Citizen awareness and air pollution: the case of São Paulo Metropolitan Region

Includes bibliography

Citizen awareness and air pollution: the case of Santiago

Includes bibliography

Citizen awareness and air pollution in three Latin American cities: São Paulo, Santiago and Mexico City. Comparative analysis

Includes bibliography

Methodology of the project Enhancement of citizen awareness for the formulation of air pollution control policies in three metropolitan areas of Latin America: Mexico City, Santiago and São Paulo

Includes bibliography

Movilización de recursos internos = Mobilization of domestic resources

Incluye Bibliografía

Prevention or repression? The false dilemma of citizen security

Includes bibliography

Trends and challenges in international cooperation and the mobilization of resources for development in Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Movilización de recursos internos = Mobilization of domestic resources

Incluye Bibliografía

A nação é católica: educação e cidadania nas primeiras décadas republicanas (1890 a 1930)

Pós-graduação em História - FCHS

Representações imaginárias atribuídas ao exame do toque retal por homens belemenses

No Brasil, o câncer de próstata é uma doença que representa a segunda causa de morte mais freqüente entre os homens. Na região Norte, esta realidade não é diferente e vem apresentando um ritmo de crescimento acentuado, segundo informações do Instituto Nacional do Câncer - INCA. É um tipo de câncer de evolução lenta e possível de ser detectado e tratado, antes que tome proporções fatais, através de diversos métodos de diagnóstico. Entretanto, um dos maiores desafios no tocante a esta detecção é a mobilização e envolvimento da população masculina em procurar ajuda médica. Isso ocorre, principalmente, porque a prevenção envolve uma possível realização do exame do toque retal. Pensando nisso, este trabalho buscou entender: quais estes impedimentos? Quais os fatores envolvidos para que o homem não cuide de si, especialmente em relação ao câncer de próstata? O objetivo central do trabalho foi investigar: quais as representações imaginárias imputadas ao exame do toque? Em virtude de o foco investigativo ser a apreensão das significações, optou-se pela linha metodológica qualitativa, tendo por referência o Método de Explicitação do Discurso - MEDS. Foram analisadas 10 entrevistas de homens, na faixa etária de 40 a 60 anos. Os seus discursos apontaram que existem barreiras envolvidas neste impedimento, a saber: motivações de ordem estrutural (dificuldade de acesso, carência de informações), mas também barreiras de ordem imaginária, cujos significados tornam o sujeito resistente ao exame e como conseqüência não se previnem, dificultando a detecção de possível doença para posterior tratamento.

EFFECT OF FOOD SHORTAGE ON GROWTH, ENERGETIC RESERVES MOBILIZATION, AND WATER QUALITY IN JUVENILES OF THE REDCLAW CRAYFISH, CHERAX QUADRICARINATUS, REARED IN GROUPS

The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of food shortage on growth performance, by means of energetic reserves (proteins, glycogen and lipids) mobilization and hepatopancreas cells analysis in C. quadricarinatus juveniles maintained in groups, as well as the effect on culture water quality. Two experiments were performed, each of them with two feeding regimes during 45 days. The Control feeding regime, in which crayfish were fed daily (once a day) throughout the experimental period (DF), and the Cyclic feeding regime, in which juveniles were fed for 2 or 4 days (once a day) followed by 2 or 4 days of food deprivation (2F/2D and 4F/4D, respectively) in repeated cycles. Cyclic feeding influenced growth, biochemical composition from hepatopancreas and muscle, and water quality. Juveniles cyclically fed were unable to maintain a normal growth trajectory during 45 days. Apparent feed conversion ratio, apparent protein efficiency ratio, hepatosomatic index and relative pleon mass were similar in cyclic and daily fed animals and no structural damage was found in the hepatopancreas of juveniles subjected to cyclic feeding. The novelty of this study was the significant accumulation of proteins in pleonal muscle in both cyclic feeding regimes (approx. 18%) suggesting that the storage of this constitutive material during food shortage may be an adaptation for a compensatory growth when food becomes abundant again. The cyclic feeding regimes had a positive effect on water quality decreasing inorganic nitrogen concentration. This was due to the reduction in the amount of animal excretes and feces in the group that received approx. 50% less feed. Additionally, water pH was higher in cyclic feeding tanks, as a result of lower organic matter decomposition and consequent release of CO2. Accordingly, total ammonia in the water was significantly lower for the cyclic feeding regimes compared to their respective controls. This study suggests that the protocol of cyclic feeding could be applied at least 45 days in 1 g juveniles maintained in group conditions, without affecting the energetic reserves and hepatopancreas structure, emphasizing the high tolerance of this species to food restriction.

Spatial competition induces the mobilization of morula cells in the colonial ascidian Didemnum perlucidum (Tunicata: Didemnidae)

The effects of spatial competition among colonial marine organisms are often evident in the contact zones between colonies. These effects are especially pronounced when the interaction results in overgrowth or necrosis of one of the competitors. Ascidians, one of the dominant taxonomic groups in subtidal sessile communities, have specialized morula cells that provide a defense against microbial infections. Injuries resulting from interspecific competitive interactions might also act as a stimulus for this defensive mechanism. Therefore, we expected to see the recruitment of morula cells in tissues near competitor contact zones. To test the hypothesis that spatial competition elicits this immune response, we placed colonies of the ascidian Didemnum perlucidum from southeastern Brazil in four different types of competitive situations: (1) overgrowth of the competitor, (2) stand-off interactions, (3) overgrowth by the competitor, and (4) free of competitors. Our results indicate that competitive interactions increase the population of morula cells in contact zones, as more cells were observed in interactions that resulted in the overgrowth of individuals of D. perlucidum, and fewer cells were observed in colonies that were free of competitors. We identified the defensive function of the morula cells by showing the presence of the enzyme phenoloxidase within its vacuoles. Phenoloxidase is a widespread enzyme among animals and plants, and is frequently used in defense by synthesizing toxic quinones from polyphenol substrates. This is the first study to document the presence of morula cells in didemnid ascidians and the mobilization of these cells by spatial competition by heterospecifics, and one of the first studies to identify phenoloxidase activity in morula cells.

Neural mobilization reverses behavioral and cellular changes that characterize neuropathic pain in rats

Background: The neural mobilization technique is a noninvasive method that has proved clinically effective in reducing pain sensitivity and consequently in improving quality of life after neuropathic pain. The present study examined the effects of neural mobilization (NM) on pain sensitivity induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) in rats. The CCI was performed on adult male rats, submitted thereafter to 10 sessions of NM, each other day, starting 14 days after the CCI injury. Over the treatment period, animals were evaluated for nociception using behavioral tests, such as tests for allodynia and thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia. At the end of the sessions, the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and Western blot assays for neural growth factor (NGF) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Results: The NM treatment induced an early reduction (from the second session) of the hyperalgesia and allodynia in CCI-injured rats, which persisted until the end of the treatment. On the other hand, only after the 4th session we observed a blockade of thermal sensitivity. Regarding cellular changes, we observed a decrease of GFAP and NGF expression after NM in the ipsilateral DRG (68% and 111%, respectively) and the decrease of only GFAP expression after NM in the lumbar spinal cord (L3-L6) (108%). Conclusions: These data provide evidence that NM treatment reverses pain symptoms in CCI-injured rats and suggest the involvement of glial cells and NGF in such an effect.