池沸腾现象中热毛细对流的成因

针对微重力条件下单组份液体池沸腾现象，探讨了有关热毛细效应作用及其成因的不同观点，指出正确描述气液相变界面两侧的温度关系是解决争议的关键．详细评述了现有的气液相变界面温度模型，发现气液相变的非平衡特征会导致气液界面上产生温度梯度，引起表面张力的显著差异，从而驱动热毛细对流的形成．但现有气液相变界面温度模型机理差异迥然，预测结果也差别很大，因此，需要更深入研究．

过冷核态池沸腾中的Marangoni效应

分析了过冷核态池沸腾过程中气泡横向运动现象,指出其成因在于相邻气泡界面温度差引起的Mara- ngoni对流对周围液体的吸引.通过对该流动的尺度分析,得到了气泡横向运动特征速度及其可观测度的估算公式,其预测结果与实验观测相一致.特别是对极细小的初始核化气泡,该公式预测了强烈的横向Marangoni对流会导致气泡顶端微射流的形成.该效应在加热面水平向下或微重力沸腾等气泡脱落频率较低的情形中尤为重要.

Growth response of Heterobranchus longifilis (Valenciennes, 1840) fingerlings fed raw and boiled Mucuna cochinchinensis seed meal

Feeding trial was conducted in static water to assess the growth of H. longifilis fingerlings fed different I inclusion levels of mucuna seed meal (MSM). Raw and boiled MSM were used in the diets at 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% inclusion levels and the performance of fish fed these diets was compared with fish fed a fishmeal-based diet which contained 40% protein. All diets were prepared to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric A two by five factorial experiment with three replicates using ten fish of average initial weight 1 .46g was carried out. Daily fish ration of five percent body weight was administered two times for eight weeks. The specific growth rate in diets 1 (control) and 6(10% boiled MSM) were similar and significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other dietary groups. The significantly lower growth performance of fish fed diets containing higher inclusion levels of both raw and boiled MSM might be due to incomplete elimination of the antinutritional factors present in MSM by boiling. Other methods of processing MSM to improve its nutritive value should be investigated. (7 page document)

双模态过渡池沸腾实验研究

利用控制加热电压和加热面平均温度两种方法，实验研究了常压（0．1MPa）、室温（16℃）条件下除气后的R113在直径60μm细铂丝表面的池沸腾传热现象，观测了单相对流、核态沸腾、双模态过渡沸腾和膜态沸腾4种传热模式中的汽相分布及其传热特征，发现充分发展的核态沸腾传热曲线、膜态沸腾传热曲线及临界热流的数值分别与文献中常用关联式的预测一致，而核态沸腾和膜态沸腾共存的稳定双模态过渡沸腾曲线被一极小值点分为两个连续分支，邻近膜态沸腾的右支上热流与过热度成正比，而邻近核态沸腾的左支上热流则随过热度增长而下降，并且只出现在加热面平均温度受控的实验中．

微重力池沸腾实验研究

本文利用我国第22颗返回式卫星开展了微重力条件下过冷池沸腾传热实验研究。实验中采用桥式自反馈电路控制加热面温度，加热元件为长30mm、直径60pm的铂丝，实验工质为0．1MPa压力下过冷度为26℃的R113。实验发现，沸腾起始温度不受重力水平影响，而微重力核态沸腾传热略有增强，汽泡脱落行为也有着不同的特征。

微重力池沸腾现象中的汽泡脱落直径

本文报道了空间微重力池沸腾过程中的汽泡脱落现象，观测到微重力条件下小汽泡行为与常重力时相似，但在中等尺寸范围内，汽泡往往粘附在加热丝上做横向振动，并不断合并所碰到的小汽泡，直到超过临界尺寸后脱落。本文在Lee模型（1992）的基础上引入热毛细作用力，成功地解释了实验观测到的独特的汽泡动力学行为特征。

微重力池沸腾现象中的汽泡行为特性

本文对准稳态加热条件下的微重力核态池沸腾中的汽泡行为特征进行了实验研究，分析了初始核化过程、汽泡数密度、汽泡尺寸及其运动速度等的变化趋势，探讨了过冷度及加热历史等因素对相关特性的影响。实验发现：微重力条件下汽泡生成后沿加热面不停地移动；原生汽泡会聚合形成大汽泡，大汽泡不断捕掠小汽泡而长大，直到大汽泡覆盖整个加热面；汽泡生长速度随过冷度增加而变慢。

Influence of Evaporation on Marangoni-Benard Instability

Evaporative convection and instability give rise to both scientific and technological interests. Practically, a number of the industrial applications such as thin-film evaporators, boiling technologies and heat pipes concern with the evaporation process of which through the vapor-liquid interface the heat and mass transfer occur. From a physical viewpoint, one of interesting questions is the mechanisms of convection instability in thin-liquid layers induced by the coupling of evaporation phenomenon and Marangoni effect at the mass exchanged interface. Classical theories, including Rayleigh’s and Pearson’s, have only successfully explained convection in a liquid layer heated from below without evaporation. However these theories are unable to explain the convection in an evaporating thin layer, especially liquid layer is cooled from below. In present paper, a new two-sided model is put forward rather than the one-sided model in previous works. In previous works, the vapor is treated as passive gas and dynamics of vapor has been ignored. In this case, the vapor liquid system can be described by one-sided model. In our two-sided model, the dynamics of vapor should be considered. Linear instability analysis of the Marangoni-Bénard convection in the two-layer system with an evaporation interface is performed. We define a new evaporating Biot number which is different from the Biot number in one-sided model and obtain the curves of critical Marangoni number versus wave number. In our theoretical results, the Biot number and the evaporating velocity play a major role in the stability of the vapor-liquid system.

丝状加热面池沸腾临界热流尺度效应研究

本文以丝状加热表面上的池沸腾传热现象为主要研究对象，利用地面常重力实验，研究了不同热丝直径、不同过冷度下（(0～40℃）的丝状加热片面FC-72液体和丙酮液体的池沸腾传热特性。 本文利用自主研发的一套可控过冷度池沸腾实验设备，使用纯度为99.99%的铂丝同时作为加热元件和测温元件，加热丝直径分别为0.06mm、0.025mm、0.1mm，长度为30mm。实验采用控制加热电压按阶梯形式增长或下降（时间常数约20s）的稳态加热方式。 实验所得单相自然对流传热数据同Kuehn-Goldstein（1976）换热公式预测结果具有较高的一致性，说明实验设备可靠、实验数据可信。 实验过程中发现，在相同压力条件下，随着过冷度的增加，沸腾传热强化；CHF值在低过冷度时呈线性增加，然后增加趋势变缓。丙酮实验中，0.06mm热丝和0.1mm热丝在低过冷度(2.5～10℃)情况下都出现了从自然对流直接进入双膜态现象，不过，当降低加热电压时，膜态沸腾仍转化为核态沸腾，此时继续增高加热电压，沸腾曲线仍沿常规核态沸腾曲线上升至CHF后，再转换为膜态沸腾。对于同等直径热丝，无论核态沸腾或双膜态沸腾，在丙酮中所产生汽泡尺寸明显偏大。 过冷沸腾中，临界热流随过冷度的增加呈现出非线性依赖关系。在低过冷度线性区，FC-72中实验结果与几种低过冷度线性模型较一致；丙酮中实验结果 随 变化斜率明显高于几种低过冷度线性模型的预测，显示出对尺度的依赖关系。这说明在小Bond数时存在尺度效应对过冷度的影响，即对于小Bond数情况过冷度和尺度效应的耦合作用是非常重要的。 饱和沸腾中，FC-72和丙酮的CHF值随热丝直径的减小而不断增加，其中，FC-72的CHF数值尽管比LD模型预测结果略低，但定性地依然可用LD模型进行描述，尽管相比于LD模型原始的适用范围 已扩大了1~2个数量级；但丙酮的实验数据却远小于LD模型预测结果。综合分析表明，尽管热丝直径相同，但物性的差异使得FC-72和丙酮实验中的数据点分别处于不同的尺度特征区域，反映了小Bond数情形下分区准则的物性依赖性。

微重力准稳态池沸腾中的气泡动力学研究

本文实验研究了微重力条件下的准稳态核态池沸腾现象中的气泡动力学特征及其对传热特性的影响,发现在低过冷度沸腾中,聚合汽泡表面的强烈振荡促进了整个加热面上的核化过程与核态沸腾传热;而高过冷沸腾中,聚合气泡在表面张力作用下呈球状,难以覆盖整个加热表面,导致核态沸腾向膜态沸腾的过度过程表现为"核态沸腾+局部的干斑扩展"现象,相应的传热曲线没有明显转折.微重力条件下池沸腾临界热流随过冷度和压力的增加而升高,与地面结果定性相符.

微重力池沸腾传热实验研究

本文实验研究了平板加热面FC-72液体的准稳态池沸腾传热现象,利用地面常重力实验、SJ-8卫星搭载微重力实验等手段,分析了不同重力、压力及过冷度条件下平板加热面上的池沸腾传热特性.微重力条件下,相近压力或过冷度时,传热系数和CHF随过冷度或压力增大而增大.相对常重力,传热曲线明显变缓,沸腾起始时的壁面过热度降低,CHF仅为常重力的40%或更低.

微重力池沸腾传热研究

对利用中国返回式卫星搭载开展的两次微重力池沸腾空间实验及地基常重力和落塔短时微重力实验的结果进行了评述.研究发现微重力时丝状加热器沸腾传热会略有强化,而平板力加热器则在高热流条件下明显恶化.微重力时,气泡脱落前存在沿加热面的横向运动,加剧了相邻气泡间的合并,合并气泡会在其表而振荡作用下从加热面脱落.Marangoni效应对于微重力气泡行为有重要影响.

Desarrollo de servicios para vigilancia tecnológica

[EN]If a frog is placed in boiling water, it will jump out; but if it is placed in cold water that is slowly heated, it will not perceive the danger and will be cooked to death. Without de ability to observe changing environmental conditions, the frog can find itself boiled alive before realizing it is in trouble. This is known as the boiling frog syndrome. In the same manner, it is impossible to be competitive without knowing and being aware of the environmental changes. From here comes the necessity for the Technological Watch and Competitive Intelligence. The main goals of this project are to evaluate the current Technological Vigilance System of the IK4-Tekniker research center and to develop services that help in improving the system. For that purpose, first of all the Technological Vigilance is going to be placed in the business field and its origins are going to be explained. Following that, the Technological Vigilance system of IK4-Tekniker is going to be analyzed for its evaluation. Finally the creation of the services previously mentioned are going to be described in detail, showing the technologies and tools used for that purpose like the Responsive Web Design.

Er3+ and Yb3+ codoped phosphate laser glass for high power flashlamp pumping

A novel Vb(3+)-Er-(3+) codoped phosphate glass for high power flashlamp pumping and high repetition rate laser at 1.54 mu m, designated EAT5-2, is developed. The weight-loss rate of is 1.3 x 10(-5) gcm(-2) h(-1) in boiling water, which is comparable to Kigre's QX-Er glass. Some spectroscopic parameters are analysed by Judd-Ofelt theory and McCumber theory The emission cross section is calculated to be 0.73 x 10(-20) cm(2). The thermo-mechanical properties of EAT5-2 are modified after an ion-exchange chemical strengthening process in a KNO3/NaNO3 molten salt bath. The thresholds for optical damage from the flashlamp pumping are tested on glass rods. A repetition rate of 15 Hz is achieved for chemically strengthened glass. The laser experimental results at. 1.54 mu m from flashlamp pumping are also reported.

Mapeamento de difusão no reconhecimento e reconstrução de sinais

Em muitas representações de objetos ou sistemas físicos se faz necessário a utilização de técnicas de redução de dimensionalidade que possibilitam a análise dos dados em baixas dimensões, capturando os parâmetros essenciais associados ao problema. No contexto de aprendizagem de máquina esta redução se destina primordialmente à clusterização, reconhecimento e reconstrução de sinais. Esta tese faz uma análise meticulosa destes tópicos e suas conexões que se encontram em verdadeira ebulição na literatura, sendo o mapeamento de difusão o foco principal deste trabalho. Tal método é construído a partir de um grafo onde os vértices são os sinais (dados do problema) e o peso das arestas é estabelecido a partir do núcleo gaussiano da equação do calor. Além disso, um processo de Markov é estabelecido o que permite a visualização do problema em diferentes escalas conforme variação de um determinado parâmetro t: Um outro parâmetro de escala, Є, para o núcleo gaussiano é avaliado com cuidado relacionando-o com a dinâmica de Markov de forma a poder aprender a variedade que eventualmente seja o suporte do dados. Nesta tese é proposto o reconhecimento de imagens digitais envolvendo transformações de rotação e variação de iluminação. Também o problema da reconstrução de sinais é atacado com a proposta de pré-imagem utilizando-se da otimização de uma função custo com um parâmetro regularizador, γ, que leva em conta também o conjunto de dados iniciais.