196 resultados para fructo-oligosaccharide


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Low liquid-solid ratio (LSR) can be used to obtain high-content xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) spend liquor by hot water pretreatment. Developing a technology based on low LSR results in more efficient water usage in the system and thus in lower capital and operating costs. Xylans from xylan rich agro-industrial waste are abundant hemicellulosic polymers with enormous potential for industrial applications. Currently, freeze-dried xylo-oligosaccharides are used as bio-based polymers and hydrolysates containing high xylose contents are converted to several chemical products. In this study, sugarcane bagasse was treated with water at low LSRs and mild temperatures in order to assess the effects of varying the pretreatment conditions on the xylo-oligosaccharide and xylose concentrations, and use a central composite experimental design to optimize the process parameters. The pretreatments were performed in the ranges temperature: 143.3-176.7 degrees C, time: 20-70 min and LSR: 1 : 1 to 11 : 1 (g g(-1)). The maximum concentrations of xylose and xylan were 13.76 and 36.18 g L-1 (equivalent to 48.29 g L-1 of xylan), respectively, which were achieved by treating bagasse at 170 degrees C for 60 min, with LSR of 3 g g(-1). The amount of xylan removed under these conditions was almost 57%. The soluble xylan consisted mainly of xylo-oligosaccharides (74 wt% of the identified compound in the spent liquor).

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Considering the different potential benefits of divergent fiber ingredients, the effect of 3 fiber sources on energy and macronutrient digestibility, fermentation product formation, postprandial metabolite responses, and colon histology of overweight cats (Felis catus) fed kibble diets was compared. Twenty-four healthy adult cats were assigned in a complete randomized block design to 2 groups of 12 animals, and 3 animals from each group were fed 1 of 4 of the following kibble diets: control (CO; 11.5% dietary fiber), beet pulp (BP; 26% dietary fiber), wheat bran (WB; 24% dietary fiber), and sugarcane fiber (SF; 28% dietary fiber). Digestibility was measured by the total collection of feces. After 16 d of diet adaptation and an overnight period without food, blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride postprandial responses were evaluated for 16 h after continued exposure to food. On d 20, colon biopsies of the cats were collected under general anesthesia. Fiber addition reduced food energy and nutrient digestibility. Of all the fiber sources, SF had the least dietary fiber digestibility (P < 0.05), causing the largest reduction of dietary energy digestibility (P < 0.05). The greater fermentability of BP resulted in reduced fecal DM and pH, greater fecal production [g/(cat x d); as-is], and greater fecal concentration of acetate, propionate, and lactate (P < 0.05). For most fecal variables, WB was intermediate between BP and SF, and SF was similar to the control diet except for an increased fecal DM and firmer feces production for the SF diet (P < 0.05). Postprandial evaluations indicated reduced mean glucose concentration and area under the glucose curve in cats fed the SF diet (P < 0.05). Colon mucosa thickness, crypt area, lamina propria area, goblet cell area, crypt mean size, and crypt in bifurcation did not vary among the diets. According to the fiber solubility and fermentation rates, fiber sources can induce different physiological responses in cats, reduce energy digestibility, and favor glucose metabolism (SF), or improve gut health (BP).

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Toxosplasma gondii is the model parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, which contains numerous obligate intracellular parasites of medical and veterinary importance, including Eimeria, Sarcocystis, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and Plasmodium species. Members of this phylum actively enter host cells by a multistep process with the help of microneme protein (MIC) complexes that play important roles in motility, host cell attachment, moving junction formation, and invasion. T. gondii (Tg)MIC1-4-6 complex is the most extensively investigated microneme complex, which contributes to host cell recognition and attachment via the action of TgMIC1, a sialic acid-binding adhesin. Here, we report the structure of TgMIC4 and reveal its carbohydrate-binding specificity to a variety of galactose-containing carbohydrate ligands. The lectin is composed of six apple domains in which the fifth domain displays a potent galactose-binding activity, and which is cleaved from the complex during parasite invasion. We propose that galactose recognition by TgMIC4 may compromise host protection from galectin-mediated activation of the host immune system.

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Abstract Background All organisms living under aerobic atmosphere have powerful mechanisms that confer their macromolecules protection against oxygen reactive species. Microorganisms have developed biomolecule-protecting systems in response to starvation and/or oxidative stress, such as DNA biocrystallization with Dps (DNA-binding protein from starved cells). Dps is a protein that is produced in large amounts when the bacterial cell faces harm, which results in DNA protection. In this work, we evaluated the glycosylation in the Dps extracted from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. This Dps was purified from the crude extract as an 18-kDa protein, by means of affinity chromatography on an immobilized jacalin column. Results The N-terminal sequencing of the jacalin-bound protein revealed 100% identity with the Dps of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium. Methyl-alpha-galactopyranoside inhibited the binding of Dps to jacalin in an enzyme-linked lectin assay, suggesting that the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of jacalin is involved in the interaction with Dps. Furthermore, monosaccharide compositional analysis showed that Dps contained mannose, glucose, and an unknown sugar residue. Finally, jacalin-binding Dps was detected in larger amounts during the bacterial earlier growth periods, whereas high detection of total Dps was verified throughout the bacterial growth period. Conclusion Taken together, these results indicate that Dps undergoes post-translational modifications in the pre- and early stationary phases of bacterial growth. There is also evidence that a small mannose-containing oligosaccharide is linked to this bacterial protein.

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The growth and the metabolism of Bifidobacterium adolescentis MB 239 fermenting GOS, lactose, galactose, and glucose were investigated. An unstructerd unsegregated model for growth of B. adolescentis MB 239 in batch cultures was developed and kinetic parameters were calculated with a Matlab algorithm. Galactose was the best carbon source; lactose and GOS led to lower growth rate and cellular yield, but glucose was the poorest carbon source. Lactate, acetate and ethanol yields allowed calculation of the carbon fluxes toward fermentation products. Similar distribution between 3- and 2-carbon products was observed on all the carbohydrates (45 and 55%, respectively), but ethanol production was higher on glucose than on GOS, lactose and galactose, in decreasing order. Based on the stoichiometry of the fructose 6-phosphate shunt and on the carbon distribution among the products, ATP yield was calculated on the different carbohydrates. ATP yield was the highest on galactose, while it was 5, 8, and 25% lower on lactose, GOS, and glucose, respectively. Therefore, a correspondance among ethanol production, low ATP yields, and low biomass production was established demonstrating that carbohydrate preferences may result from different sorting of carbon fluxes through the fermentative pathway. During GOS fermentation, stringent selectivity based on the degree of polymerization was exhibited, since lactose and the trisaccharide were first to be consumed, and a delay was observed until longer oligosaccharides were utilized. Throughout the growth on both lactose and GOS, galactose accumulated in the cultural broth, suggesting that β-(1-4) galactosides can be hydrolysed before they are taken up. The physiology of Bifidobacterium adolescentis MB 239 toward xylooligosaccharides (XOS) was also studied and our attention was focused on an extracellular glycosyl-hydrolase (β-Xylosidase) expressed by a culture of B. adolescentis grown on XOS as sole carbon source. The extracellular enzyme was purified from the the supernatant, which was dialyzed and concentrated by ultrafiltration. A two steps purification protocol was developed: the sample was loaded on a Mono-Q anion exchange chromatography and then, the active fractions were pooled and β-Xylosidase was purified by gel filtration chromatography on a Superdex-75. The enzyme was characterized in many aspects. β- Xylosidase was an homo-tetramer of 160 kDa as native molecular mass; it was a termostable enzyme with an optimum of temperature at 53 °C and an optimum of pH of 6.0. The kinetics parameter were calculated: km = 4.36 mM, Vmax = 0.93 mM/min. The substrate specificity with different di-, oligo- and polysaccharides was tested. The reactions were carried out overnight at pH 7 and at the optimum of temperature and the carbohydrates hydrolysis were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Only glycosyl-hydrolase activities on XOS and on xylan were detected, whereas sucrose, lactose, cellobiose, maltose and raffinose were not hydrolyzed. It’s clearly shown that β-Xylosidase activity was higher than the Xylanase one. These studies on the carbohydrate preference of a strain of Bifidobacterium underlined the importance of the affinity between probiotics and prebiotics. On the basis of this concept, together with Barilla G&R f.lli SpA, we studied the possibility to develop a functional food containing a synbiotic. Three probiotic strains Lactobacillus plantarum BAR 10, Streptococcus thermophilus BAR 20, and Bifidobacterium lactis BAR 30 were studied to assess their suitability for utilization in synbiotic products on the basis of antioxidative activity, glutathione production, acid and bile tolerance, carbohydrates fermentation and viability in food matrices. Bile and human gastric juice resistance was tested in vitro to estimate the transit tolerance in the upper gastrointestinal tract. B. lactis and L. plantarum were more acid tolerant than S. thermophilus. All the strains resisted to bile. The growth kinetics on 13 prebiotic carbohydrates were determined. Galactooligosaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides were successfully utilized by all the strains and could be considered the most appropriate prebiotics to be used in effective synbiotic formulations. The vitality of the three strains inoculated in different food matrices and maintained at room temperature was studied. The best survival of Lactobacillus plantarum BAR 10, Streptococcus thermophilus BAR 20, and Bifidobacterium lactis BAR 30 was found in food chocolate matrices. Then an in vivo clinical trial was carried out for 20 healthy volunteers. The increase in faecal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli populations and the efficacy of the pre-prototype was promising for the future develop of potential commercial products.

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Die Selektine initiieren im Verlauf von Entzündungsprozessen einen ersten Zellkontakt zwischen Leukozyten und Endothelzellen und ermöglichen so die Auswanderung der Leukozyten aus den Blutgefäßen in das umliegende Gewebe, wo sie ihre immunologische Wirkung entfalten können. Viele Krankheiten gehen allerdings mit einer übermäßigen, durch Selektine vermittelten Zelladhäsion einher. Daher war es das Ziel dieser Arbeit, Selektininhibitoren zu synthetisieren, die pathologische Zelladhäsionsprozesse, wie man sie z.B. bei rheumatoider Arthritis, bei Erkrankungen der Herzkranzgefäße oder im Verlauf von Tumormetastasierungen findet, unterbinden können. Als Leitstruktur für solche Inhibitoren dient das auf den natürlichen Selektinliganden vorkommende Tetrasaccharid Sialyl-Lewis-X. Sialyl-Lewis-X stellt aber nur einen Teil der natürlichen Selektinliganden dar. Es bindet auch nur im millimolaren Bereich an die Selektine. Die komplexen natürlichen Selektinliganden wie z.B. ESL-1 (E-Selektin-Ligand-1), die an verschiedenen Glycosylierungs-stellen des Glycoproteins Sialyl-Lewis-X präsentieren, binden mit deutlich höherer Affinität an die Selektine. Für eine spezifische Rezeptorbindung sind daher außer dem Tetrasaccharid weitere Partialstrukturen verantwortlich, wobei gezeigt werden konnte, dass ein Anknüpfen von Sialyl-Lewis-X-Derivaten an die Partialsequenz 672-681 des ESL-1 eine Affinitätssteigerung hervorruft. Ein weiterer Nachteil des natürlichen Sialyl-Lewis-X-Tetrasaccharids im Hinblick auf seine pharmakologische Verwendung besteht darin, dass sowohl die fucosidische Bindung als auch die glycosidische Verknüpfung zur Neuraminsäure durch Enzyme leicht gespalten werden, wodurch Sialyl-Lewis-X als potenzielles Anti-Adäsionsmolekül an Wert verliert. Um die Kohlenydratliganden vor einem solchen enzymatischen Abbau zu bewahren, wurden in dieser Arbeit neben der im Sialyl-Lewis-X vorliegenden L-Fucose die im Menschen nicht vorkommenden Kohlenhydrate D-Arabinose und L-Galactose sowie neben der Neuraminsäure die (S)-Cyclohexylmilchsäure zur Herstellung der sechs Glycopeptid-Selektinliganden 1-6 mit der Partialsequenz 672-681 des ESL-1 verknüpft. Die Tetrasaccharide und Tetrasaccharid-Mimetika können aus den geschützten Monosacchariden und der geschützten Cyclohexylmilch-säure in parallelen Synthesen im Gramm-Maßstab hergestellt werden. Die automatisierten Glycopeptid-Festphasensynthesen wurden an einem Peptidsynthesizer nach der Fmoc-Strategie unter Verwendung von mit Asparaginsäure vorbeladenen TentaGel®-Harzen durchgeführt. Die Strukturen aller sechs Glycopeptide 1-6 wurden sowohl durch hoch auflösende massenspektrometrische Analysen als auch durch ein- und zweidimensionale NMR-Experimente belegt. Als Ergebnis dieser Arbeit liegen sechs Sialyl-Lewis-X-Glycopeptide und -Mimetika mit der Partialsequenz 672-681 des ESL-1 vor. Diese werden in Kürze auf ihre Wirksamkeit als Zelladhäsions-inhibitoren für E-Selektin getestet. Daraus sollen sich Erkenntnisse über Struktur-Wirkungs-Beziehungen gewinnen lassen, insbesondere was das kooperative Zusammenwirken von Saccharid- und Peptidteilstrukturen in der Erkennung der Liganden durch das E-Selektin anbetrifft.

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Termiten beherbergen in ihrem Darm eine einzigartige Flora aus Bakterien, Archaeen, Flagellaten und Hefen. Diese symbiontische mikrobielle Gemeinschaft ist am Abbau von komplexen organischen Verbindungen beteiligt und ermöglicht es den Termiten schwer abbaubares Material wie Holz als Nahrungsquelle zu nutzen. Spirochaeten, eine Gruppe beweglicher Bakterien die sich durch ihre besondere Morphologie und Art der Fortbewegung von allen anderen Mikroorganismen abgrenzen lassen, gehören zu den häufigsten Bakterien im Termitendarm. Ziel der Arbeit war die Isolierung und Charakterisierung bislang unbekannter Spirochaeten aus Termitendärmen. Aus drei niederen Termitenarten konnten sechs spirochaetale Stämme gewonnen und identifiziert werden. Die Isolate ließen sich anhand der 16S rRNA Gensequenzen den Gattungen Treponema und Spirochaeta zuordnen. Im Gegensatz zu allen bislang charakterisierten Spirochaeten zeigte der Stamm SPN1 aus der Termite Neotermes castaneus eine kokkoide Zellform und war unbeweglich. Der Organismus wurde daher als neue Art, Spirochaeta coccoides sp. nov., beschrieben. Bei allen gewonnenen Isolaten handelt es sich um strikt anaerobe Organismen die verschiedene Mono-, Di- und Oligosaccharide fermentieren. Als wesentliche Stoffwechselprodukte konnten Acetat und Ethanol (sowie Formiat bei einem Stamm) identifiziert werden. Weiterhin konnten bei den untersuchten Stämmen eine Reihe von enzymatischen Aktivitäten nachgewiesen werden, die für den Abbau von Lignocellulose im Termitendarm von Bedeutung sind. Die Untersuchungen deuten darauf hin, dass die Spirochaeten eine wichtige Rolle bei der Fermentation von Abbauprodukten der Lignocellulose im Termitendarm spielen.

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REST is a zinc-finger transcription factor implicated in several processes such as maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency and regulation of mitotic fidelity in non-neuronal cells [Chong et al., 1995]. The gene encodes for a 116-kDa protein that acts as a molecular platform for co-repressors recruitment and promotes modifications of DNA and histones [Ballas, 2005]. REST showed different apparent molecular weights, consistent with the possible presence of post-translational modifications [Lee et al., 2000]. Among these the most common is glycosylation, the covalent attachment of carbohydrates during or after protein synthesis [Apweiler et al., 1999] My thesis has ascertained, for the first time, the presence of glycan chians in the transcription factor REST. Through enzymatic deglycosylation and MS, oligosaccharide composition of glycan chains was evaluated: a complex mixture of glycans, composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose and mannose, was observed thus confirming the presence of O- and N-linked glycan chains. Glycosylation site mapping was done using a 18O-labeling method and MS/MS and twelve potential N-glycosylation sites were identified. The most probable glycosylation target residues were mutated through site-directed mutagenesis and REST mutants were expressed in different cell lines. Variations in the protein molecular weight and mutant REST ability to bind the RE-1 sequence were analyzed. Gene reporter assays showed that, altogether, removal of N-linked glycan chains causes loss of transcriptional repressor function, except for mutant N59 which showed a slight residual repressor activity in presence of IGF-I. Taken togheter these results demonstrate the presence of complex glycan chians in the transcription factor REST: I have depicted their composition, started defining their position on the protein backbone and identified their possible role in the transcription factor functioning. Considering the crucial role of glycosylation and transcription factors activity in the aetiology of many diseases, any further knowledge could find important and interesting pharmacological application.

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Festphasenoligosaccharidsynthesen: Um den mit der Synthese der Saccharidbausteine verbundenen Zeitaufwand zu reduzieren, sollten festphasenunterstützte, leicht automatisierbare Strategien entwickelt werden. Für die Optimierungen ist es notwendig, über Analysetechniken zu verfügen, die eine quantitative Verfolgung des Reaktionsablaufes erlauben. Zur Bestimmung der Konzentration freier Hydroxylgruppen wurde hierbei eine einfache und effiziente Reaktionsabfolge gefunden, die eine UV-spektroskopische Analyse erlaubt. rnZur Verknüpfung zwischen Kohlenhydrat und polymerem Träger (Polystyrol, Tentagel) kamen der PTMSE-, ein p-Alkoxybenzyl- und zwei Alkylthioanker zum Einsatz. Die Bedingungen zur Anknüpfung der mit Carboxylgruppen ausgestatteten Anker über Amidbindungen an das Harz, zur Spaltung der Lävulinoylschutzgruppe, sowie zur reduktiven Öffnung der Benzylidenacetalschutzgruppe wurden optimiert, sodass sich diese Reaktionen nun in sehr hohen Ausbeuten am polymeren Träger durchführen lassen. rnSpeziell Glycosylierungsreaktionen zeigten jedoch erhebliche Kompatibilitätsprobleme mit der polymeren Matrix. Die Ausbeuten aller an der festen Phase durchgeführten Glycosylierungen lagen bei maximal 5 Prozent. rnGlycopeptidsynthesen: Einige Tumorzellen unterscheiden sich von gesunden Zellen durch ein verändertes Profil an Oberflächenglycoproteinen. So ist das membranständige Glycoprotein MUC1 in malignen Epithelzellen stark überexprimiert und zeigt infolge veränderter Aktivitäten mehrerer Glycosyltransferasen ein modifiziertes Glycosylierungsmuster. Diese tumorspezifischen Strukturveränderungen stellen einen interessanten Angriffspunkt zur Entwicklung von Antitumorvakzinen dar. Um zu potentiellen Impfstoffen zu gelangen, ist es jedoch nötig, die Immunogenität der selbst nur schwach immunogenen Glycopeptide durch Konjugation zu erhöhen. rnIm Rahmen dieser Arbeit sollten vollsynthetische Konjugate, auf Basis einer 16 Aminosäuren langen, tumorassoziierten Glycopeptidpartialstruktur aus dem MUC1, zur möglichen Verwendung als Antitumorvakzine synthetisiert werden. Die Darstellung erfolgte in einer automatisierten Festphasensynthese nach der Fmoc-Strategie. rnZur Steigerung der Immunogenität wurde das glycosylierte Hexadecapeptid über einen Spacer mit einem T-Zell-Epitop aus dem Tetanustoxoidprotein sowie mit einem Mitogen verknüpft. Zur Synthese des Mitogenkonjugates sind noch Optimierungen im Syntheseablauf und insbesondere bei der Reinigung notwendig. Die immunologische Evaluierung des MUC1-Tetanustoxin-Heterotopkonjugates als mögliches Antitumorvakzin ist geplant. rn

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Es wurden Glycopeptide mit einer Partialsequenz aus der N-terminalen Domäne des natürlichen Selektinliganden PSGL-1 synthetisiert, welche prinzipiell als kompetitive Inhibitoren unerwünschter selektinvermittelter Zelladhäsionsphänomene fungieren könnten. Grundsätzlich könnte es möglich sein, auf diesem Wege entsprechende chronisch entzündliche Krankheiten wie rheumatoide Arthritis zu behandeln und bestimmte akut eintretende schwere Schädigungen von gesundem Gewebe sowie die Metastasenbildung maligner Tumore zu unterdrücken. Das tatsächliche Potential der hergestellten Glycopeptide als Liganden der Selektine kann nun in biologischen Tests geprüft werden. Der gewählte Ausschnitt aus dem P-Selektin-Glycoprotein-Liganden-1 (PSGL-1) reicht von Tyr48 bis Pro59 und umfasst so sämtliche Aminosäurereste der Sequenz, die für das Auftreten einer hochaffinen Rezeptorbindung erforderlich sind. Dabei ist die Seitenkette von Thr57 mit einem O-Glycan modifiziert, welches das in natürlichen Selektinliganden häufig vorkommende Tetrasaccharid Sialyl-Lewisx bzw. ein Mimetikum desselben enthält und die für Mucine typische Form der Anbindung an das peptidische Rückgrat über eine N-Acetyl-α-D-galactosamineinheit aufweist. Zum Aufbau der komplexen Glycopeptidstrukturen wurde zunächst eine Strategie für die Synthese des an die Hydroxylaminosäure gebundenen Oligosaccharids im Gramm-Maßstab ausgearbeitet. Dabei kam der Wahl eines geeigneten Schutzgruppenmusters besondere Bedeutung zu. Das entwickelte Konzept basiert allein auf chemischen Methoden und ermöglicht die parallele Herstellung potentieller Mimetika. So wurde in dieser Arbeit L-Fucose durch D-Arabinose und N-Acetyl-D-neuraminsäure durch (S)-Cyclohexylmilchsäure ersetzt. Die erhaltenen Glycosylaminosäure-Bausteine wurden schließlich in die Glycopeptid-synthesen an der festen Phase eingebracht, welche nach vollständiger Deblockierung die gewünschten Zielverbindungen lieferten.rn

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Zelladhäsions- und Zellerkennungsphänomene spielen eine entscheidende Rolle im biologischen Geschehen: So findet die Kommunikation zwischen Zellen zu einem großen Teil zwischen membranständigen Adhäsionsmolekülen und ebenfalls membranständigen Liganden auf Nachbarzellen statt. Zu diesen Adhäsionsmolekülen gehören die Selektine, die von fundamentaler Bedeutung für die Bekämpfung von Entzündungskrankheiten und damit für die Funktionsweise unseres Immunsystems sind. Tritt eine Entzündung in unserem Körper auf, so sind Selektine an Adhäsionsprozessen beteiligt, die zur Auswanderung von Leukozyten aus dem Blutstrom in das entzündete Gewebe führen. Diese auswandernden Zellen enthalten eine Vielzahl von Wirkstoffen, die Krankheitserreger bekämpfen, aber auch körpereigenes Gewebe angreifen können. Viele Krankheitsbilder, die mit akut oder chronisch entzündlichen Prozessen einhergehen, hängen mit einer Dysregulation der Selektine zusammen. In diesen Fällen werden übermäßig Selektine exprimiert und es kommt zu einer lokal überschießenden Akkumulation von Leukozyten, die zu Schädigungen von gesundem Gewebe führen kann. rnZu diesen Krankheiten gehören z.B. die rheumatoide Arthritis, die myocardialen Ischämie, Psoriasis sowie Asthma und Allergien. Auch bei der Abstoßung von Transplantaten und Tumormetastasierung wurde eine Beteiligung der Selektine nachgewiesen. Eine Strategie gegen diese unerwünschten Effekte ist die selektive Inhibierung der Selektine, welche aufgrund der bedeutenden Rolle der Selektine in der Genese zahlreicher Krankheiten, von großem pharmazeutischen Interesse ist. rnIn der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Entwicklung chemischer Synthesen von Verbindungen beschrieben, welche selektininhibierende Eigenschaften aufweisen sollen. Solche sog. Mimetika, die wie die natürlichen Liganden mit den Selektinen wechselwirken, sind nicht nur potenzielle Medikamente, sondern können auch durch veränderte Affinität zur Aufklärung von selektinvermittelten Zelladhäsionsprozessen dienen.rn

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The goals of this article are to (1) provide further validation of the Glycam06 force field, specifically for its use in implicit solvent molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, and (2) to present the extension of G.N. Ramachandran's idea of plotting amino acid phi and psi angles to the glycosidic phi, psi, and omega angles formed between carbohydrates. As in traditional Ramachandran plots, these carbohydrate Ramachandran-type (carb-Rama) plots reveal the coupling between the glycosidic angles by displaying the allowed and disallowed conformational space. Considering two-bond glycosidic linkages, there are 18 possible conformational regions that can be defined by (α, ϕ, ψ) and (β, ϕ, ψ), whereas for three-bond linkages, there are 54 possible regions that can be defined by (α, ϕ, ψ, ω) and (β, ϕ, ψ, ω). Illustrating these ideas are molecular dynamic simulations on an implicitly hydrated oligosaccharide (700 ns) and its eight constituent disaccharides (50 ns/disaccharide). For each linkage, we compare and contrast the oligosaccharide and respective disaccharide carb-Rama plots, validate the simulations and the Glycam06 force field through comparison to experimental data, and discuss the general trends observed in the plots.

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The polysaccharide capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae defines over ninety serotypes, which differ in their carriage prevalence and invasiveness for poorly understood reasons. Recently, an inverse correlation between carriage prevalence and oligosaccharide structure of a given capsule has been described. Our previous work suggested a link between serotype and growth in vitro. Here we investigate whether capsule production interferes with growth in vitro and whether this predicts carriage prevalence in vivo. Eighty-one capsule switch mutants were constructed representing nine different serotypes, five of low (4, 7F, 14, 15, 18C) and four of high carriage prevalence (6B, 9V, 19F, 23F). Growth (length of lag phase, maximum optical density) of wildtype strains, nontypeable mutants and capsule switch mutants was studied in nutrient-restricted Lacks medium (MLM) and in rich undefined brain heart infusion broth supplemented with 5% foetal calf serum (BHI+FCS). In MLM growth phenotype depended on, and was transferred with, capsule operon type. Colonization efficiency of mouse nasopharynx also depended on, and was transferred with, capsule operon type. Capsule production interfered with growth, which correlated inversely with serotype-specific carriage prevalence. Serotypes with better growth and higher carriage prevalence produced thicker capsules (by electron microscopy, FITC-dextran exclusion assays and HPLC) than serotypes with delayed growth and low carriage prevalence. However, expression of cpsA, the first capsule gene, (by quantitative RT-PCR) correlated inversely with capsule thickness. Energy spent for capsule production (incorporation of H3-glucose) relative to amount of capsule produced was higher for serotypes with low carriage prevalence. Experiments in BHI+FCS showed overall better bacterial growth and more capsule production than growth in MLM and differences between serotypes were no longer apparent. Production of polysaccharide capsule in S. pneumoniae interferes with growth in nutrient-limiting conditions probably by competition for energy against the central metabolism. Serotype-specific nasopharyngeal carriage prevalence in vivo is predicted by the growth phenotype.

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Synthesis of a branched trisaccharide and a tetrasaccharide repeating units corresponding to the polysaccharides of Lactobacillus spp. G-77 and Thermus thermophilus Samu-SA1 as their methyl glycosides has been achieved in excellent yield. Most of the glycosyl linkages are 1,2-cis in these oligosaccharide fragments

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Interleukin-2 activated lymphocytes, designated lymphokine-activated killers (LAK), acquire the unique capacity to express potent cytologic activity against a broad spectrum of abnormal and/or transformed NK-sensitive and NK-resistant target cells while sparing normal cell types. Investigations into the target spectra exhibited by cloned effector cells indicate that LAK cells express a polyspecific recognition mechanism that identifies an undefined class of cell surface-associated molecules expressed on susceptible targets. This report extends our previous investigations into the biochemical nature of these molecules by characterizing the functional role of two tumor cell-surface-associated epitopes implicated in conferring target cells with susceptibility to LAK-mediated cytotoxicity. The first moiety is implicated in the formation of effector/target cell conjugates. This binding ligand is preferentially expressed on tumor cells relative to LAK-resistant PBL target cells, sensitive to trypsin treatment, resistant to functional inactivation by heat- and detergent-induced conformational changes, and does not require N-linked glycosylation to maintain binding activity. In contrast, a carbohydrate-associated epitope represents the second tumor-associated molecule required for target cell susceptibility to LAK cells. Specifically, N-linked glyoprotein synthesis represents an absolute requirement for post-trypsin recovery of target cell susceptibility. The minimal N-linked oligosaccharide residue capable of restoring this second signal has been identified as a high mannose structure. Although ultimately required for tumor cell susceptibility, as measured in $\sp{51}$Cr-release assays, this N-glycan-associated molecule is not required for the differential tumor cell binding expressed by LAK cells. Furthermore, N-glycan expression is not adequate in itself to confer target cell susceptibility. Additional categories of cell surface components have been investigated, including O-linked oligosaccharides, and glycosaminoglycans, without identifying additional moieties relevant to target cell recognition. Collectively, these data suggest that tumor cell recognition by LAK cells is dependent on cell surface presentation of two epitopes: a trypsin-sensitive molecule that participates in the initial conjugate formation and an N-glycan-associated moiety that is involved in a post-binding event required for target cell killing. ^