Again on the enforceable chart of don Francisco Pizarro: the arrival of American gold stocks to Spain (1536-1553)

Besides researching the last goal of the execution of a trial between Francisco Pizarro, governor of Peru, and his mandatory, Pedro de Barrantes on behalf of the gold sent to Spain, the present work reviews all the data found in the Archives of the Grenade Chancellery on the arrival of gold to Spain. Also, a curious trial on a subject of Preste Juan is included.

Siegfried Bernfeld: Sämtliche Werke in 16 Bänden. Band 1: Theorien des Jugendalters. Hrsg. v. Ulrich Herrmann. Weinheim/Basel: Beltz 1992 [Rezension]

Rezension von: Siegfried Bernfeld: Sämtliche Werke in 16 Bänden. Band 1: Theorien des Jugendalters. Hrsg. v. Ulrich Herrmann. Weinheim/Basel: Beltz 1992, 306 S.

Decreto rectoral No. 1461: Por el cual se modifican los capítulos II y III de los Decretos Rectorales No. 986 y 998 sobre incentivos económicos por producción académica

"El Rector de la Universidad del Rosario en uso de sus atribuciones Constitucionales, Considerando: Que el Colegio Mayor de Nuestra del Rosario se ha definido como una Universidad de docencia que hace investigación. Que, teniendo en cuenta el crecimiento de la Universidad en términos de publicaciones científicas en la última década, es pertinente reformar los instrumentos de fomento a la investigación científica, entre otros los relacionados con incentivos económicos por producción académica. Que una política de incentivos busca fomentar y fortalecer aquellos aspectos de la vida académica que una Universidad desea promover y como tal debe responder a las dinámicas de las áreas de conocimiento desarrolladas en la Universidad de manera flexible y evolutiva. Que el presente decreto rectoral establece los lineamientos que constituyen un marco general a partir del cual las unidades académicas, teniendo en cuenta las características propias de cada una de sus disciplinas, pueden acceder a incentivos económicos por producción académica para sus profesores. Decreta: Adoptar los lineamientos sobre incentivos económicos a la producción académica de acuerdo con las disposiciones institucionales generales y específicas para cada unidad académica."

Un notario apostólico al servicio de un monasterio. Suero Peláez y el monasterio de San Pelayo de Oviedo (1429-1461)

En la baja edad media, los monasterios, al igual que todas las instituciones, se vieron obligados por la legislación vigente a recurrir a notarios públicos, en algunas ocasiones nombrados por autoridades laicas y en otras de nombramiento eclesiástico. No existen estudios en los que se analice con detenimiento cual es el comportamiento de la relación entre las instituciones monásticas y el notariado. Por consiguiente, considero interesante estudiar la figura de Suero Peláez, notario apostólico que trabajó para los diversos monasterios ovetenses pero que mantuvo una relación especial con San Pelayo para quienes expidió unos 51 documentos entre 1429 y 1461, y para quienes sirvió también como procurador. Unos servicios que le hicieron ascender en la jerarquía eclesiástica, entrando en el cabildo como clérigo del coro y posteriormente fue promocionado como compañero, por lo que también trabajará en la escribanía capitular como escusador; y que le dieron el capital suficiente para tener una frenética actividad de compra-venta de rentas, alejándose progresivamente de la escrituración de los documentos que signa

Translating tissue engineering technology platforms into cancer research

Technology platforms originally developed for tissue engineering applications produce valuable models that mimic three-dimensional (3D) tissue organization and function to enhance the understanding of cell/tissue function under normal and pathological situations. These models show that when replicating physiological and pathological conditions as closely as possible investigators are allowed to probe the basic mechanisms of morphogenesis, differentiation and cancer. Significant efforts investigating angiogenetic processes and factors in tumorigenesis are currently undertaken to establish ways of targeting angiogenesis in tumours. Anti-angiogenic agents have been accepted for clinical application as attractive targeted therapeutics for the treatment of cancer. Combining the areas of tumour angiogenesis, combination therapies and drug delivery systems is therefore closely related to the understanding of the basic principles that are applied in tissue engineering models. Studies with 3D model systems have repeatedly identified complex interacting roles of matrix stiffness and composition, integrins, growth factor receptors and signalling in development and cancer. These insights suggest that plasticity, regulation and suppression of these processes can provide strategies and therapeutic targets for future cancer therapies. The historical perspective of the fields of tissue engineering and controlled release of therapeutics, including inhibitors of angiogenesis in tumours is becoming clearly evident as a major future advance in merging these fields. New delivery systems are expected to greatly enhance the ability to deliver drugs locally and in therapeutic concentrations to relevant sites in living organisms. Investigating the phenomena of angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis in 3D in vivo models such as the Arterio-Venous (AV) loop mode in a separated and isolated chamber within a living organism adds another significant horizon to this perspective and opens new modalities for translational research in this field.

Serum polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in pooled serum are higher in children (2-5 years of age) than in infants and adults

Background: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in many products and have been detected in human samples worldwide. Limited data show that concentrations are elevated in young children. Objectives: We investigated the association between PBDEs and age with an emphasis on young children from Australia in 2006–2007. Methods: We collected human blood serum samples (n = 2,420), which we stratified by age and sex and pooled for analysis of PBDEs. Results: The sum of BDE-47, -99, -100, and -153 concentrations (Σ4PBDE) increased from 0–0.5 years (mean ± SD, 14 ± 3.4 ng/g lipid) to peak at 2.6–3 years (51 ± 36 ng/g lipid; p < 0.001) and then decreased until 31–45 years (9.9 ± 1.6 ng/g lipid). We observed no further significant decrease among ages 31–45, 45–60 (p = 0.964), or > 60 years (p = 0.894). The mean Σ4PBDE concentration in cord blood (24 ± 14 ng/g lipid) did not differ significantly from that in adult serum at ages 15–30 (p = 0.198) or 31–45 years (p = 0.140). We found no temporal trend when we compared the present results with Australian PBDE data from 2002–2005. PBDE concentrations were higher in males than in females; however, this difference reached statistical significance only for BDE-153 (p = 0.05). Conclusions: The observed peak concentration at 2.6–3 years of age is later than the period when breast-feeding is typically ceased. This suggests that in addition to the exposure via human milk, young children have higher exposure to these chemicals and/or a lower capacity to eliminate them. Key words: Australia, children, cord blood, human blood serum, PBDEs, polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environ Health Perspect 117:1461–1465 (2009). doi:10.1289/ehp.0900596

Fraud detection in ERP systems using scenario matching

ERP systems generally implement controls to prevent certain common kinds of fraud. In addition however, there is an imperative need for detection of more sophisticated patterns of fraudulent activity as evidenced by the legal requirement for company audits and the common incidence of fraud. This paper describes the design and implementation of a framework for detecting patterns of fraudulent activity in ERP systems. We include the description of six fraud scenarios and the process of specifying and detecting the occurrence of those scenarios in ERP user log data using the prototype software which we have developed. The test results for detecting these scenarios in log data have been verified and confirm the success of our approach which can be generalized to ERP systems in general.

Resolvin inflammation with pain

Background: Inflammation and pain coexist in conditions such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and lower back pain. The drugs currently used to treat the combination of inflammation and pain all have disadvantages. Thus, new drugs and new approaches are needed to treat inflammation with pain. The resolvins are considered to be part of the natural resolving mechanism for inflammation, and have been shown to prevent inflammation in animal models. Objectives/methods: To evaluate a paper suggesting that the resolvins RvE1 and RvD1 attenuate inflammatory pain in animal models. Results: RvE1 has been shown to attenuate inflammation and, to a lesser extent, pain in animal models. Limited results are presented of the effectiveness of RvD1 against inflammatory pain. Conclusion: Drugs that mimic or potentiate the effects of the resolvins may be useful for the treatment of some inflammation with pain.

Mapping the territory of economic risk

It is widely contended that we live in a „world risk society‟, where risk plays a central and ubiquitous role in contemporary social life. A seminal contributor to this view is Ulrich Beck, who claims that our world is governed by dangers that cannot be calculated or insured against. For Beck, risk is an inherently unrestrained phenomenon, emerging from a core and pouring out from and under national borders, unaffected by state power. Beck‟s focus on risk's ubiquity and uncontrollability at an infra-global level means that there is a necessary evenness to the expanse of risk: a "universalization of hazards‟, which possess an inbuilt tendency towards globalisation. While sociological scholarship has examined the reach and impact of globalisation processes on the role and power of states, Beck‟s argument that economic risk is without territory and resistant to domestic policy has come under less appraisal. This is contestable: what are often described as global economic processes, on closer inspection, reveal degrees of territorial embeddedness. This not only suggests that "global‟ flows could sometimes be more appropriately explained as international, regional or even local processes, formed from and responsive to state strategies – but also demonstrates what can be missed if we overinflate the global. This paper briefly introduces two key principles of Beck's theory of risk society and positions them within a review of literature debating the novelty and degree of global economic integration and its impact on states pursuing domestic economic policies. In doing so, this paper highlights the value for future research to engage with questions such as "is economic risk really without territory‟ and "does risk produce convergence‟, not so much as a means of reducing Beck's thesis to a purely empirical analysis, but rather to avoid limiting our scope in understanding the complex relationship between risk and state.