - (M=Si, Ge, Sn, Pb). The relative bond strengths of molecular complexes have been investigated by:- (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v] (vi) dipole moment measurements (3). shifts of the carbonyl peaks in the IIIR. (4) ,(5), (6) .. NMR chemical shift data (4),(7),(8),(9). D.V. and visible spectrophotometric shifts (10),(11). equilibrium constant data (12), (13). heats of dissociation and heats of reactions (l~), (16), (17), (18), (19). Many experiments have bben carried out on boron trihalides in order to determine their relative acid strengths. Using pyridine, nitrobenzene, acetonitrile and trimethylamine as reference Lewis bases, it was found that the acid strength varied in order:RBx3 > BC1 3 >BF 3 • For the acetonitrile-boron trihalide and trimethylamine boron trihalide complexes in nitrobenzene, an-NMR study (7) showed that the shift to lower field was. greatest for the BB~3 adduct ~n~ smallest for the BF 3 which is in agreement with the acid strengths. If electronegativities of the substituents were the only important effect, and since c~ Br ,one would expect the electron density at the boron nucleus to vary as BF3halogen and the boron atoms has been proposed as the predominating factor, i.e. ~rt- back-bond between a lone electron pair on the halogen and the vacant orbital on the boron site. The degree of back-bonding varies inversely as the bo~on halogen distance and one would therefore expect the B-F bond to exhibit greater back-bonding character than the B-Cl or B-Br bonds. Since back-bonding transfers electron density from substituent to the boron atom site, this process would be expected to weaken the Lewis acid strength. This explains the Lewis acid strength increasing in the order BF 3 BC1 3 BBr 3 . When the acetonitrile boron trihalide complex is formed, the boron atom undergoes ~_cbange of hybridization from sp2 to sp3. From a linear relationship between the heat of formation of ethyl acetate adducts and the shift in the carbonyl I.R. stretch, Drago (22) et al have proposed that the angular di~tortion of the X-B-X bonds from sp2 (12 ) to sp3 (10 hybridization is proportional to the amount of charge transferred, i.e. to the nature of the base, and they have rejected the earlier concept of reorganization energy in explaining the formation of the adduct bond (19).

Studies of tetrahedral haloboron cations of pyridines and aliphatic tertiary amines

The preparation of the haloboron cations D2BF2 + and DD'BF 2+, where D=R3N or a pyridine, has been systematically . 19 11 studied uS1ng F and B n.m.r. Both types of amines form numerous difluoroboron cations by heavy halogen displacement from D.BF 2X (X=CI,Br) adducts. Previously, D.BFX2 (X=CI,Br) adducts of aliphatic tertiary amines were unreactive towards cation formation. However, with the more-reactive pyridines, D.BFX 2 adducts formed new monofluoroboron cations D2BFX+ In non-fluorinated D.BX Y3 systems for n -n both pyridines and R3N, haloboron cations of type D2BX2 + and D2BXY+ can be similarly prepared. FAB-MS studies of ionic salts of our haloboron cations resulted in m/z peaks characteristic of D2 BX2 + and its f ragmentation products. These results s upport our n.m.r. solution s t u d ies. Pairwise interaction n . m.r . parameters for tetrahedral boron halide species were def i ned, then used to assist confirmation of our haloboron cations.

Synthesis and properties of some 4H-1, 3, 4 benzothiadiazines /|nby Darko J. Vukov. -- 260 St. Catharines, Ont. : [s. n.],

The work herein has been divided into five sections. In the first section, a new method of converting N-aroyl- hydrazines to hydrazidic halides is described. The second section deals with the products of reaction of hydrazidic halides with thioacetate ion in acetonitrile at room temperature. A number of new acetylthiohydrazides has been isolated together with corresponding hyclrazidic sulphides. Examination of x-ray data for bis-[~ -(2,6- dibromophenylhydrazono) - benZYl] sulphide revealpd the symmetrical structure as the most probable. In the third section, which consists of the three subsections, the synthesis of the 4H-l,3,4 benzothiadiazine ring system has been extended to 4H-l,3,4 benzothiadiazines with substituents in the 5 and 6-positions. Extension of synthesis also involves 4H-l,3,4 benzothiadiazines with mora than one substituent. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of 5 and 6 substituted 4H-l,3,4 benzothiadiazines have been ,. recorded. The section ends with a discussion of the mass spectra of some 4H-l.3,4 benzothiadiazines. In the fourth section, which is divided into two sub- -sections, preparation of 7-nitro substituted 4H-l,3,4 benzothiadiazine from N-thiobenzoyl hydrazine and2,4-dinitro -fluorobenzene is found to be satisfactory. Thiohydrazides react with acetic anhydride, in some cases, to give products identical with acetylthiohydrazides obtained from the hydrazidic halides with thioacetate ion at room temperature. In most of the cases thiohydrazides are found to give anomalous products on reaction with acetic anhydride and mechanisms for their formation are discussed. In the fifth section, which forms three subsections, the 4H-l,3,4 benzothiadiazine ring system with a halogen substituent in the 7-position undergoes electrophilic attack preferentially in 5-posi tion. \fuen the 5-posi tion is occupied by a halogen atom, electrophilic substitution occurs at the 7-position of 4H-l,3,4 benzothiadiazine ring system. Substitution at the 4-nitrogen atom in 4H w l,3,4 benzo- -thiadiazine is extremely slow, probably due to delocalisa- -tion of the nitrogen lone pair in the system. Oxidation of 4H-l,3,4 benzothiadiazines occurs at the sulphur atom under relatively mild conditions. t The Appendix deals with the reaction of N-benzoyl-N - -(2,5-dibromophenyl)hydrazine with p-nitrothiophenol~ The proposed p-nitrothiophenoxy - intermediate may undergo benzothiadiazine formation in a proton exchange system.

The vibrational spectra and the normal coordinate analysis of thiocarbonye halides /|nby C. R. Subramaniam. -- 260 St. Catharines, Ont. : [s. n.],

The infrared and the Raman spectra of eSelF has been obtained for the first time and has been analysed to give the in-plane normal vibrational frequencies of the molecule, in the ground state. A normal co-ordinate analysis has been carried out for the molecules CSF2, CSClF and eSel 2 using a Urey-Bradley type of potential function and the elements of the [L] matrix elements, the distribution of the potential energy in Urey-Bradley space, and the displacement vector diagrams for the normal modes of vibration for these molecules, have been obtained. The bond for~e constants obtained through the normal co-ordinate analysis, have given some interesting results. The stretching force constant, Kes ' varies markedly with halogen substitution and the force constants KeF and Keel also vary with substitution.