Alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor distribution and density within the nucleus tractus solitarii of normotensive and hypertensive rats during development

The nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), located in the brainstem, is one of the main nuclei responsible for integrating different signals in order to originate a specific and orchestrated autonomic response. Antihypertensive drugs are well known to stimulate alpha(2)-adrenoceptor (alpha(2R)) in brainstem cardiovascular regions to induce reduction in blood pressure. Because alpha(2R) impairment is present in several models of hypertension, the aim of the present study was to investigate the distribution and density of alpha(2R) binding within the NTS of Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats during development (1,15,30 and 90 day-old) by an in vitro autoradiographical study. The NTS shows heterogeneous distribution of alpha(2R) in dorsomedial/dorsolateral, subpostremal and medial/intermediate subnuclei. Alpha(2R) increased from rostral to caudal dorsomedial/dorsolateral subnuclei in 30 and 90 day-old SHR but not in WKY. Alpha(2R) decreased from rostral to caudal subpostremal subnucleus in 15, 30 and 90 day-old SHR but not in WKY. Medial/intermediate subnuclei did not show any changes in alpha(2R) according to NTS levels. Furthermore, alpha(2R) are decreased in SHR as compared with WKY in all NTS subnuclei and in different ages. Surprisingly, alpha(2R) impairment was also found in pre-hypertensive stages, specifically in subpostremal subnucleus of 15 day-old rats. Finally, alpha(2R) decrease from 1 to 90 day-old rats in all subnuclei analyzed. This decrease is different between strains in rostral dorsomedial/dorsolateral and caudal subpostremal subnuclei within the NTS. In summary, our results highlight the importance of alpha(2R) distribution within the NTS regarding the neural control of blood pressure and the development of hypertension. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Exercise training normalizes an increased neuronal excitability of NTS-projecting neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in hypertensive rats

Stern JE, Sonner PM, Son SJ, Silva FC, Jackson K, Michelini LC. Exercise training normalizes an increased neuronal excitability of NTS-projecting neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in hypertensive rats. J Neurophysiol 107: 2912-2921, 2012. First published February 22, 2012; doi:10.1152/jn.00884.2011.-Elevated sympathetic outflow and altered autonomic reflexes, including impaired baroreflex function, are common findings observed in hypertensive disorders. Although a growing body of evidence supports a contribution of preautonomic neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to altered autonomic control during hypertension, the precise underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we aimed to determine whether the intrinsic excitability and repetitive firing properties of preautonomic PVN neurons that innervate the nucleus tractus solitarii (PVN-NTS neurons) were altered in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Moreover, given that exercise training is known to improve and/or correct autonomic deficits in hypertensive conditions, we evaluated whether exercise is an efficient behavioral approach to correct altered neuronal excitability in hypertensive rats. Patch-clamp recordings were obtained from retrogradely labeled PVN-NTS neurons in hypothalamic slices obtained from sedentary (S) and trained (T) Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and SHR rats. Our results indicate an increased excitability of PVN-NTS neurons in SHR-S rats, reflected by an enhanced input-output function in response to depolarizing stimuli, a hyperpolarizing shift in Na+ spike threshold, and smaller hyperpolarizing afterpotentials. Importantly, we found exercise training in SHR rats to restore all these parameters back to those levels observed in WKY-S rats. In several cases, exercise evoked opposing effects in WKY-S rats compared with SHR-S rats, suggesting that exercise effects on PVN-NTS neurons are state dependent. Taken together, our results suggest that elevated preautonomic PVN-NTS neuronal excitability may contribute to altered autonomic control in SHR rats and that exercise training efficiently corrects these abnormalities.

Baroreceptor-mediated activation of sympathetic nerve activity to salivary glands

Salivary gland function is regulated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Previously we showed that the basal sympathetic outflow to the salivary glands (SNA(SG)) was higher in hypertensive compared to normotensive rats and that diabetes reduced SNA(SG) discharge at both strains. In the present study we sought to investigate how SNA(SG) might be modulated by acute changes in the arterial pressure and whether baroreceptors play a functional role upon this modulation. To this end, we measured blood pressure and SNA(SG) discharge in Wistar-Kyoto rats (WRY-intact) and in WRY submitted to sinoaortic denervation (WRY-SAD). We made the following three major observations: (i) in WRY-intact rats, baroreceptor loading in response to intravenous infusion of the phenylephrine evoked an increase in SNA(SG) spike frequency (81%, p<0.01) accompanying the increase mean arterial pressure ((sic)MAP: +77 +/- 14 mmHg); (ii) baroreceptor unloading with sodium nitroprusside infusion elicited a decrease in SNA(SG) spike frequency (17%, p<0.01) in parallel with the fall in arterial blood pressure ((sic)MAP: 30 3 mmHg) in WRY-intact rats; iii) in the WRY-SAD rats, phenylephrine-evoked rises in the arterial pressure ((sic)MAP: +56 +/- 6 mmHg) failed to produce significant changes in the SNA(SG) spike frequency. Taken together, these data show that SNA(SG) increases in parallel with pharmacological-induced pressor response in a baroreceptor dependent way in anaesthetised rats. Considering the key role of SNA(SG) in salivary secretion, this mechanism, which differs from the classic cardiac baroreflex feedback loop, strongly suggests that baroreceptor signalling plays a decisive role in the regulation of salivary gland function. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

O treinamento físico aeróbio corrige a rarefação capilar e as alterações nas proporções dos tipos de fibra muscular esquelética em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos

O treinamento físico (TF) aeróbio tem sido utilizado como um importante tratamento não farmacológico na hipertensão arterial (HA), uma vez que ele reduz a pressão arterial. Estudos mostram que as anormalidades do músculo esquelético na HA estão associados à rarefação capilar, um aumento na porcentagem de fibras de contração rápida (tipo II), com predominância do metabolismo glicolítico e um aumento da fadiga muscular. Entretanto, pouco se conhece sobre os efeitos do TF sobre estes parâmetros na HA. Nós hipotetizamos que o TF corrija a rarefação capilar potencialmente contribuindo para a restauração da proporção dos tipos de fibras musculares. Ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR, n=14) e Wistar Kyoto (WKY, n=14) com 12 semanas de vida e divididos em 4 grupos: SHR, SHR treinado (SHR-T), WKY e WKY treinado (WKY-T) foram estudados. Como esperado, 10 semanas de TF foi efetivo em reduzir a pressão arterial em SHR-T. Além disso, avaliamos os principais marcadores de TF. A bradicardia de repouso, o aumento da tolerância a realização de esforço, do consumo de oxigênio de pico e da atividade da enzima citrato sintase muscular nos grupos de animais treinados (WKY-T e SHR-T) mostram que a condição aeróbia foi alcançada com este TF. O TF também corrigiu a rarefação capilar no músculo sóleo em SHR-T. Em paralelo, foi observada uma redução na porcentagem de fibras do tipo IIA e IIX, ao passo que aumentou a porcentagem de fibras do tipo I induzidas pelo TF na HA. Estes resultados sugerem que o TF previne as alterações na composição dos tipos de fibras no músculo sóleo em SHR, uma vez que a angiogênese e o aumento da atividade da enzima citrato sintase são umas das mais importantes adaptações ao TF aeróbio, atuando na manutenção do metabolismo oxidativo e do perfil de fibras do músculo.

O treinamento físico aeróbio inibe a sinalização apoptótica muscular esquelética mediada por VEGF-VEGR2 em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos

O treinamento físico aeróbio (TF) tem sido utilizado como um importante tratamento não farmacológico da hipertensão arterial (HA), uma vez que ele corrige a rarefação microvascular e reduz a pressão arterial. Estudos mostram que as anormalidades microvasculares estão diretamente associadas às alterações do fator de crescimento vascular endotelial (VEGF) e do VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), bem como a um desequilíbrio da sinalização apoptótica na HA. Entretanto, pouco se conhece sobre os efeitos do TF sobre estes parâmetros na HA. Nós hipotetizamos que o TF recupere os fatores angiogênicos e promova um equilíbrio entre as proteínas anti e pró-apoptóticas da família Bcl-2 potencialmente, contribuindo para a revascularização e regressão da doença. Ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR, n = 14) e Wistar Kyoto (WKY, n = 14) com 12 semanas de vida e divididos em quatro grupos: SHR, SHR treinado (SHR-T), WKY e WKY treinado (WKY-T) foram estudados. Como esperado, 10 semanas de TF foram efetivas em reduzir a pressão arterial em SHR-T. Além disso, o TF promoveu bradicardia de repouso nos grupos de animais treinados (WKY-T e SHR-T), sendo considerado como um importante marcador de TF aeróbio. O TF também corrigiu a rarefação capilar em SHR-T e esta resposta se deve em grande parte por uma recuperação dos níveis periféricos de VEGF e um aumento na expressão de VEGFR2. Em paralelo, foi observada uma normalização das vias apoptóticas, com aumento da expressão de proteínas antiapoptóticas (Bcl-2 e Bcl-x) e redução das pró-apoptóticas (Bad) acompanhada pela fosforilação de Bad. Estes resultados sugerem que o TF promove revascularização periférica na HA dependente de um fino balanço de reguladores positivos e negativos de angiogênese.

Increased SGLT1 expression in salivary gland ductal cells correlates with hyposalivation in diabetic and hypertensive rats

Abstract Background: Oral health complications in diabetes and hypertension include decreased salivary secretion. The sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) protein, which transports 1 glucose/2 Na+/264 H2O molecules, is described in salivary glands. We hypothesized that changes in SGLT1 expression in the luminal membrane of ductal cell may be related to an altered salivary flow. Findings: By immunohistochemistry, we investigated SGLT1 expression in ductal cells of parotid and submandibular glands from Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), diabetic WKY (WKY-D), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and diabetic SHR (SHR-D), as well as in parotid glands from WKY subjected to sympathetic stimulation, with or without previous propranolol blockade. Diabetes and hypertension decreased the salivary secretion and increased SGLT1 expression in the luminal membrane of ductal cells, and their association exacerbated the regulations observed. After 30 min of sympathetic stimulation, SGLT1 increased in the luminal membrane of ductal cells, and that was blocked by previous injection of propranolol. Conclusions: SGLT1 expression increases in the luminal membrane of salivary gland ductal cells and the salivary flow decreases in diabetic and hypertensive rats, which may be related to sympathetic activity. This study highlights the water transporter role of SGLT1 in salivary glands, which, by increasing ductal water reabsorption, may explain the hyposalivation of diabetic and hypertensive subjects.

Increased SGLT1 expression in salivary gland ductal cells correlates with hyposalivation in diabetic and hypertensive rats

Background Oral health complications in diabetes and hypertension include decreased salivary secretion. The sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) protein, which transports 1 glucose/2 Na+/264 H2O molecules, is described in salivary glands. We hypothesized that changes in SGLT1 expression in the luminal membrane of ductal cell may be related to an altered salivary flow. Findings By immunohistochemistry, we investigated SGLT1 expression in ductal cells of parotid and submandibular glands from Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), diabetic WKY (WKY-D), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and diabetic SHR (SHR-D), as well as in parotid glands from WKY subjected to sympathetic stimulation, with or without previous propranolol blockade. Diabetes and hypertension decreased the salivary secretion and increased SGLT1 expression in the luminal membrane of ductal cells, and their association exacerbated the regulations observed. After 30 min of sympathetic stimulation, SGLT1 increased in the luminal membrane of ductal cells, and that was blocked by previous injection of propranolol. Conclusions SGLT1 expression increases in the luminal membrane of salivary gland ductal cells and the salivary flow decreases in diabetic and hypertensive rats, which may be related to sympathetic activity. This study highlights the water transporter role of SGLT1 in salivary glands, which, by increasing ductal water reabsorption, may explain the hyposalivation of diabetic and hypertensive subjects

Changes in renal glucose transporters in an animal model of metabolic syndrome

Considering the similarity between structural, hemodynamic, and functional changes of obesity-related renal disease and diabetic nephropathy, we hypothesized that renal glucose transporter changes occur in obesity as in diabetes. The aim of the work was to evaluate GLUT1 and GLUT2 in kidneys of an animal model of metabolic syndrome. Neonate spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), n=15/group, were treated with monosodium glutamate (5 mg/g) (MetS) for 9 days and compared with saline-treated Wistar-Kyoto (C) and SHR (H) rats. Lee index, systolic arterial pressure (SAP), glycemia, insulin resistance, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol were evaluated at 3 and 6 months. Medullar GLUT1 and cortical GLUT2 were analyzed by Western blot. MetS vs. C and H rats had the highest Lee index (p<0.001) and insulin resistance (3-months C: 4.3±0.7, H: 3.9±0.9, MetS: 2.7±0.6; 6-months C: 4.2±0.6, H: 3.8±0.5, MetS: 2.4±0.6% • min−1, p<0.001), similar glycemia, and the lowest HDL-cholesterol at 6-months (p<0.001). In the MetS and H rats, SAP was higher vs. C at 3-months (p<0.001) and 6-months (C: 151±15, H: 190±11, MetS: 185±13 mm Hg, p<0.001) of age. GLUT1 was ̴ 13× lower (p<0.001) at 3-months, reestablishing its content at 6-months in MetS group, while GLUT2 was 2× higher (p<0.001) in this group at 6-months of age. Renal GLUT1 and GLUT2 are modulated in kidney of rats with metabolic syndrome, where obesity, insulin resistance and hypertension coexist, despite normoglycemia. Like in diabetes, cortical GLUT2 overexpression may contribute to the development of kidney disease

Central autonomic control in spontaneously hypertensive rats: a study on phasic phenomena during rapid-eye-movement sleep

The cardiovascular regulation undergoes wide changes in the different states of sleepwake cycle. In particular, the relationship between spontaneous fluctuations in heart period and arterial pressure clearly shows differences between the two sleep states. In non rapid-eye-movement sleep, heart rhythm is under prevalent baroreflex control, whereas in rapid-eye-movement sleep central autonomic commands prevail (Zoccoli et al., 2001). Moreover, during rapid-eye-movement sleep the cardiovascular variables show wide fluctuations around their mean value. In particular, during rapid-eyemovement sleep, the arterial pressure shows phasic hypertensive events which are superimposed upon the tonic level of arterial pressure. These phasic increases in arterial pressure are accompanied by an increase in heart rate (Sei & Morita, 1996; Silvani et al., 2005). Thus, rapid-eye-movement sleep may represent an “autonomic stress test” for the cardiovascular system, able to unmask pathological patterns of cardiovascular regulation (Verrier et al. 2005), but this hypothesis has never been tested experimentally. The aim of this study was to investigate whether rapid-eye-movement sleep may reveal derangements in central autonomic cardiovascular control in an experimental model of essential hypertension. The study was performed in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats, which represent the most widely used model of essential hypertension, and allow full control of genetic and environmental confounding factors. In particular, we analyzed the cardiovascular, electroencephalogram, and electromyogram changes associated with phasic hypertensive events during rapid-eyemovement sleep in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats and in their genetic Wistar Kyoto control strain. Moreover, we studied also a group of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats made phenotypically normotensive by means of a chronic treatment with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, the Enalapril maleate, from the age of four weeks to the end of the experiment. All rats were implanted with electrodes for electroencephalographic and electromyographic recordings and with an arterial catheter for arterial pressure measurement. After six days for postoperative recovery, the rats were studied for five days, at an age of ten weeks.The study indicated that the peak of mean arterial pressure increase during the phasic hypertensive events in rapid-eye-movement sleep did not differ significantly between Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats and Wistar Kyoto rats, while on the other hand Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats showed a reduced increase in the frequency of theta rhythm and a reduced tachicardia with respect to Wistar Kyoto rats. The same pattern of changes in mean arterial pressure, heart period, and theta frequency was observed between Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats treated with Enalapril maleate. Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats do not differ from Wistar Kyoto rats only in terms of arterial hypertension, but also due to multiple unknown genetic differences. Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats were developed by selective breeding of Wistar Kyoto rats based only on the level of arterial pressure. However, in this process, multiple genes possibly unrelated to hypertension may have been selected together with the genetic determinants of hypertension (Carley et al., 2000). This study indicated that Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats differ from Wistar Kyoto rats, but not from Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats treated with Enalapril maleate, in terms of arterial pH and theta frequency. This feature may be due to genetic determinants unrelated to hypertension. In sharp contrast, the persistence of differences in the peak of heart period decrease and the peak of theta frequency increase during phasic hypertensive events between Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats treated with Enalapril maleate demonstrates that the observed reduction in central autonomic control of the cardiovascular system in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats is not an irreversible consequence of inherited genetic determinants. Rather, the comparison between Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats treated with Enalapril maleate indicates that the observed differences in central autonomic control are the result of the hypertension per se. This work supports the view that the study of cardiovascular regulation in sleep provides fundamental insight on the pathophysiology of hypertension, and may thus contribute to the understanding of this disease, which is a major health problem in European countries (Wolf-Maier et al., 2003) with its burden of cardiac, vascular, and renal complications.

Mécanismes moléculaires de l’hypertrophie vasculaire dans le modèle animal d’hypertension essentielle (SHR)

La voie de signalisation des phosphoinositides joue un rôle clé dans la régulation du tonus vasculaire. Plusieurs études rapportent une production endogène de l’angiotensin II (Ang II) et de l’endothéline-1 (ET-1) par les cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLVs) de rats spontanément hypertendus (spontaneously hypertensive rats : SHR). De plus, l’Ang II exogène induit son effet prohypertrophique sur les CMLVs selon un mécanisme dépendant de la protéine Gqα et de la PKCẟ. Cependant, le rôle de l’axe Gqα/PLCβ/PKCẟ dans l’hypertrophie des CMLVs provenant d’un modèle animal de l’hypertension artérielle n’est pas encore étudié. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’examiner le rôle de l’axe Gqα/PLCβ1 dans les mécanismes moléculaires de l’hypertrophie des CMLVs provenant d’un modèle animal d’hypertension artérielle essentielle (spontaneously hypertensive rats : SHR). Nos premiers résultats indiquent que contrairement aux CMLVs de SHR âgés de 12 semaines (absence d’hypertrophie cardiaque), les CMLVs de SHR âgés de 16 semaines (présence d’hypertrophie cardiaque) présentent une surexpression protéique endogène de Gqα et de PLCβ1 par rapport aux CMLVs de rats WKY appariés pour l’âge. L’inhibition du taux d’expression protéique de Gqα et de PLCβ1 par des siRNAs spécifiques diminue significativement le taux de synthèse protéique élevé dans les CMLVs de SHR. De plus, la surexpression endogène des Gqα et PLCβ1, l’hyperphosphorylation de la molécule ERK1/2 et le taux de synthèse protéique élevé dans les CMLVs de SHR de 16 semaines ont été atténués significativement par des antagonistes des récepteurs AT1 (losartan) et ETA (BQ123), mais pas par l’antagoniste du récepteur ETB (BQ788). L’inhibition pharmacologique des MAPKs par PD98059 diminue significativement la surexpression endogène de Gqα/PLCβ1 et le taux de synthèse protéique élevé dans les CMLVs de SHR. D’un côté, l’inhibition du stress oxydatif (par DPI, inhibiteur de la NAD(P)H oxidase, et NAC , molécule anti-oxydante), de la molécule c-Src (PP2) et des récepteurs de facteurs de croissance (AG1024 (inhibiteur de l’IGF1-R), AG1478 (inhibiteur de l’EGFR) et AG1295 (inhibiteur du PDGFR)) a permis d’atténuer significativement la surexpression endogène élevée de Gqα/PLCβ1 et l’hypertrophie des CMLVs de SHR. D’un autre côté, DPI, NAC et PP2 atténuent significativement l’hyperphosphorylation de la molécule c-Src, des RTKs (récepteurs à activité tyrosine kinase) et de la molécule ERK1/2. Dans une autre étude, nous avons aussi démontré que la PKCẟ montre une hyperphosphorylation en Tyr311 dans les CMLVs de SHR comparées aux CMLVs de WKY. La rottlerin, utilisée comme inhibiteur spécifique de la PKCẟ, inhibe significativement cette hyperphosphorylation en Tyr311 dépendamment de la concentration. L’inhibition de l’activité de la PKCẟ par la rottlerin a été aussi associée à une atténuation significative de la surexpression protéique endogène de Gqα/PLCβ1 et l’hypertrophie des CMLVs de SHR. De plus, l’inhibition pharmacologique de l’activité de la PKCẟ, en amont du stress oxydatif, a permis d’inhiber significativement l’activité de la NADPH, le taux de production élevée de l’ion superoxyde ainsi que l’hyperphosphorylation de la molécule ERK1/2, de la molécule c-Src et des RTKs. À notre surprise, nous avons aussi remarqué une surexpression protéique de l’EGFR et de l’IGF-1R dans les CMLVs de SHR à l’âge de 16 semaines. L’inhibition pharmacologique de l’activité de la PKCẟ, de la molécule c-Src et du stress oxydatif a permis d’inhiber significativement la surexpression protéique endogène de ces RTKs. De plus, l’inhibition de l’expression protéique de l’EGFR et de la molécule c-Src par des siRNA spécifiques atténue significativement le taux d’expression protéique élevé de Gqα et de PLCβ1 ainsi que le taux de synthèse protéique élevé dans les CMLVs de SHR. Des siRNAs spécifiques à la PKCẟ ont permis d’atténuer significativement le taux de synthèse protéique élevé dans les CMLVs de SHR et confirment le rôle important de la PKCẟ dans les mécanismes moléculaires de l’hypertrophie des CMLVs selon une voie dépendante du stress oxydatif. En conclusion, ces résultats suggèrent un rôle important de l’activation endogène de l’axe Gqα-PLCβ-PKCẟ dans le processus d’hypertrophie vasculaire selon un mécanisme impliquant une activation endogène des récepteurs AT1/ETa, de la molécule c-Src, du stress oxidatif, des RTKs et des MAPKs.

Serum Amyloid P-Component Prevents Cardiac Remodeling in Hypertensive Heart Disease

The potential for serum amyloid P-component (SAP) to prevent cardiac remodeling and identify worsening diastolic dysfunction (DD) was investigated. The anti-fibrotic potential of SAP was tested in an animal model of hypertensive heart disease (spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with SAP [SHR - SAP] × 12 weeks). Biomarker analysis included a prospective study of 60 patients with asymptomatic progressive DD. Compared with vehicle-treated Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY-V), the vehicle-treated SHRs (SHR-V) exhibited significant increases in left ventricular mass, perivascular collagen, cardiomyocyte size, and macrophage infiltration. SAP administration was associated with significantly lower left ventricular mass (p < 0.01), perivascular collagen (p < 0.01), and cardiomyocyte size (p < 0.01). Macrophage infiltration was significantly attenuated in the SHR-SAP group. Biomarker analysis showed significant decreases in SAP concentration over time in patients with progressive DD (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that SAP prevents cardiac remodeling by inhibiting recruitment of pro-fibrotic macrophages and that depleted SAP levels identify patients with advancing DD suggesting a role for SAP therapy.

Vitamins Reverse Endothelial Dysfunction Through Regulation of eNOS and NAD(P)H Oxidase Activities

Antioxidant vitamins C and E have protective properties in genetic hypertension associated with enhanced oxidative stress. This study investigated whether vitamins C and/or E modulate vascular function by regulating enzymatic activities of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and NAD(P)H oxidase using thoracic aortas of 20- to 22-week-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their matched normotensive counterparts, Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). SHR aortas had impaired relaxant responses to acetylcholine but not to sodium nitroprusside, despite an 2-fold increase in eNOS activity and NO release. The levels of superoxide anion (O2 ), a potent NO scavenger, and NAD(P)H oxidase activity were also 2-fold higher in SHR aortas. Mechanical but not pharmacological inactivation of endothelium (by rubbing and 100 mol/L L-NAME, respectively) significantly abrogated O2 in both strains. Treatments of SHR aortas with NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors, namely diphenyleneiodinium and apocynin, significantly diminished O2 production. The incubation of SHR aortas with different concentrations of vitamin C (10 to 100 mol/L) and specifically with high concentrations of vitamin E (100 mol/L) improved endothelial function, reduced superoxide production as well as NAD(P)H oxidase activity, and increased eNOS activity and NO generation in SHR aortas to the levels observed in vitamin C- and E-treated WKY aortas. Our results reveal endothelial NAD(P)H oxidase as the major source of vascular O2 in SHR and also show that vitamins C and E are critical in normalizing genetic endothelial dysfunction through regulation of eNOS and NAD(P)H oxidase activities.

Régulation de la prolifération des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires par l’activation in vivo du récepteur natriurétique de type C.

Le remodelage vasculaire dû à l’hyper-prolifération cellulaire des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLVs) observé chez les rats spontanément hypertendus (RSH) est associé à l’hypertension artérielle. Nous avons précédemment démontré que le traitement in vivo des RSH par l’agoniste spécifique du récepteur du peptide natriurétique de type C (NPR-C), le C-ANP4-23 atténue l’hyper-prolifération des CMLVs. Nous avons entrepris cette étude afin d’investiguer si l’effet antiprolifératif du C-ANP4-23 agit par l’entremise de l’inhibition de la surexpression des protéines du cycle cellulaire, et afin d’en explorer les mécanismes sous-jacents. Pour cette étude, des RSH et des rats Wistar Kyoto (WKYs) âgés de deux semaines ont été injectés en intra-péritonéale par le C-ANP4-23 de 2 jusqu’à 8 semaines d’âge, deux fois par semaine et sacrifiés à la 9ème semaine. La pression artérielle a été mesurée par méthode Queue-coiffe, la prolifération des CMLVs a été déterminée par incorporation de thymidine et par test MTT, et l’expression des protéines a été quant à elle déterminée par technique d’immunobuvardage de type Western. Les CMLVs des RSH ont démontré une prolifération élevée en comparaison avec celles des WKYs, et le traitement par le C-ANP4-23 a atténué l’hyperprolifération à un niveau de contrôle. De plus, la surexpression des cyclines D1/A/E, des kinases cyclines dépendantes 2 et 4 (cdk2, cdk4), de la forme phosphorylée de la protéine du rétinoblastome et des protéines Gαi des CMLV des RSH a été atténuée à un niveau de contrôle. Par ailleurs, l’hyperphosphorylation d’ERK1/2, AKT, EGF-R, PDGF-R, IGF-R et de c-Src a significativement diminué par le traitement au C-ANP4-23. En outre, le niveau élevé de l’anion superoxyde (O2-), l’activité de la NADP(H) oxydase et de ses sous unités chez les RSH ont été atténués par le C-ANP4-23 .Ces résultats indiquent que l’activation in vivo de NPR-C atténue la surexpression des protéines du cycle cellulaire via l’inhibition de l’activité élevée du stress oxydatif, de c-Src et de l’activation de EGF-R, PDGF- R, IGF-R, de la signalisation de MAPK et la surexpression des protéines Gαi résultant ainsi en l’inhibition de l’hyperprolifération des CMLVs des RSH. Ainsi, il peut être suggéré que le C-ANP4-23 pourrait être utilisé comme agent thérapeutique pour le traitement des complications vasculaires associées à l’hypertension et à l’athérosclérose.

Régulation de la prolifération des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires par l’activation in vivo du récepteur natriurétique de type C

Le remodelage vasculaire dû à l’hyper-prolifération cellulaire des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLVs) observé chez les rats spontanément hypertendus (RSH) est associé à l’hypertension artérielle. Nous avons précédemment démontré que le traitement in vivo des RSH par l’agoniste spécifique du récepteur du peptide natriurétique de type C (NPR-C), le C-ANP4-23 atténue l’hyper-prolifération des CMLVs. Nous avons entrepris cette étude afin d’investiguer si l’effet antiprolifératif du C-ANP4-23 agit par l’entremise de l’inhibition de la surexpression des protéines du cycle cellulaire, et afin d’en explorer les mécanismes sous-jacents. Pour cette étude, des RSH et des rats Wistar Kyoto (WKYs) âgés de deux semaines ont été injectés en intra-péritonéale par le C-ANP4-23 de 2 jusqu’à 8 semaines d’âge, deux fois par semaine et sacrifiés à la 9ème semaine. La pression artérielle a été mesurée par méthode Queue-coiffe, la prolifération des CMLVs a été déterminée par incorporation de thymidine et par test MTT, et l’expression des protéines a été quant à elle déterminée par technique d’immunobuvardage de type Western. Les CMLVs des RSH ont démontré une prolifération élevée en comparaison avec celles des WKYs, et le traitement par le C-ANP4-23 a atténué l’hyperprolifération à un niveau de contrôle. De plus, la surexpression des cyclines D1/A/E, des kinases cyclines dépendantes 2 et 4 (cdk2, cdk4), de la forme phosphorylée de la protéine du rétinoblastome et des protéines Gαi des CMLV des RSH a été atténuée à un niveau de contrôle. Par ailleurs, l’hyperphosphorylation d’ERK1/2, AKT, EGF-R, PDGF-R, IGF-R et de c-Src a significativement diminué par le traitement au C-ANP4-23. En outre, le niveau élevé de l’anion superoxyde (O2-), l’activité de la NADP(H) oxydase et de ses sous unités chez les RSH ont été atténués par le C-ANP4-23 .Ces résultats indiquent que l’activation in vivo de NPR-C atténue la surexpression des protéines du cycle cellulaire via l’inhibition de l’activité élevée du stress oxydatif, de c-Src et de l’activation de EGF-R, PDGF- R, IGF-R, de la signalisation de MAPK et la surexpression des protéines Gαi résultant ainsi en l’inhibition de l’hyperprolifération des CMLVs des RSH. Ainsi, il peut être suggéré que le C-ANP4-23 pourrait être utilisé comme agent thérapeutique pour le traitement des complications vasculaires associées à l’hypertension et à l’athérosclérose.

Changes In The Connective Tissue Sheath Of Wistar Rat Nerve With Aging.

The alterations due to aging in the peripheral nerves can affect the physiology of these structures. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to describe the activity of the MMP-2 and MMP-9, as well as the structure and composition of the extracellular matrix of the rat sciatic nerve during maturation and aging. Our results have shown that the extracellular matrix of the sciatic nerve of 30-, 180- and 730-day-old Wistar rats present ultrastructural, morphometrical and biochemical changes during aging. The perineurium was the structure most affected by age, as evidenced by a decrease in thickness and in collagen fibril content. Cytochemical analysis detected proteoglycans in the basal membrane of Schwann cells and around perineural cells, as well as on the collagen fibrils of the perineurium and endoneurium at all ages. Biochemical analyses showed that the quantity of non-collagenous proteins was higher in 730-day-old animals compared to other ages, while the uronic acid content was higher in 30-day-old animals. Morphometrical analysis detected greater numbers of myelinated fibers and increased myelin thickness in 180-day-old animals. Zymography analysis detected greater amounts and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in 180- and 730-day-old animals compared to younger rats. In conclusion, our results showed changes in the structural organization and composition of extracellular matrix of the sciatic nerve during aging, such as increase in the non-collagenous protein content and higher MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity, decrease in uronic acid concentration and in collagen fibril content in the perineurium, as well as degeneration of nerve fibers.