Preferência por substratos escuros no C. auratus: influência das condições de luz no alojamento

Pós-graduação em Psicologia do Desenvolvimento e Aprendizagem - FC

No evidence of UV cone input to mono- and biphasic horizontal cells in the goldfish retina

Many animal species make use of ultraviolet (UV) light in a number of behaviors, such as feeding and mating. The goldfish (Carassius auratus) is among those with a UV photoreceptor and pronounced UV sensitivity. Little is known, however, about the retinal processing of this input. We addressed this issue by recording intracellularly from second-order neurons in the adult goldfish retina. In order to test whether cone-driven horizontal cells (HCs) receive UV cone inputs, we performed chromatic adaptation experiments with mono- and biphasic HCs. We found no functional evidence of a projection from the UV-sensitive cones to these neurons in adult animals. This suggests that goldfish UV receptors may contact preferentially triphasic HCs, which is at odds with the hypothesis that all cones contact all cone-driven HC types. However, we did find evidence of direct M-cone input to monophasic HCs, favoring the idea that cone-HC contacts are more promiscuous than originally proposed. Together, our results suggest that either UV cones have a more restricted set of post-synaptic partners than the other three cone types, or that the UV input to mono- and biphasic HCs is not very pronounced in adult animals.

Herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis virus (CyHV-2) infection: case studies from commercial goldfish farms

Herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis is a disease of goldfish, Carassius auratus, caused by Cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (CyHV-2) infection. Quantitative PCR was carried out on tissue homogenates from healthy goldfish fingerlings, broodfish, eggs and fry directly sampled from commercial farms, from moribund fish submitted to our laboratory for disease diagnosis, and on naturally-infected CyHV-2 carriers subjected to experimental stress treatments. Healthy fish from 14 of 18 farms were positive with copy numbers ranging from tens to 10(7) copies mu g(-1) DNA extracted from infected fish. Of 118 pools of broodfish tested, 42 were positive. The CyHV-2 was detected in one lot of fry produced from disinfected eggs. Testing of moribund goldfish, in which we could not detect any other pathogens, produced 12 of 30 cases with 10(6)-10(8) copies of CyHV-2 mu g(-1) DNA extracted. Subjecting healthy CyHV-2 carriers to cold shock (22-10 degrees C) but not heat, ammonia or high pH, increased viral copy numbers from mean copy number (+/- SE) of 7.3 +/- 11 to 394 +/- 55 mu g(-1) DNA extracted after 24 h. CyHV-2 is widespread on commercial goldfish farms and outbreaks apparently occur when healthy carriers are subjected to a sharp temperature drop followed by holding at the permissive temperature for the disease.

Carboxilesterase como biomarcador de hipoxia em peixes

Quando as esterases acetilcolinesterase (AChE), butirilcolinesterase (BChE) e carboxilesterase (CarbE) hidrolisam ésteres de fosfato seus sítios ativos sofrem fosfatação inibitória. Por isto, tal fosfatação pode proteger seres vivos contra o espalhamento de xenobióticos organofosforados dentro de seus corpos, já que estas enzimas têm a capacidade de captar moléculas de pesticidas organofosforados estequiometricamente. Os organismos terrestres vivem em um ambiente com mais oxigênio do que os organismos aquáticos. Na água, quando o nível de oxigênio atinge aproximadamente 2,6 mg/L o ambiente está em hipoxia. Este fenômeno afeta ecossistemas aquáticos, uma vez que muitos organismos não conseguem se adaptar à baixa do oxigênio. Estudamos peixes em hipoxia e hiperoxia para entender melhor a bioquímica do funcionamento de suas enzimas captadoras de organofosforados quando eles estão expostos às variações físico-químicas de seus habitats. Dois grupos de no mínimo seis pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus), seis peixes dourados (Carassius auratus auratus), seis tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus niloticus), seis piavussus (Leporinus macrocephalus), seis apaiaris (Astronotus ocellatus), ou seis carpas (Cyprinus carpio carpio) foram aclimatados à temperatura ambiente em dois aquários de 250 L. No primeiro aquário, pelo menos três animais ensaio de cada espécie sofreram hipoxia por diminuição da concentração de oxigênio até 0,5 mg/L através de borbulhamento de nitrogênio na água. Quando estes animais atingiram a hipoxia foram mantidos a 0,5 mg/L de oxigênio por 6, 8, 24 ou, no máximo, por 42 horas. Três peixes controle de cada espécie foram mantidos em normoxia (4,5 até 7,0 mg/L de oxigênio). Após estes tempos houve a retirada de cerca de 3,5 mL de sangue e dos fígados. Depois de coagular, o sangue foi centrifugado para retirada do soro sobrenadante, que foi usado como amostra para ensaios das esterases. Os fígados foram armazenados em freezer a -70 C e, no momento do ensaio, homogeneizados e centrifugados para obter as frações citosólica e microssomal. As atividades das esterases foram ensaiadas em espectrofotômetro com os substratos acetiltiocolina, butiriltiocolina ou p-nitrofenilacetato. As atividades sobre p-nitrofenilacetato (CarbE) do soro e do fígado sofreram queda em todos os exemplares das espécies submetidos à hipoxia. Tipicamente, esta atividade caiu cerca de 50% nos soros de pacus mantidos por 42 h sob concentrações de oxigênio abaixo de 1,0 mg/L. O tempo para que ocorresse a queda desta atividade enzimática variou de espécie para espécie.

Bacterial flora associated with diseased fish and their antibiogram

Bacterial flora associated with tail rot/fin rot of Carassius auratus, Xiphophorus helleri and hemorrhagic ulcers of Clarias spp were studied. Sensitivity pattern of 33 isolates comprising Aeromonas spp, Pseudomonas spp and Gram-positive rods from diseased C. auratus, X. helleri and Clarias spp were screened against six broad-spectrum antibiotics viz. ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, gentamycin, nitro-furantoin and oxytetracycline. Ciprofloxacin was the most effective in inhibiting bacteria at 0.05-0.10 µg/ml level. About 44% of Pseudomonas spp. was resistant to nitrofurantoin. Resistance to oxytetracycline was seen in 27% of Aeromonas spp Gram-positive rods were comparatively more resistant to antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistances were seen in 21% of the bacterial isolates of diseased fish.

Effects of dietary supplementation of commercial human probiotic and antibiotic on the growth rate and content of intestinal microflora in ornamental fishes

The effects of dietary supplementation of commercial human probiotic, Lactobacil and antibiotic, oxytetracycline on the growth, survival, disease resistance and content of intestinal microflora in two ornamental fishes, viz., goldfish, Carassius auratus and swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri were studied. The total wet weight gain, food conversion ratio and specific growth rate of C. auratus did not vary significantly (p>0.05) among treatments. While in X. helleri, significant differences existed in the total wet weight gain, survival, food conversion ratio and specific growth rate among treatment groups (p<0.05). The counts of antibiotic resistant bacteria in fish gut increased with days of culture in all the treatments and the increase was more in antibiotic fed fishes. A reduction in the development of antibiotic resistance among the bacterial flora of fish gut was noticed in probiotic fed groups of C auratus and X. helleri. The results of the present study revealed that the effects of human probiotic on the growth, survival and disease resistance of ornamental fishes are variable and difficult to reproduce the similar effect on different species.

Study ectoparasite infestation of 10 common imported freshwater ornamental fish species

In the present study, ectoparasite infestation of common freshwater ornamental fish species imported into Iran including: Dwarf gourami (Colisa lalia), Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare), Oscar (Astronatus ocellatus), Red eye Tetra ( Moenkhansia Sanctaefilomenae), Barb( Capoeta tetrazona), Arowana (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum), Goldfish(Carassius auratus), Red fin Shark (Lebeo elythrurus, Catfish (Hypostomus plecostomus) and Pangasius sutchi ( Pangasius hypophthalmus) from May until April was investigated.A total of 6 specimens sample of each fish species) randomly were obtained and taken alive to the lab. After observing gill and skin wet smear under the microscope , gill was dissected and examined carefully .Photo and films were taken from the isolated parasites and parasite identification was performed according to Yamaguti AP1), Bychowsky (■Y).From a total of examined fishes 1\ ► sample (YY.V.) were parasitized .Parasite groups that were observed consisting ciliated protozoan myxosporidian , monogenean Digenean metacercaria and crustacean .The only non-parasitized fish was Barb. Monogenea Trianchoratus sp. , Cleidodiscus sp. , Ancylodiscoides sp. , Thaparocleidus sp. , Centrocestus formosanus metacercaria and Myxobolus longisporus report for the first time in ornamental fish which imported from Southeast of Asia to Iran. According to the results, it seems that severe quarantine and sanitary rules are necessary.

萍乡肉红鲫的性腺发育研究

萍乡肉红鲫(Pingxiang red-transparent crucian carp,Carassius auratusL.)是在江西省萍乡地区分布的天然三倍体鲫突变体经人工选育后获得的遗传性状基本稳定的后代,具有两性生殖和雌核生殖两种生殖方式。研究以F5代萍乡肉红鲫为材料,自孵化后每满1个月开始取性腺,观察了其卵巢1周年性成熟和精巢的发育过程,结果表明萍乡肉红鲫的性腺为1年成熟类型。卵巢发育进程可以分为6个时期,卵母细胞发育相应可分为6个时相。统计了卵巢成熟系数周年变化,体重为95 g左右的雌性萍乡

天然三倍体鲫鱼突变体萍乡肉红鲫线粒体细胞色素b基因序列分析

用细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因特异性引物,对萍乡肉红鲫(Carassius auratus var.pingxiangnensis)的线粒体Cytb基因进行PCR扩增和双向测序。在12个个体中均得到序列一致的Cytb基因全序列,长度为1 140 bp。其A、T、G、C含量分别为28.2%(321)、28.8%(328)、14.8%(170)和28.2%(321),A+T含量(57%)明显高于G+C含量(43%),与其他水生动物相同基因片段碱基含量相似。该基因中密码子第1位核苷酸中4种碱基组成较为均衡;第2

银鲫卵母细胞特异表达凝集素的抗体制备及其定位分析

银鲫卵母细胞特异的凝集素(Gibel carp oocyte-specific lectin,GOL)是经差减杂交筛选出来的。本研究采用原核表达方法,利用Pinpoint-T载体表达了该凝集素的部分肽段(从22到214个氨基酸),并经纯化用来免疫家兔制备多克隆抗体。采用免疫荧光共定位方法,证明该凝集素是卵母细胞中皮质颗粒的成分之一。

甘草粗提物对鲫的抗应激及免疫保护功效研究

采用腹腔注射和混饲投喂两种方式研究中药甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fiseh)粗提物对鲫(Carassius auratus)的抗应激和免疫保护功效。将一部分粗提物按0.5%和2%的质量分数制成药饵投喂实验鲫,分别在第14 d、28 d、35 d、42 d、56 d采集血样;将另一部分粗提物用无菌生理盐水按0.5%和2%的浓度配成针剂腹腔注射鲫,分别在第3 d、7 d、14 d、21 d、28 d采集血样。结果显示:投喂实验中药物组和对照组血清皮质醇水平均呈先升后降趋势,除第14 d

甘草粗提物对鲫的免疫调节作用

本研究对中药甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fiseh)进行了粗提,将粗提物按0.5%和2%的质量分数制成药饵投喂鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)后,于第14天、28天、35天、42天5、6天采样检测其免疫指标。结果显示,低剂量组试验鱼血清溶菌酶活性逐渐升高,高剂量组在35d达到最大值(205.5±28.8)U/mL,之后略有下降。低剂量组和高剂量组试验鱼血清杀菌活性均有所波动,波动范围分别为62.0%—73.1%和75.0%—83.3%,就各期而言,对照组、低剂量组和高剂量组

金鱼Prox1基因cDNA的克隆及其在眼睛发育中的表达分析

脊椎动物的Prox1基因,与果蝇的转录因子prospero同源。为了探讨Prox1基因在金鱼眼睛发生过程中的表达图式,我们从金鱼眼睛SMART库中克隆了Prox1cDNA。它全长共2851bp,编码739个氨基酸。组织分布研究表明,Prox1主要分布于眼、脑、心、肝、脾和肾中。整体原位杂交显示,Prox1mRNA首先是在晶体期的晶体原基中有转录,心跳期则在未成熟晶体的细胞中和视网膜的幼芽区可以检测到。晶体纤维形成后,它主要定位于视纤维层和内网织细胞层。免疫组化显示,心跳期Prox1蛋白的定位与mRNA相同

长江江豚锌、铜、铅、镉和砷的摄入与累积

根据室内饲养的3头长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)食物鲫(Carassius auratus)中锌(Zn)、铜 (Cu)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)的浓度值和饲养记录,推算出了饲养条件下江豚这些微量元素每日及每周估计摄入 量的范围。必需元素的需求方面与世界卫生组织/联合国粮农组织(WHO/FAO)提出的人暂定每周耐受摄人量 (PTWI)相类似,可是毒性较强的元素Cd、As、Pb的摄入量大大高于人体的PTWI。对湖北天鹅洲故道收集到的一头

金鱼DEAD-box家族基因p68和p110在配子发生中的表达特征

利用组织原位杂交技术,以地高辛标记的反义RNA为探针,检测了金鱼(Carassius auratus)DEAD-box家族基因p68和p110在卵子发生及精子发生中的表达分布特点。结果表明:在金鱼配子发生中,p68基因在各个时期的卵母细胞均有表达,Ⅰ、Ⅱ期卵母细胞中的表达水平较Ⅲ、Ⅳ期卵母细胞中更高。p68基因的表达只限于精原细胞和初级精母细胞中。p110基因在金鱼精子发生各阶段持续表达,其中精原细胞和初级精母细胞中表达水平较高;在卵子发生中,Ⅰ期卵母细胞中没有p110 RNA阳性信号,Ⅱ期卵母细胞中信号