Inverse Gaussian Modeling of Turbulence-Induced Fading in Free-Space Optical Systems

We propose the inverse Gaussian distribution, as a less complex alternative to the classical log-normal model, to describe turbulence-induced fading in free-space optical (FSO) systems operating in weak turbulence conditions and/or in the presence of aperture averaging effects. By conducting goodness of fit tests, we define the range of values of the scintillation index for various multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) FSO configurations, where the two distributions approximate each other with a certain significance level. Furthermore, the bit error rate performance of two typical MIMO FSO systems is investigated over the new turbulence model; an intensity-modulation/direct detection MIMO FSO system with Q-ary pulse position modulation that employs repetition coding at the transmitter and equal gain combining at the receiver, and a heterodyne MIMO FSO system with differential phase-shift keying and maximal ratio combining at the receiver. Finally, numerical results are presented that validate the theoretical analysis and provide useful insights into the implications of the model parameters on the overall system performance. © 2011 IEEE.

Enhanced optomechanical readout using optical coalescence

We present a scheme to strongly enhance the readout sensitivity of the squared displacement of a mobile scatterer placed in a Fabry-Pérot cavity. We investigate the largely unexplored regime of cavity electrodynamics in which a highly reflective element positioned between the end mirrors of a symmetric Fabry-Pérot resonator strongly modifies the cavity response function, such that two longitudinal modes with different spatial parity are brought close to frequency degeneracy and interfere in the cavity output field. In the case of a movable middle reflector we show that the interference in this generic "optical coalescence" phenomenon gives rise to an enhanced frequency shift of the peaks of the cavity transmission that can be exploited in optomechanics. © 2013 American Physical Society.

Detecção multiutilizador do domínio da frequência para sistemas DS-CDMA

Os Sinais de Espalhamento de Espectro de Sequência Directa exibem propriedades cicloestacionárias que implicam redundância entre componentes de frequência espaçadas por múltiplos da taxa de símbolo. Nesta tese, é apresentado um cancelador de interferência multiutilizador (Cancelador por translação na frequência - FSC) que tira partido desta propriedade. Este cancelador linear opera no domínio da frequência no sinal espalhado de tal forma que minimiza a interferência e ruído na saída (Critério do Mínimo Erro Quadrado Médio). Além de testado para o caso de antena única, são avaliadas as performances das configurações de antenas múltiplas para o caso de beamforming e canais espacialmente descorrelacionados considerando sistemas síncronos e sistemas com desalinhamento no tempo dos perfis de canais (ambos UMTS-TDD). Essas configurações divergiam na ordem da combinação temporal, combinação espacial e detecção multiutilizador. As configurações FSC foram avaliadas quando concatenadas com o PIC-2D. Os resultados das simulações mostram consideráveis melhorias nos resultados relativamente ao RAKE-2D convencional e PIC-2D. Foi atingida performance próximo ao RAKE de utilizador único quando o FSC foi avaliado concatenado com PIC-2D em quase todas as configurações. Todas as configurações foram avaliadas com modulação QPSK, 8-PSK e 16-QAM. Foi introduzida codificação Turbo e identificou-se as situações da vantagem de utilização do FSC antes do PIC-2D. As modulações 8-PSK e 16-QAM foram igualmente testadas com codificação.

Efeito da pressão e temperatura em suspensões de amido

O objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu no estudo das propriedades viscoelásticas de suspensões de amido nativo e processado a alta pressão. Foi utilizado um sensor acústico de forma a analisar as propriedades das suspensões, sendo depois recolhidas informações complementares através de outras técnicas: calorimetria diferencial de varrimento, microscopia de luz polarizada e microscopia eletrónica de varrimento. Neste trabalho foram realizados estudos com amido de milho nativo e processado a alta pressão (500 MPa, 5 minutos, temperatura ambiente), tendo-se verificado que a suspensão do amido processado apresentava propriedades viscoelásticas muito diferentes do amido nativo. A temperatura a que se iniciou o aumento da viscosidade foi mais elevada para o amido processado a alta pressão, e as variações observadas para temperaturas superiores a 70 °C foram menores. Durante o arrefecimento foi detetada uma diminuição da viscosidade, correspondente a um aumento da organização molecular, com maior expressão no amido nativo mas que se dá no mesmo intervalo de temperatura, quer para este quer o processado a alta pressão. Foi também possível concluir que a velocidade de aquecimento da amostra de amido influencia as propriedades viscoelásticas da suspensão e as temperaturas a que ocorrem as variações de viscosidade relacionadas com o processo de gelatinização do amido. De assinalar também que no amido de milho se pode detetar pela variação da frequência do cristal piezoelétrico o rompimento dos grânulos e que apesar do estabelecimento de novas ligações e da reposição de alguma ordem molecular que se pode verificar durante o arrefecimento, a frequência da suspensão depois de arrefecida era muito diferente da suspensão de amido inicial. No amido de arroz, a temperatura a que se inicia o aumento de viscosidade foi superior à que se observou para o amido de milho, indicio da maior resistência do amido de arroz, para o qual não se detetou sinal de rutura dos grânulos. A frequência final da suspensão do mesmo, depois de arrefecido, era igual à inicial. Com o amido de arroz foi feito o estudo da influência da temperatura no processamento de alta pressão, tendo sido processadas suspensões a 400 MPa, durante 15 minutos, a 5, 10, 23 e 34 °C. As propriedades viscoelásticas foram analisadas com recurso a um sensor acústico, tendo-se verificado que quanto maior a temperatura de processamento a alta pressão, mais elevada a temperatura necessária para que se inicie o aumento de viscosidade e menores as temperaturas a que se inicia diminuição da mesma durante o arrefecimento.

Estudo da aplicabilidade de biossensores piezoelécticos para a detecção de lipopolissacáridos bacterianos

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Engenharia de Recursos Naturais, Universidade do Algarve, 2009

Phonon dispersion curves and atomic mean square displacement for several fcc and bcc materials

The atomic mean square displacement (MSD) and the phonon dispersion curves (PDC's) of a number of face-centred cubic (fcc) and body-centred cubic (bcc) materials have been calclllated from the quasiharmonic (QH) theory, the lowest order (A2 ) perturbation theory (PT) and a recently proposed Green's function (GF) method by Shukla and Hiibschle. The latter method includes certain anharmonic effects to all orders of anharmonicity. In order to determine the effect of the range of the interatomic interaction upon the anharmonic contributions to the MSD we have carried out our calculations for a Lennard-Jones (L-J) solid in the nearest-neighbour (NN) and next-nearest neighbour (NNN) approximations. These results can be presented in dimensionless units but if the NN and NNN results are to be compared with each other they must be converted to that of a real solid. When this is done for Xe, the QH MSD for the NN and NNN approximations are found to differ from each other by about 2%. For the A2 and GF results this difference amounts to 8% and 7% respectively. For the NN case we have also compared our PT results, which have been calculated exactly, with PT results calculated using a frequency-shift approximation. We conclude that this frequency-shift approximation is a poor approximation. We have calculated the MSD of five alkali metals, five bcc transition metals and seven fcc transition metals. The model potentials we have used include the Morse, modified Morse, and Rydberg potentials. In general the results obtained from the Green's function method are in the best agreement with experiment. However, this improvement is mostly qualitative and the values of MSD calculated from the Green's function method are not in much better agreement with the experimental data than those calculated from the QH theory. We have calculated the phonon dispersion curves (PDC's) of Na and Cu, using the 4 parameter modified Morse potential. In the case of Na, our results for the PDC's are in poor agreement with experiment. In the case of eu, the agreement between the tlleory and experiment is much better and in addition the results for the PDC's calclliated from the GF method are in better agreement with experiment that those obtained from the QH theory.

Pharmacologie des variations de débit sanguin oculaires chez le rat au moyen de la débitmétrie au laser par effet Doppler

La débitmétrie au laser à effet Doppler (LDF) constitue une méthode prometteuse et non-invasive pour l'étude du débit sanguin local dans l'œil. Cette technique est basée sur un changement de fréquence subi par la lumière lors du mouvement des globules rouges dans les vaisseaux. Une nouvelle sonde LDF a été testée pour sa sensibilité à évaluer la circulation rétinienne/choroïdienne sous des conditions hypercapniques et en présence de diverses substances vasoactives ou suivant la photocoagulation des artères rétiniennes chez le rat. Après dilatation pupillaire, la sonde LDF a été placée en contact avec la cornée de rats anesthésiés et parallèle à l'axe optique. L'hypercapnie a été provoquée par inhalation de CO2 (8% dans de l'air médical), alors que les agents pharmacologiques ont été injectés de façon intravitréenne. La contribution relative à la circulation choroïdienne a été évaluée à la suite de la photocoagulation des artères rétiniennes. Le débit sanguin s'est trouvé significativement augmenté à la suite de l'hypercanie (19%), de l'adénosine (14%) ou du nitroprusside de sodium (16%) comparativement au niveau de base, alors que l'endothéline-1 a provoqué une baisse du débit sanguin (11%). La photocoagulation des artères rétiniennes a significativement diminué le débit sanguin (33%). Des mesures en conditions pathologiques ont ensuite été obtenues après l'injection intravitréenne d'un agoniste sélectif du récepteur B1 (RB1). Ce récepteur des kinines est surexprimé dans la rétine des rats rendus diabétiques avec la streptozotocine (STZ) en réponse à l'hyperglycémie et au stress oxydatif. Les résultats ont montré que le RB1 est surexprimé dans la rétine chez les rats diabétiques-STZ à 4 jours et 6 semaines. À ces moments, le débit sanguin rétinien/choroïdien a été significativement augmenté (15 et 18 %) après l'injection de l'agoniste, suggérant un effet vasodilatateur des RB1 dans l'œil diabétique. Bien que la circulation choroïdienne contribue probablement au signal LDF, les résultats démontrent que le LDF représente une technique efficace et non-invasive pour l'étude de la microcirculation rétinienne in-vivo en continu. Cette méthode peut donc être utilisée pour évaluer de façon répétée les réponses du débit sanguin pendant des modifications métaboliques ou pharmacologiques dans des modèles animaux de maladies oculaires.

Matlab Code for Modulators

Considers Sampling, Pulse Amplitude Modulation, Multiple Access, Quantisation, Pulse Coded Modulation, Manchester Line Coding, Amplitude Modulation, Double SideBand Suppressed Carrier Modulation, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation and M-ary Shift Keying.

Assignment on Modulation

Considers Sampling, Pulse Amplitude Modulation, Multiple Access, Quantisation, Pulse Coded Modulation, Manchester Line Coding, Amplitude Modulation, Double SideBand Suppressed Carrier Modulation, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation and M-ary Shift Keying.

Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using quartz crystal microbalances

A chemically coated piezoelectric sensor has been developed for the determination of PAHs in the liquid phase. An organic monolayer attached to the surface of a gold electrode of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) via a covalent thiol-gold link complete with an ionically bound recognition element has been produced. This study has employed the PAH derivative 9-anthracene carboxylic acid which, once bound to the alkane thiol, functions as the recognition element. Binding of anthracene via pi-pi interaction has been observed as a frequency shift in the QCM with a detectability of the target analyte of 2 ppb and a response range of 0-50 ppb. The relative response of the sensor altered for different PAHs despite pi-pi interaction being the sole communication between recognition element and analyte. It is envisaged that such a sensor could be employed in the identification of key marker compounds and, as such, give an indication of total PAH flux in the environment.

Enantioselective detection of L-serine

An acoustic wave sensor coated with an artificial biomimetic recognition element has been developed to selectively detect the amino acid L-serine. A highly specific non-covalently imprinted polymer was cast on one electrode of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) as a thin permeable film. Selective rebinding of the L-serine was observed as a frequency shift in the QCM with a detection limit of 2 ppb and for concentrations up to 0.4 ppm. The sensor binding is shown to be capable of discrimination between L- and D-stereoisomers of serine as a result of the enantioselectivity of the imprinted binding sites. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Fully complex-valued radial basis function networks: orthogonal least squares regression and classification

We consider a fully complex-valued radial basis function (RBF) network for regression and classification applications. For regression problems, the locally regularised orthogonal least squares (LROLS) algorithm aided with the D-optimality experimental design, originally derived for constructing parsimonious real-valued RBF models, is extended to the fully complex-valued RBF (CVRBF) network. Like its real-valued counterpart, the proposed algorithm aims to achieve maximised model robustness and sparsity by combining two effective and complementary approaches. The LROLS algorithm alone is capable of producing a very parsimonious model with excellent generalisation performance while the D-optimality design criterion further enhances the model efficiency and robustness. By specifying an appropriate weighting for the D-optimality cost in the combined model selecting criterion, the entire model construction procedure becomes automatic. An example of identifying a complex-valued nonlinear channel is used to illustrate the regression application of the proposed fully CVRBF network. The proposed fully CVRBF network is also applied to four-class classification problems that are typically encountered in communication systems. A complex-valued orthogonal forward selection algorithm based on the multi-class Fisher ratio of class separability measure is derived for constructing sparse CVRBF classifiers that generalise well. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated using the example of nonlinear beamforming for multiple-antenna aided communication systems that employ complex-valued quadrature phase shift keying modulation scheme. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A minimum approximate-BER beamforming approach for PSK modulated wireless systems

A beamforming algorithm is introduced based on the general objective function that approximates the bit error rate for the wireless systems with binary phase shift keying and quadrature phase shift keying modulation schemes. The proposed minimum approximate bit error rate (ABER) beamforming approach does not rely on the Gaussian assumption of the channel noise. Therefore, this approach is also applicable when the channel noise is non-Gaussian. The simulation results show that the proposed minimum ABER solution improves the standard minimum mean squares error beamforming solution, in terms of a smaller achievable system's bit error rate.

Ultrafast charge separation in a photoreactive rhenium-appended porphyrin assembly monitored by picosecond transient infrared spectroscopy

Rhenium(bipyridine)(tricarbonyl)(picoline) units have been linked covalently to tetraphenylmetalloporphyrins of magnesium and zinc via an amide bond between the bipyridine and one phenyl substituent of the porphyrin. The resulting complexes, abbreviated as [Re(CO)(3)(Pic)Bpy-MgTPP][OTf] and [Re(CO)(3)(Pic)Bpy-ZnTPP][OTf], exhibit no signs of electronic interaction between the Re(CO)(3)(bpy) units and the metalloporphyrin units in their ground states. However, emission spectroscopy reveals solvent-dependent quenching of porphyrin emission on irradiation into the long-wavelength absorption bands localized on the porphyrin. The characteristics of the excited states have been probed by picosecond time-resolved absorption (TRVIS) spectroscopy and time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy in nitrile solvents. The presence of the charge-separated state involving electron transfer from MgTPP or ZnTPP to Re(bpy) is signaled in the TRIR spectra by a low-frequency shift in the nu(CO) bands of the Re(CO)(3) moiety similar to that observed by spectroelectrochemical reduction. Long-wavelength excitation of [Re(CO)(3)(Pic)Bpy-MTPP][OTf] results in characteristic TRVIS spectra of the S-1 state of the porphyrin that decay with a time constant of 17 ps (M = Mg) or 24 ps (M = Zn). The IR bands of the CS state appear on a time scale of less than 1 ps (Mg) or ca. 5 ps (Zn) and decay giving way to a vibrationally excited (i.e., hot) ground state via back electron transfer. The IR bands of the precursors recover with a time constant of 35 ps (Mg) or 55 ps (Zn). The short lifetimes of the charge-transfer states carry implications for the mechanism of reaction in the presence of triethylamine.

Joint compensation of multiple RF impairments in MIMO STBC systems

In this paper, we propose a compensation method for the joint effect of high-power amplifier (HPA) nonlinearity, in-phase/quadrature-phase (I/Q) imbalance and crosstalk in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal space-time block coding (OSTBC) systems. The performance of the MIMO OSTBC equipped with the proposed compensation mechanism is evaluated in terms of average symbol error probability and system capacity, in Rayleigh fading channels. Numerical results are provided and show the effects on performance of several system parameters, namely, the HPA parameters, image-leakage ratio, crosstalk, numbers of antennas, and phase-shift keying modulation order.