Naturaleza y cultura en la poesía del modernismo latinoamericano

Desde una constelación de poemas clave -"Caupolicán" (1888) de Rubén Darío, "Amor de ciudad grande" (1882) de José Martí y "En el campo" (1893) de Julián del Casal-, el análisis traza las diferencias en la articulación de una categoría fundante del siglo XIX latinoamericano en lo que va del romanticismo al modernismo. Si el concepto de "civilización" es el soporte del orden emergente que define roles sociales y nacionales en la nueva distribución global del XIX, su carácter intrínsecamente antinómico produce un racimo de oposiciones binarias -igualmente jerárquicas y valorativas- como cultura-naturaleza y ciudad-campo. Bajo estas condiciones, el romanticismo latinoamericano encontró en la nueva relación de la subjetividad con el entorno un camino para ensayar su estética, al re-culturizar el espacio natural para integrarlo al proceso de construcción de identidades nacionales. Desde las coordenadas de una fractura en esta tradición, los poemas del modernismo reconfiguran la antinomia entre naturaleza y cultura en una nueva inflexión que termina afectando los resortes de legitimación de un proyecto estético. En particular, nuestra hipótesis se aproxima al ritmo poético entendiéndolo como una fisura en la "ciudad letrada", el elemento propulsor de una nueva institución literaria que -mientras transforma el paradigma opositivo civilización-barbarie, original-copia, local-universal- contribuye a deslindar la autoridad del poeta modernista respecto del modelo del letrado tradicional

Naturaleza y cultura en la poesía del modernismo latinoamericano

Desde una constelación de poemas clave -"Caupolicán" (1888) de Rubén Darío, "Amor de ciudad grande" (1882) de José Martí y "En el campo" (1893) de Julián del Casal-, el análisis traza las diferencias en la articulación de una categoría fundante del siglo XIX latinoamericano en lo que va del romanticismo al modernismo. Si el concepto de "civilización" es el soporte del orden emergente que define roles sociales y nacionales en la nueva distribución global del XIX, su carácter intrínsecamente antinómico produce un racimo de oposiciones binarias -igualmente jerárquicas y valorativas- como cultura-naturaleza y ciudad-campo. Bajo estas condiciones, el romanticismo latinoamericano encontró en la nueva relación de la subjetividad con el entorno un camino para ensayar su estética, al re-culturizar el espacio natural para integrarlo al proceso de construcción de identidades nacionales. Desde las coordenadas de una fractura en esta tradición, los poemas del modernismo reconfiguran la antinomia entre naturaleza y cultura en una nueva inflexión que termina afectando los resortes de legitimación de un proyecto estético. En particular, nuestra hipótesis se aproxima al ritmo poético entendiéndolo como una fisura en la "ciudad letrada", el elemento propulsor de una nueva institución literaria que -mientras transforma el paradigma opositivo civilización-barbarie, original-copia, local-universal- contribuye a deslindar la autoridad del poeta modernista respecto del modelo del letrado tradicional

Mineralogy and geochemistry of Miocene tuff from ODP Hole 129-802A

Drilling at Ocean Drilling Program Site 802 in the central Mariana Basin, northwest Pacific Ocean, revealed an unexpected 222-m-thick sequence of well-cemented tuff of Miocene age. The deposits are unusual in that their source is presumably an unmapped seamount and they exhibit several peculiar petrological and mineralogical features. The well-developed secondary mineral sequence which includes analcime is rare in such relatively young, unburied deposits, in an area where there is little other evidence of hydrothermal activity. The massive tuff section also contains abundant fissure veins made of a rare silicate carbonate sulfate hydroxide hydrate of calcium, called thaumasite, which has not before been described in deep submarine deposits. The smectite-zeolite-thaumasite paragenesis coincides with the presence of chloride and calcium-enriched interstitial waters. The diagenetic evolution of the deposit appears to have been largely controlled by the depositional mode. The discharges of disaggregated and rejuvenated volcaniclasts seem to have been abrupt and repeated. The Miocene tuff at Site 802 thus provides new insights on the interactions between basaltic glass, biogenic phases, and seawater, in a specific deep-sea environment.

Naturaleza y cultura en la poesía del modernismo latinoamericano

Desde una constelación de poemas clave -"Caupolicán" (1888) de Rubén Darío, "Amor de ciudad grande" (1882) de José Martí y "En el campo" (1893) de Julián del Casal-, el análisis traza las diferencias en la articulación de una categoría fundante del siglo XIX latinoamericano en lo que va del romanticismo al modernismo. Si el concepto de "civilización" es el soporte del orden emergente que define roles sociales y nacionales en la nueva distribución global del XIX, su carácter intrínsecamente antinómico produce un racimo de oposiciones binarias -igualmente jerárquicas y valorativas- como cultura-naturaleza y ciudad-campo. Bajo estas condiciones, el romanticismo latinoamericano encontró en la nueva relación de la subjetividad con el entorno un camino para ensayar su estética, al re-culturizar el espacio natural para integrarlo al proceso de construcción de identidades nacionales. Desde las coordenadas de una fractura en esta tradición, los poemas del modernismo reconfiguran la antinomia entre naturaleza y cultura en una nueva inflexión que termina afectando los resortes de legitimación de un proyecto estético. En particular, nuestra hipótesis se aproxima al ritmo poético entendiéndolo como una fisura en la "ciudad letrada", el elemento propulsor de una nueva institución literaria que -mientras transforma el paradigma opositivo civilización-barbarie, original-copia, local-universal- contribuye a deslindar la autoridad del poeta modernista respecto del modelo del letrado tradicional

Geochemistry, isotopes, trace elements and fluid inclusion geothermometry at DSDP Hole 83-504B

Stockwork-like metal sulfide mineralizations were found at 910-928 m below seafloor (BSF) in the pillow/dike transition zone of Hole 504B. This is the same interval where most physical properties of the 5.9-m.y.-old crust of the Costa Rica Rift change from those characteristic of Layer 2B to those of Layer 2C. The pillow lavas, breccias, and veins of the stockwork-like zone were studied by transmitted and reflected light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microprobe analysis. Bulk rock oxygen isotopic analyses as well as isolated mineral oxygen and sulfur isotopic analyses and fluid inclusion measurements were carried out. A complex alteration history was reconstructed that includes three generations of fissures, each followed by precipitation of characteristic hydrothermal mineral parageneses: (1) Minor and local deposition of quartz occurred on fissure walls; adjacent wall rocks were silicified, followed by formation of chlorite and minor pyrite I in the veins, whereas albite, sphene, chlorite and chlorite-expandable clay mixtures, actinolite, and pyrite replaced igneous phases in the host rocks. The hydrothermal fluids responsible for this first stage were probably partially reacted seawater, and their temperatures were at least 200-250° C. (2) Fissures filled during the first stage were reopened and new cracks formed. They were filled with quartz, minor chlorite and chlorite-expandable clay mixtures, traces of epidote, common pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and minor galena. During the second stage, hydrothermal fluids were relatively evolved metal- and Si-rich solutions whose temperatures ranged from 230 to 340° C. The fluctuating chemical composition and temperature of the solutions produced a complex depositional sequence of sulfides in the veins: chalcopyrite I, ± Fe-rich sphalerite, chalcopyrite II ("disease"), Fe-poor sphalerite, chalcopyrite III, galena, and pyrite II. (3) During the last stage, zeolites and Mg-poor calcite filled up the remaining spaces and newly formed cracks and replaced the host rock plagioclase. Analcite and stilbite were first to form in veins, possibly at temperatures below 200°C; analcite and earlier quartz were replaced by laumontite at 250°C, whereas calcite formation temperature ranged from 135 to 220°C. The last stage hydrothermal fluids were depleted in Mg and enriched in Ca and 18O compared to seawater and contained a mantle carbon component. This complex alteration history paralleling a complex mineral paragenesis can be interpreted as the result of a relatively long-term evolution of a hydrothermal system with superimposed shorter term fluctuations in solution temperature and composition. Hydrothermal activity probably began close to the axis of the Costa Rica Rift with the overall cooling of the system and multiple fracturing stages due to movement of the crust away from the axis and/or cooling of a magmatic heat source.

Re-examining "difference" and "development" : a note on broadening the field of gender and development in Japan

It is the author’s position that the framework for WID/GAD, as academic field and practice concerned primarily with developing countries should be broadened so as to incorporate Japan’s own gender and development issues in its scope. Unlike other developed countries, activists and scholars in Japan rarely connected, as was also the case with the fields of women’s/gender studies and WID/GAD. However, this was not due to any lack of interest among Japanese women regarding the lives of women in developing countries. Rather the points of fissure were the notions of ‘difference’ and ‘development’ held by Japanese women. These analytical concepts were narrowly defined, which resulted in limited interaction between discourse on women’s issues in Japan and WID/GAD related to ‘other’ women. By re-examining these notions and looking more deeply into perceived differences in the local context of ‘development’, not only can we strategize on ‘differences’ in such a way that we draw strength from the very fact of being different, but also prevent ‘differences’ from being used as grounds for discrimination. As a whole, we could gain substantially by broadening the field of Gender and Development and, as such, it is imperative that this field be broadened with urgency as development itself changes in this ever-interconnected world

Surface fitting in geomorphology - examples for regular-shaped volcanic landforms

In nature, several types of landforms have simple shapes: as they evolve they tend to take on an ideal, simple geometric form such as a cone, an ellipsoid or a paraboloid. Volcanic landforms are possibly the best examples of this ?ideal? geometry, since they develop as regular surface features due to the point-like (circular) or fissure-like (linear) manifestation of volcanic activity. In this paper, we present a geomorphometric method of fitting the ?ideal? surface onto the real surface of regular-shaped volcanoes through a number of case studies (Mt. Mayon, Mt. Somma, Mt. Semeru, and Mt. Cameroon). Volcanoes with circular, as well as elliptical, symmetry are addressed. For the best surface fit, we use the minimization library MINUIT which is made freely available by the CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). This library enables us to handle all the available surface data (every point of the digital elevation model) in a one-step, half-automated way regardless of the size of the dataset, and to consider simultaneously all the relevant parameters of the selected problem, such as the position of the center of the edifice, apex height, and cone slope, thanks to the highly performing adopted procedure. Fitting the geometric surface, along with calculating the related error, demonstrates the twofold advantage of the method. Firstly, we can determine quantitatively to what extent a given volcanic landform is regular, i.e. how much it follows an expected regular shape. Deviations from the ideal shape due to degradation (e.g. sector collapse and normal erosion) can be used in erosion rate calculations. Secondly, if we have a degraded volcanic landform, whose geometry is not clear, this method of surface fitting reconstructs the original shape with the maximum precision. Obviously, in addition to volcanic landforms, this method is also capable of constraining the shapes of other regular surface features such as aeolian, glacial or periglacial landforms.

Pars triangularis asymmetry and language dominance.

The pars triangular is a portion of Broca's area. The convolutions that form the inferior and caudal extent of the pars triangularis include the anterior horizontal and anterior ascending rami of the sylvian fissure, respectively. To learn if there are anatomic asymmetries of the pars triangularis, these convolutions were measured on volumetric magnetic resonance imaging scans of 11 patients who had undergone selective hemispheric anesthesia (Wada testing) to determine hemispheric speech and language lateralization. Of the 10 patients with language lateralized to the left hemisphere, 9 had a leftward asymmetry of the pars triangularis. The 1 patient with language lateralized to the right hemisphere had a significant rightward asymmetry of the pars triangularis. Our data suggest that asymmetries of the pars triangularis may be related to speech-language lateralization.

The Relationship Between Cadwaladerite Al(OH)2Cl∙4H2O and Lesukite Al2(OH)5Cl∙2H2O as Investigated by SEM, PXRD, FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy

Cadwaladerite (Al(OH)2Cl∙4H2O) collected from Cerro Pintados, Chile described by Gordon in 1941 is designated as “doubtful” by the IMA. Material collected from the same locality in 2015 resembling the description of cadwaladerite gave a powder XRD pattern similar to lesukite (Al2(OH)5Cl∙2H2O). However, Gordon provided no X-ray data for his material from Cerro Pintados. In order to determine whether cadwaladerite and lesukite are the same mineral species, measurements were made on a suite of samples from various localities. A portion of the material collected by Gordon in 1941 was also obtained from the Mineralogical Museum of Harvard University. Type material of lesukite from a fumarolic environment at the Tolbachik Fissure in Kamchatka, Russia was obtained as well as lesukite from the Maria Mine, Chile (Arica Province) and a previously undescribed locality for lesukite (Barranaca del Sulfato, Mejillones Peninsula, Antofagasta Province). All samples are yellow to yellow-orange in colour and all exhibit small cubic crystals (up to 50µm), even Gordon’s cadwaladerite which was thought to be amorphous. The Chilean samples are all associated with halite and sometimes with anhydrite. These five samples were studied by SEM, FTIR, powder XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. A ratio of Al:Cl less than or equal to 1.3:1 was observed for all the samples, including measurements made on lesukite from the Russian locality Vergasova et al. studied in 1997, and determined to have a 2:1 ratio. SEM-EDS analyses also show all samples to have minor iron substitution, as well as copper substitution in two samples. FTIR spectra are very similar for all samples. Raman spectroscopy done on both samples collected in Cerro Pintados and the Russian lesukite gave similar spectra. Powder XRD analyses on all samples showed spectra identified to be lesukite, including Gordon’s cadwaladerite. Crystal cell parameters calculated from powder XRD ranged from 19.778Å to 19.878Å. Results using modern instrumental techniques confirm Gordon’s cadwaladerite, collected in 1939 and described in 1941, and lesukite are the same mineral species.

Composition of basalts from the north part of the Bougault anomaly, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 15°N

A quantitative model of development of magmatic and ore-magmatic systems under crests of mid-ocean ridges is constructed. Correct physical models of melting zone formation in approximation to active spreading, non-stationary dynamics of magma intrusion from a center of generation, filling of magma chambers of various shapes, feeding of fissure-type volcanoes, and retrograde boiling of melts during solidification of intrusive bodies beneath axial zones of spreading in crests of ridges are proposed. Physicochemical and mathematical theories of disintegration of multi-component solutions, growth of liquational drops of ore melts, and sublimation of components from magmatic gases are elaborated. Methods for constructing physically correct models of heat and mass transfer in heterophase media are devised. Modeling of development of magmatic and ore-magmatic systems on the basis of the Usov-Kuznetsov facies method and the Pospelov system approach are advanced. For quantitative models numerical circuits are developed and numerical experiments are carried out.

Fatigue crack propagation in a sintered 2xxx series aluminium alloy

Many potential applications for sintered aluminium are limited by the poor fatigue properties of the material. In order to increase understanding of the fatigue mechanisms in sintered aluminium, fatigue tests were carried out on a sintered 2xxx series aluminium alloy, AMB-2712. The alloy has a fatigue endurance strength of approximately 145 MPa (R = 0.1). Three regions were identified on the fatigue fracture surfaces. Region I contains the initiation site and transgranular crack propagation. When the size of the cyclic plastic zone ahead of the crack becomes comparable to the grain size, microstructural damage at the crack tip results in a transition to intergranular propagation. Region 2 mainly contains intergranularly fractured material, whilst the final fracture area makes up Region 3, in the form of dimple coalescence and intergranular failure. Transgranular fractographic features observed on fatigued specimens include fissure-type striations, cross-hatched grains, furrowed grains and grains containing step-like features. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The topographic distribution of the magnetic P100M to full- and half-field stimulation

Visual evoked magnetic responses were recorded to full-field and left and right half-field stimulation with three check sizes (70′, 34′ and 22′) in five normal subjects. Recordings were made sequentially on a 20-position grid (4 × 5) based on the inion, by means of a single-channel direct current-Superconducting Quantum Interference Device second-order gradiometer. The topographic maps were consistent on the same subjects recorded 2 months apart. The half-field responses produced the strongest signals in the contralateral hemisphere and were consistent with the cruciform model of the calcarine fissure. Right half fields produced upper-left-quadrant outgoing fields and lower-left-quadrant ingoing fields, while the left half field produced the opposite response. The topographic maps also varied with check size, with the larger checks producing positive or negative maximum position more anteriorly than small checks. In addition, with large checks the full-field responses could be explained as the summation of the two half fields, whereas full-field responses to smaller checks were more unpredictable and may be due to sources located at the occipital pole or lateral surface. In addition, dipole sources were located as appropriate with the use of inverse problem solutions. Topographic data will be vital to the clinical use of the visual evoked field but, in addition, provides complementary information to visual evoked potentials, allowing detailed studies of the visual cortex. © 1992 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Visual evoked electrical and magnetic response to half-field stimulation using pattern reversal stimulation

The visual evoked magnetic response to half-field stimulation using pattern reversal was studied using a d.c. SQUID coupled to a second order gradiometer. The main component of the magnetic response consisted of a positive wave at around 100 ms (P100M). At the time this component was present the response to half-field stimulation consisted of an outgoing magnetic field contralateral and extending to the midline. When the left half field was stimulated the outgoing field was over the posterior right visual cortex and when the right half field was stimulated it was over the left anterior visual cortex. These findings would correctly identify a source located in the contralateral visual cortex. The orientation of the dipoles was not that previously assumed to explain the paradoxical lateralization of the visual evoked potential. The results are discussed in terms of both electrical and magnetic models of the calcarine fissure. © 1992.

Topographic mapping and source localization of the pattern reversal visual evoked magnetic response

The topography of the visual evoked magnetic response (VEMR) to pattern reversal stimulation was studied in four normal subjects using a single channel BTI magnetometer. VEMRs were recorded from 20 locations over the occipital scalp and the topographic distribution of the most consistent component (P100M) studied. A single dipole in a sphere model was fitted to the data. Topographic maps were similar when recorded two months apart on the same subject to the same stimulus. Half field (HF) stimulation elicited responses from sources on the medial surface of the calcarine fissure mainly in the contralateral hemisphere as predicted by the cruciform model. The full field (FF) responses to large checks were approximately the sum of the HF responses. However, with small checks, FF stimulation appeared to activate a different combination of sources than the two HFs. In addition, HF topography was more consistent between subjects than FF for small check sizes. Topographic studies of the VEMR may help to explain the analogous visual evoked electrical response and will be essential to define optimal recording positions for clinical applications.

The visual evoked magnetic response to a pattern onset stimulus

The topography of the visual evoked magnetic response to a pattern onset stimulus was studied in four normal subjects. The topography of th CIIm component was consistent when measured on the same subject nine months apart. Full field responses were more variable than half field responses. With decreasing check size, the field pattern changes from a simple distribution with one outgoing and one ingoing area of field to a more complex pattern with in and outgoing fields over each hemisphere of the brain. The source may originate at the pole or from within the calcarine fissure.