Dynamics between patent latent variables and patent price

This paper focuses on studying the relationship between patent latent variables and patent price. From the existing literature, seven patent latent variables, namely age, generality, originality, foreign filings, technology field, forward citations, and backward citations were identified as having an influence on patent value. We used Ocean Tomo's patent auction price data in this study. We transformed the price and the predictor variables (excluding the dummy variables) to its logarithmic value. The OLS estimates revealed that forward citations and foreign filings were positively correlated to price. Both the variables jointly explained 14.79% of the variance in patent pricing. We did not find sufficient evidence to come up with any definite conclusions on the relationship between price and the variables such as age, technology field, generality, backward citations and originality. The Heckman two-stage sample selection model was used to test for selection bias. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Numerical analysis of transpiration cooling in carbon dioxide atmosphere at hypersonic Mach numbers

The numerical solutions are obtained for skin friction, heat transfer to the wall and growth of boundary layer along the flat plate by employing two dimensional Navier-Stokes equations governing the hypersonic flow coupled with species continuity equations. Flow fields have been computed along the flat plate in CO2 atmosphere in the presence of transpiration cooling using air and carbon dioxide.

Bibliografía argentina de peces de agua dulce.

Espanol: En la presente lista bibliográfica fueron recopiladas las referencias sobre los peces continentales de la Argentina, del período comprendido entre mediados del siglo XVIII y fines del año 2005. Incluye las listas bibliográficas publicadas durante los años 1981 a 2004, y las citas no mencionadas en ellas. Se incluyeron el ISSN o ISBN según correspondiera, la abreviatura oficial y el lugar de origen de las publicaciones. En algunos casos, los ISSN, las abreviaturas de los nombres de las publicaciones o su procedencia, mencionados en los catálogos, no coinciden con los de la home page de la publicación. Una bibliografía puede ser muy rica y aún estar incompleta. Requiere de sus lectores algún interés histórico, y aún un interés profundo por su tema. Ante una bibliografía, muchos investigadores preferirían no encontrar algunas referencias, y de hecho, muchas son oportunamente olvidadas. Por no saber como hacerlo, o por menosprecio, estas listas raramente son citadas en los trabajos, aunque sobre algunos temas en particular, sería realmente difícil formarse una idea si las bibliografías no existieran. Aún desde el comienzo es complicado precisar un criterio de inclusiones. Por ejemplo, gran parte de la ictiofauna Argentina se encuentra también en Brasil. ¿Justifica esto incluir informes perdidos sobre artes de pesca en una cuenca distante? ¿Deben los clásicos, que todo el mundo conoce y el que se inicia encontrará sin dificultad, ser incluidos? Aún a un grupo que se dedicara full time a este trabajo, le sería difícil verificar la precisión de las citas antiguas, en las que fechas y autoría cambian según la investigación histórica. En una bibliografía más o menos general, la perfección atenta contra la publicación. Sin embargo, pensamos que es conveniente hacerlas. Una mirada a este volumen, muestra la enorme cantidad de desarrollos en muchos temas, y la regla que uno de nosotros ha mencionado desde hace tiempo: siempre hay más publicado sobre un tema de lo que uno cree. La sospecha de que con sólo mirar lo que está hecho, muchos subsidios podrían utilizarse para algo más útil que algunas evaluaciones repetidas de recursos o biodiversidad, es un poco pesimista y no haremos perder trabajos insistiendo en eso. Cada generación elige sus metas, su propia base epistemológica, sus trabajos preferidos y los que desecha. Aún en trabajos perdidos o de mala calidad, es posible encontrar datos valiosos. Ningún proyecto, por mejor diseñado que esté, podrá mostrar en el presente los organismos que vivían en el pasado en un lugar en el que las condiciones han cambiado, o lo hará en términos de otra disciplina. En los temas aplicados la información del pasado puede ser importantísima. Aún en una disciplina tan conservadora como la nomenclatura, los cambios pueden ser exasperantes; no pueden serlo menos en las que intrínsecamente, como la ecología, es lo que estudian. Para dar una idea más precisa del desarrollo de la ictiología en la Argentina, esta lista podría ir acompañada de una apreciación crítica. Entendemos que una tarea así exige un trabajo diferente, de cierta magnitud y con no pocos elementos históricos. Aunque tiene deficiencias, la ictiología argentina constituye una acumulación de conocimientos de considerable calidad y pertinencia para la historia natural de América del Sur. Dejamos a los lectores que cada uno haga la suya. English: For the present list, references on freshwater fishes of Argentina were compiled from the period between middle XVIII Century and the end of the year 2005. It includes previous lists published during 1981 to 2004, and references not mentioned therein. The ISSN o ISBN numbers were included, as well as the official abbreviations and the place of origin of the periodicals. In some cases, these data as quoted in catalogs, do not agree with those in the home page of the publication. A bibliography may be very rich and anyway never complete. It requires from its readers some historic interest and indeed a deep interest on his (her) subject. Browsing a bibliography, many researchers would prefer not to find some references, and in fact, sometimes they forget some of them. Not imagining how to do it, or because people do not concede importance to them, bibliographic lists are rarely quoted in papers, though some subjects would be rather difficult to understand if list of publications would not exist. Even from the beginning, it is difficult to precise a criterion of inclusions. For example, many Argentine fishes occur also in Brazil. Does this justify the inclusion of grey reports on a distant basin? Should classic works, that everybody knows and are easily found, be included? Is near impossible, even for a group dedicated full time to this work, to verify the precision of old citations, whose dates and authorship change according to authorities and historical research. In a more or less general bibliography, completeness is against publication. Nevertheless, we think that is convenient to prepare these lists. A look at this volume shows the enormous developments in many subjects, and the rule that one of us mentioned long ago: there are always more papers on any subject than one suspects. Looking at what has already been done raises the suspicion that many grants could be used for something more useful than repeated evaluations of biodiversity or resources. This is a bit pessimistic, and we do not want to erase working opportunities. Each generation chooses its targets, its own epistemological base, its preferred papers and those that rejects. Even in lost or bad quality papers, the possibility of finding valuable information exists. No project, whatever the appropriateness of its design, could show at present which organisms lived in the past in a place where environmental conditions have changed, or it will do it in terms of another discipline. In applied subjects, information from the past can be very important. Even in a conservative discipline as nomenclature, changes can be exasperating. They are not lesser in those like ecology, where change itself is studied. To provide a more precise idea of the development of ichthyology in Argentina, this list could be accompanied by a critical appreciation. We understood that such an aim requires a different work, with no few historical elements and of certain magnitude. In spite of some deficiencies, Argentine ichthyology, resulting from collaboration of both local and foreign people, constitutes a bulk of knowledge of considerable quality and pertinence for the natural history of South America. We leave each reader to make his (or her) own evaluation. (Texto en Espanol. PDF tiene cien setenta paginas.)

Bibliography of El Nino and associated publications

ENGLISH: Citations from the fields of biological, physical and chemical oceanography, meteorology and marine fisheries are used to compile a new bibliography on El Nino phenomena and associated publications. An alphanumeric coding procedure relating this bibliography to a newly microfilmed version of the contents of this bibliography is described. SPANISH: Se emplean las anotaciones del campo biológico, físico y químico de la oceanografía, la rneteorología y la pesca marina para compilar una nueva bibliografía sobre el fenómeno del Niño, y publicaciones afines. Se describe el procedimiento de un código alfanumérico relacionando esta bibliografía a una versión recientemente microfilmada del contenido de ésta. (PDF contains 53 pages.)

Efeito do dentifrício fluoretado na incidência de cárie na dentição decídua e fluorose na dentição permanente: revisões sistemáticas e metanálises

Apesar do potencial anticárie do dentifrício fluoretado na dentição permanente estar bem estabelecido, existe uma lacuna no conhecimento em relação ao seu efeito na dentição decídua; não existe consenso quanto à concentração ideal de fluoreto no dentifrício capaz de maximizar o benefício anticárie na dentição decídua e simultaneamente minimizar o risco de desenvolver fluorose clinicamente importante na dentição permanente. O artigo 1 desta tese avaliou o efeito dos dentifrícios de concentração baixa (menos de 600 ppm) e padrão (1000 a 1500 ppm) de fluoreto comparados com placebo ou nenhuma intervenção e o artigo 2 comparou diretamente o efeito do dentifrício de concentração baixa de fluoreto com o de concentração padrão. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados ou quasi-randomizados. Dois examinadores leram, de forma independente, 1932 resumos ou citações e 159 estudos na íntegra. As discordâncias foram resolvidas por um terceiro examinador. Oito estudos foram incluídos no artigo 1 e cinco no artigo 2. Para avaliar o efeito dos dentifrícios fluoretados sobre o número de dentes e superfícies dentárias cariadas, perdidas por cárie e obturadas, e sobre o número de crianças com cárie e fluorose, foram estimados frações prevenidas (FP) e riscos relativos (RR) combinados, respectivamente. Quando os dentifrícios de concentração padrão de fluoreto foram comparados com placebo ou nenhuma intervenção, houve reduções significativas de cárie no nível de superfície (FP= 31%; IC 95% 18 43), dente (FP= 16%; IC 95% 7 24) e indivíduo (RR= 0,86; IC 95% 0,81 0,93). Quando os dentifrícios de concentração baixa de fluoreto foram comparados com nenhuma intervenção, houve redução significativa de cárie apenas no nível de superfície (FP= 40%; IC 95% 5 75) (artigo 1). Os dentifrícios de concentração baixa de fluoreto, comparados diretamente com os de concentração padrão, aumentaram significativamente o risco de cárie na dentição decídua (RR= 1,13; IC 95% 1,07 1,20) e não reduziram significativamente o risco de fluorose clinicamente importante nos dentes permanentes anteriores superiores (RR= 0,32; IC 95% 0,03 2,97). Houve uma redução significativa de cárie no nível de dente quando o dentifrício com concentração padrão de fluoreto foi comparado com o de baixa concentração (FP=14%; IC 95% 6 21). Porém, não houve diferença no nível de superfície, apesar de ter havido uma tendência favorecendo os dentifrícios com concentração padrão de fluoreto e pH neutro (FP= 13%; IC 95% -4 30) e os de concentração baixa de fluoreto e pH ácido (FP= -5%; IC 95% -22 11) (artigo 2). Os dentifrícios de concentração padrão de fluoreto foram mais efetivos na redução de cárie na dentição decídua de pré-escolares do que os de concentração baixa, placebo ou nenhuma intervenção. Os dentifrícios de concentração padrão de fluoreto, em comparação com os de concentração baixa, não aumentaram significativamente o risco de fluorose clinicamente importante nos dentes permanentes anteriores superiores. São necessários mais estudos para confirmar se a redução do pH dos dentifrícios de concentração baixa de fluoreto pode ser considerada uma alternativa para aumentar o efeito anticárie e reduzir o risco de fluorose clinicamente importante.

A bibliography of Lake Kariba 1987-1994

The bibliography contains some 116 citations, including unpublished reports and manuscripts, regarding Lake Kariba. Most of the reports are from the Zambia/Zimbabwe SADC Fisheries and Lake Kariba Fisheries Research Institute. The citations are listed in alphabetical order according to author.

O estado do conhecimento sobre gênero na bibliografia internacional

Esta dissertação tem como objeto os estudos sobre gênero em pesquisas internacionais. Foram explorados 50 textos selecionados a partir de uma amostra de mil documentos oriundos da biblioteca virtual da Universidade de Sydney na Austrália. O estudo de natureza bibliográfica utilizou mapas conceituais e desenvolveu análises indutivas tendo com objetivo geral estudar como gênero tem sido abordado nas pesquisas internacionais de modo a compreender o desenvolvimento do conceito de gênero, as argumentações relacionadas a este conceito nos estudos investigados. A dissertação teve como objetivos específicos: Descrever os conceitos de gênero e suas interconexões em termos teóricos-epistemológicos de modo a construir uma linha do tempo da última década; Identificar e analisar as principais questões que orientaram as pesquisas em termos das escolhas de metodologias, instrumentos de coleta, formas de análise dos dados e pertinência teórica; Estabelecer a relação entre gênero e educação; analisar e descrever os cinco principais autores recorrentes nos textos, mostrando de que modo descrevem gênero levantando as suas contribuições para os estudos de gênero investigados. Os resultados apontam para: uma super-representação de trabalhos originários dos países ocidentais e uma sub-representação nos países do sul, como assinala Connell (2007); quanto as abordagens metodológicas visualiza-se uma tendência em utilizarem pesquisas quantitativas mais que qualitativas assim como as perspectivas binárias/dualistas em detrimento às perspectivas pós-estruturalista como suporte analítico-interpretativo; dentre as 2.066 citações de teóricos, cinco autores sobressaem nos estudos, são eles: Susan Moller Okin, Raewyn Connell, Madeleine Arnot, Bronwyn Davies e Pierre Bourdieu. Finalmente, este estudo denuncia a necessidade de pesquisas mais comprometida com o enfrentamento da desigualdades de gênero, em especial as minorias silenciadas pelas pesquisas examinadas, onde o mundo foi dividido entre homens e mulheres, na perspectiva de uma ordenação única de gênero, sem levar em conta as diferentes variações, interações e opções de gênero existentes na sociedade contemporânea.

A computer software package for assessing and managing risks posed by experiments with genetically modified fish and shellfish

Assessment and management of risk is needed for sustainable use of genetically modified aquatic organisms (aquatic GMOs). A computer software package for safely conducting research with genetically modified fish and shellfish is described. By answering a series of questions about the organism and the accessible aquatic ecosystem, a researcher or oversight authority can either identify specific risks or conclude that there is a specific reason for safety of the experiment. Risk assessment protocols with examples involving transgenic coho salmon, triploid grass carp and hybrid tilapia are described. In case a specific risk is identified, the user is led to consider risk management measures, involving culture methods, facilities design and operations management, to minimize the risk. Key features of the software are its user-friendly organization; easy access to explanatory text, literature citations and glossary; and automated completion of a worksheet. Documented completion of the Performance Standards can facilitate approval of a well designed experiment by oversight authorities.

A practical guide for ex-ante impact evaluation in fisheries and aquaculture

This guide provides a framework for ex-ante evaluation of fisheries and aquaculture projects in developing countries. Ex-ante impact evaluations check the potential of a project or program to deliver benefits from proposed interventions. Providing extensive annotated literature citations, this guide is designed for use by practitioners who may not be fisheries or aquaculture specialists. The guide uses concepts from results-based management, organized into five modules that structure the investigation and provide insights regarding alignment of the proposed intervention with stakeholder interests, feasibility of design, potential constraints to implementation, possible impact pathways and distributional effects of the intervention. Separately published case studies of investments in Bangladesh, Malawi and Ghana illustrate application of the guide.

Bibliography of synthesis documents on selected coastal ocean topics

This compilation of references to works which synthesize information on coastal topics is intended to be useful to resource managers in decision making processes. However, the utility must be understand in terms of its limited coverage. The bibliography is not inclusive of all the published materials on the topics selected. Coverage is clearly defined in the following paragraph. The time span of the bibliography is limited to references that were published from I983 to 1993, except for a last-minute addition of a few 1994 publications. All searches were done in mid- to late-1993. The bibliography was compiled from searches done on the following DIALOG electronic databases: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts, BlOSlS Previews, Dissertation Abstracts Online, Life Sciences Collection, NTlS (National Technical lnformation Service), Oceanic Abstracts, Pollution Abstracts, SciSearch, and Water Resources Abstracts. In addition, two NOAA electronic datases were searched: the NOAA Library and lnformation Catalog and the NOAA Sea Grant Depository Database. Synthesis of information is not an ubiquitous term used in database development. In order to locate syntheses of required coastal topics, 89 search terms were used in combinations which required 10 searches from each file. From the nearly 6,000 citations which resulted from the electronic searches, the most appropriate were selected to produce this bibliography. The document was edited and indexed using Wordperfect software. When available, an abstract has been included. Every abstract was edited. The bibliography is subdivided into four main topics or sections: ecosystems, coastal water body conditions, natural disasters, and resource management. In the ecosystems section, emphasis is placed on organisms in their environment on the major coastlines of the U.S. In the second section, coastal water body conditions, the environment itself is emphasized. References were found for the Alaskan coast, but none were found for Hawaii. The third section, on natural disasters, emphasizes environmental impacts resulting from natural phenomena. Guidelines, planning and management reports, modelling documents, strategic and restoration plans, and environmental economics related to sustainability are included in the fourth section, resource management. Author, geographic, and subject indices indices are provided. The authors would like to thank Victor Omelczenko and Terry Seldon of the NOAA Sea Grant Office for access to and training on the NOAA Sea Grant Depository Database. We are grateful also to Dorothy Anderson, Philip Keavey, and Elizabeth Petersen who reviewed the draft document.

Development and use of parasitoids (Hymenoptera : Aphidiidae & Aphelinidae) for biological control of aphids in China

A review of aphid parasitoids in China with special emphasis on their production, utilization, and conservation is presented with a brief history of Chinese biological control. Twenty genera, 99 species of Aphidiidae and two genera, 11 species of Aphelinidae were recorded in China. Each parasitoid is listed with a brief description of aphids, host plants, areas of study such as taxonomy, biology, bionomics, geographic distribution, rearing, and literature citations. Achievements, status, and problems in aphid parasitoid production, utilization, conservation, and future prospects are detailed for dominant aphid parasitoids such as Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead, A. ervi Haliday and Aphelinus mali Haldeman. Finally, opportunities and challenges of commercialization commercialization of natural enemies, especially aphid parasitoids, in China, are analyzed and discussed.

Bibliometric analysis of nicotine research in China during the period of 1991 to 2007

With the widespread exposure of people to nicotine through recreational use of tobacco products, research into nicotine has attracted increasing attention. Tobacco smoking is by far the most important cause of lung cancer. As the world's largest producer and consumer of tobacco products, China bears a large proportion of the global burden of smoking-related disease; therefore, information on nicotine publications should be collected to formulate future research policy. In the present study, we investigated nicotine-related research articles published by Chinese authors that were indexed in the Science Citation Index (SCI) from 1991 to 2007. An indicator "citations per publication" (CPP) was used in the study to evaluate the impact of journals, articles, and institutes. The quantity of publications has increased at a quicker pace than the worldwide trend. Article visibility, measured as the frequency of being cited, also increased during the period. However, the overall quality of articles, based on the impact factor of journals publishing those articles, dropped behind the worldwide average level. There has been an increase in international collaboration, mainly with researchers in the USA. The average CPP of international co-authorship articles was higher than that of single country publications. Besides the USA, nicotine research in China will benefit from more collaboration with Taiwan, England, and Germany. Some 110 of 264 articles were published by a single institute, and the top six institutes were compared from various angles. Seventy-two subject categories were covered, and trends (in terms of both quantity and quality) of nicotine research in China were compared with worldwide trends. In addition, analysis of keywords in both nicotine and lung cancer research fields was applied to indicate research interests. Mutual cooperation among multiple disciplines needs further strengthening.

JUSTEIS: JISC Usage Surveys: Trends in Electronic Information Services Final report 2003/2004 Cycle Five

Urquhart, C., Spink, S., Thomas, R., Yeoman, A., Durbin, J., Turner, J., Fenton, R. & Armstrong, C. (2004). JUSTEIS: JISC Usage Surveys: Trends in Electronic Information Services Final report 2003/2004 Cycle Five. Aberystwyth: Department of Information Studies, University of Wales Aberystwyth. Sponsorship: JISC

Use of library and information science journals by Master?s students in their dissertations: experiences at the University of Wales Aberystwyth

Tedd, L.A. (2006).Use of library and information science journals by Master?s students in their dissertations: experiences at the University of Wales Aberystwyth. Aslib Proceedings: New Information Perspectives, 58(6), 570-581.

Polski Hamlet

Chapter is an attempt at reconstruction of the culminating moment of the first stage of the Polish reception of Shakespeare's "Hamlet". It has been entirely devoted to J. Słowacki's "Horsztyński". There is no doubt that "Horsztyński" should be viewed as the fullest and deepest interpretation of Shakespearean elements in the literary output of Juliusz Słowacki. Numerous citations and references to the works of the Elizabethan dramatist reach deeply into the structure of the world and human's life. Thanks to many adductions (citations) to Shakespeare, Słowacki approached the so much important problem for the Romantic period in Polish literature, namely the problem of individual tragedy of existence of the main character of a play and a clash with historical dilemmas of the community. The analysis of the text is aimed at showing all references to Shakespearean masterpiece with a particular emphasis on the hamletism of the charactwe of Szczęsny Kossakowski. The author describes the motif of betrayal, ever-present on different levels of the text structure, which in the most complete way describes the organisation of space between humans and their interaction in "Horsztyński". The author focuses his attention on detailed description and analysis of the recurrent themes frequently repeated in Szczęsny's statements, namely motifs of "man-harp", "man-actor in the theatre of the world", and "man-puppet", harlequin, clown. These motifs prove the sensibility of Szczęsny's to the theatrical aspect of the surrounding reality. The motif of darkness and of a blind man groping his way in the darkness so frequent in Szczęsny's statements can be interpreted as a manifestation of utter lack of hope and the feeling of uselessness of one's existence in the world.