Using the interaural time difference and cross-correlation to localise short-term complex noises

The mammalian binaural cue of interaural time difference (ITD) and cross-correlation have long been used to determine the point of origin of a sound source. The ITD can be defined as the different points in time at which a sound from a single location arrives at each individual ear [1]. From this time difference, the brain can calculate the angle of the sound source in relation to the head [2]. Cross-correlation compares the similarity of each channel of a binaural waveform producing the time lag or offset required for both channels to be in phase with one another. This offset corresponds to the maximum value produced by the cross-correlation function and can be used to determine the ITD and thus the azimuthal angle θ of the original sound source. However, in indoor environments, cross-correlation has been known to have problems with both sound reflections and reverberations. Additionally, cross-correlation has difficulties with localising short-term complex noises when they occur during a longer duration waveform, i.e. in the presence of background noise. The crosscorrelation algorithm processes the entire waveform and the short-term complex noise can be ignored. This paper presents a technique using thresholding which enables higher-localisation abilities for short-term complex sounds in the midst of background noise. To determine the success of this thresholding technique, twenty-five sounds were recorded in a dynamic and echoic environment. The twenty-five sounds consist of hand-claps, finger-clicks and speech. The proposed technique was compared to the regular cross-correlation function for the same waveforms, and an average of the azimuthal angles determined for each individual sample. The sound localisation ability for all twenty-five sound samples is as follows: average of the sampled angles using cross-correlation: 44%; cross-correlation technique with thresholding: 84%. From these results, it is clear that this proposed technique is very successful for the localisation of short-term complex sounds in the midst of background noise and in a dynamic and echoic indoor environment.

Factores de no adhesión al tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar factores determinantes de la no adhesión al tratamiento de los hipertensos en municipio brasileño. Estudio de corte transversal, descriptivo y de enfoque cuantitativo, en el periodo de noviembre de 2012 a abril de 2013. Participaron 138 pacientes hipertensos, siendo 65,9% de sexo femenino, con media de edad de 60,5 años (DP=11,32), 71% con la escolaridad de primer grado incompleto y renta individual de 1 a 2 salarios mínimos. En relación a la ocupación, 39,9% eran jubilados y 21,7% estaban en casa. Entre los factores que contribuyen a la no adhesión al tratamiento 70,3% dos pacientes refirieron aspectos personales. La adhesión fue de 15,9% para el tratamiento no farmacológico y 21% para tratamiento farmacológico. Percibimos la necesidad de nuevas investigaciones en la atención primaria con pacientes hipertensos y desarrollar acciones multiprofesionales que busquen estimular la adhesión al tratamiento de los hipertensos asistidos en el municipio estudiado.

Gastric evacuation and feeding in the gilthead sea bream reared under semi-intensive conditions

Gastric evacuation rates of the gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, fed with commercial pelleted food and polychaetes (Nereis diversicolor) were determined under experimental conditions. The estimated gastric evacuation rate for pelleted food was 7.97% h(-1), with a total time of digestion of approximately 9 h. The respective values for the natural food were 6.24% h(-1), with a total digestion time of approximately 12 h. The daily consumption of fish reared in earth ponds in a semi-intensive aquaculture facility was estimated through 24h cycles performed between April and August. The daily consumption varied from 18.58 to 31.98 mg g(-1). There was a constant increase in the average daily consumption per individual of 1.8-4.6 g (dry weight). During these cycles, samples of stomachs were taken and the contents preserved for further observation. The feeding behaviour of the reared fish was compared with a fish sample caught in the Ria Formosa lagoon. No common species were found between samples. A total of 38 prey were identified, which suggests that the gilthead sea bream is a non-specific predator. Despite the high abundance of natural prey in the ponds, the dependence of sea bream on pelleted food was high.

The Las Campanas/AAT Rich Cluster Survey - II. The environmental dependence of galaxy colours in clusters at z similar to 0.1

We present a photometric investigation of the variation in galaxy colour with environment in 11 X-ray-luminous clusters at 0.07 less than or equal to z less than or equal to 0.16 taken from the Las Campanas/AAT Rich Cluster Survey. We study the properties of the galaxy populations in individual clusters, and take advantage of the homogeneity of the sample to combine the clusters together to investigate weaker trends in the composite sample. We find that modal colours of galaxies lying on the colour-magnitude relation in the clusters become bluer by d(B - R)/dr(p) = -0.022 +/- 0.004 from the cluster core out to a projected radius of r(p) = 6 Mpc, further out in radius than any previous study. We also examine the variation in modal galaxy colour with local galaxy density, 2, for galaxies lying close to the colour-magnitude relation, and find that the median colour shifts bluewards by d(B - R)/d log(10)(Sigma) = -0.076 +/- 0.009 with decreasing local density across three orders of magnitude. We show that the position of the red envelope of galaxies in the colour-magnitude relation does not vary as a function of projected radius or density within the clusters, suggesting that the change in the modal colour results from an increasing fraction of bluer galaxies within the colour-magnitude relation, rather than a change in the colours of the whole population. We show that this shift in the colour-magnitude relations with projected radius and local density is greater than that expected from the changing morphological mix based on the local morphology-density relation. We therefore conclude that we are seeing a real change in the properties of galaxies on the colour-magnitude relation in the outskirts of clusters. The simplest interpretation of this result (and similar constraints in local clusters) is that an increasing fraction of galaxies in the lower density regions at large radii within clusters exhibit signatures of star formation in the recent past, signatures which are not seen in the evolved galaxies in the highest density regions.

No. 1. of the New-milk cheese, or The comi-heroick theunderclap, a semi-globular publication, without beginning and without end. /

At head of title: (April 16, 1807)

Organizational, intermediate (field), (direct and general support), and depot maintenance repair parts and special tools list : engine, gasoline, 6 HP, military standard models, DOD model 4A032-1, 4A032-2, NSN 2805-00-776-0483, 2805-00-068-7512.

"April 1977."

Operator's and organizational maintenance manual : water purification unit, van-type, body mounted, electric driven, AC, 115, 208 V, single- and 3-phase, 60 hertz, 1/20 to 2 hp, 3000 gph (MET-PRO model 3000V), NSN 4610-00-168-1799.

"18 June 1980."

Operators, organizational, direct support, and general support maintenance manual : water purification unit, 420 gallons per hour, electric driven, 115V, single phase, 60 hertz 1/20 to 1 1/4 hp (Litton Systems, Inc. model LPU 420-1), FSN 4610-012-5490.

"1 October 1969"--P. i.

Operator's manual : grinding machine, machine tool attachment, internal and external grinding, 5" maximum external diameter wheel, 1/4" minimum internal diameter wheel, 4,600 to 42,400 rpm spindle speed, 1/2 hp, AC/DC, 115 V, 60-C, single phase (Dumore series 5) ...

"October 1967."

Operator and organizational maintenance manual (including repair parts and special tools list) : cleaner, steam pressure, jet, trailer mounted, kerosene or light diesel oil fired, electric motor, 1 hp, 115 V, AC/DC, 60 C, SGLE-PH (Geranco Manufacturing Corporation, model GS-400) (4940-865-4738).

"June 1967."

Operator, organizational, intermediate (field), (direct support and general support), and depot level maintenance manual : engine, gasoline, 6 HP, military standard models, DOD model 4A032-1, 4A032-2, NSN 2805-00-776-0483, 2805-00-068-7512.

Includes index.

Organizational, intermediate (field) (direct support and general support) and depot maintenance repair parts and special tools list : engine, gasoline, 1 1/2 HP; military standard models (model 1A08-1, NSN 2805-00-601-5181), (model 1A08-II, NSN 2805-00-714-8552), (model 1A08-III, NSN 2805-00-068-7510).

"Department of the Marine Corps stock list, SL-4-81283B."

Organizational, direct support and general support maintenance repair parts and special tools list (including depot maintenance repair parts and special tools) : engine, gasoline, 14 HP (military standard model A042) used on truck, platform, (utility 1/2 ton, 4 x 4, M274A2, NSN 2805-00-017-8680).

Includes index.

Organizational, intermediate (field), direct, and general support and depot maintenance repair parts and special tools list : engine, gasoline, 3 HP, military standard models (model 2A016-1, NSN 2805-00-601-5127) (model 2A016-2, NSN 2805-00-714-8553) (model 2A016-3, NSN 2805-00-072-4871).

"United States Marine Corps stock list SL-4-03521A."

Organizational maintenance repair parts and special tools lists : water purification unit, van-type, body mounted, electric driven, AC, 115/208 V, single and 3 phase, 60 hertz, 1/20 to 2 hp, 1500 GPH, model EMC-1500S, NSN 4610-01-037-8746.

"15 May 1980."