Tietomallintamisen aiheuttamat muutokset ja hyödyt LVI-suunnitteluprosessissa sekä määrälaskennassa

Tässä diplomityössä tarkastellaan tietomallintamista eng. BIM (Building Information Modeling) LVI-suunnittelun näkökulmasta sekä esitellään tietomallintamisen vaikutuksia ja hyötyjä suunnitteluprosessiin. Tietomallintaminen mahdollistaa esimerkiksi LVI-suunnittelijan tuottaman määräluettelon 3D-mallista, jonka seurauksena eri toimijoiden väliset rajapinnat tulevat luultavasti kokemaan muutoksia. Työssä vertaillaan käsin laskettuja ja 3D-mallista tuotettuja määräluetteloita toisiinsa. Työhön sisällytetään myös urakoitsijoiden haastatteluja, joissa pyritään selvittämään heidän näkemyksiään suunnittelijan tuottamiin määrätietoihin.

Mobiiliavusteisen rakennusprojektin seurantajärjestelmän suunnittelu ja toteutus

In the construction industry, the role of project management and monitoring is emphasized, because the responsibilities have been carefully planned and divided. A concrete element factory manufactures the units based on construction drawings, while a transport company is responsible of transporting the elements to the worksite. At the worksite, an installation team assembles the elements according to plans. Usually, there are several manufacturers and transport companies involved in the construction process and the distances between different parties can be rather long. Therefore, the role of information exchange is critical in order to control, for example, schedules and exceptions. From the viewpoint of project management, the whole process should be controlled and monitored in realtime - in such a way that the managers are able to analyze and report the data afterwards. In this master’s thesis, a mobile-aided construction project monitoring system is designed and implemented. The monitoring system consists of three main components: mobile phone application, server software and an interface application to Tekla Structures BIM-software. Precast construction components, projects and users are identified by using 2D-barcodes that are read with the camera of a mobile phone. An option would be to use RFID tags and readers. After successful identification, the precast component can be tagged with monitoring data, including state acknowledgments and error reports that are sent and saved to the server. Collected data can be viewed through the www-pages of the monitoring system. In addition, the data can be synchronized to the Tekla Structures-software that is running the 3D-model of the whole building. Synchronization maintains and enhances the traceability of monitoring data, as well as, helps to visualize the progression of the project.

Novel CO2 Regulated Proteins in Synechocystis PCC 6803

The large biodiversity of cyanobacteria together with the increasing genomics and proteomics metadata provide novel information for finding new commercially valuable metabolites. With the advent of global warming, there is growing interest in the processes that results in efficient CO2 capture through the use of photosynthetic microorganisms such as cyanobacteria. This requires a detailed knowledge of how cyanobacteria respond to the ambient CO2. My study was aimed at understanding the changes in the protein profile of the model organism, Synechocystis PCC 6803 towards the varying CO₂ level. In order to achieve this goal I have employed modern proteomics tools such as iTRAQ and DIGE, recombinant DNA techniques to construct different mutants in cyanobacteria and biophysical methods to study the photosynthetic properties. The proteomics study revealed several novel proteins, apart from the well characterized proteins involved in carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), that were upregulated upon shift of the cells from high CO₂ concentration (3%) to that in air level (0.039%). The unknown proteins, Slr0006 and flavodiiron proteins (FDPs) Sll0217-Flv4 and Sll0219-Flv2, were selected for further characterization. Although slr0006 was substantially upregulated under C_i limiting conditions, inactivation of the gene did not result in any visual phenotype under various environmental conditions indicating that this protein is not essential for cell survival. However, quantitative proteomics showed the induction of novel plasmid and chromosome encoded proteins in deltaslr0006 under air level CO₂ conditions. The expression of the slr0006 gene was found to be strictly dependent on active photosynthetic electron transfer. Slr0006 contains conserved dsRNA binding domain that belongs to the Sua5/YrdC/YciO protein family. Structural modelling of Slr0006 showed an alpha/beta twisted open-sheet structure and a positively charged cavity, indicating a possible binding site for RNA. The 3D model and the co-localization of Slr0006 with ribosomal subunits suggest that it might play a role in translation or ribosome biogenesis. On the other hand, deletions in the sll0217-sll218- sll0219 operon resulted in enhanced photodamage of PSII and distorted energy transfer from phycobilisome (PBS) to PSII, suggesting a dynamic photoprotection role of the operon. Constructed homology models also suggest efficient electron transfer in heterodimeric Flv2/Flv4, apparently involved in PSII photoprotection. Both Slr0006 and FDPs exhibited several common features, including negative regulation by NdhR and ambiguous cellular localization when subjected to different concentrations of divalent ions. This strong association with the membranes remained undisturbed even in the presence of detergent or high salt. My finding brings ample information on three novel proteins and their functions towards carbon limitation. Nevertheless, many pathways and related proteins remain unexplored. The comprehensive understanding of the acclimation processes in cyanobacteria towards varying environmental CO₂ levels will help to uncover adaptive mechanisms in other organisms, including higher plants.

Modelling of calciner in post-combustion carbon capture process

Climate change has given an impetus to research and developed new technologies to reduce significantly carbon dioxide emissions in energy production in the developed countries. The major pollution source, fossil fuels, will be used as an energy source for many decades, which provides the demand for carbon capture and storage technologies. Over recent years many new technologies has been developed and one of the most promising is calcium-looping in post-combustion carbon capture process, which use carbonation-calcination cycle to capture carbon dioxide from the flue gas of a combustion process. First pilot plant for calcium-looping process has been built in Oviedo, Spain. In this study, a three-dimensional model has been created for the calciner, which is one of the two fluidized bed reactors needed for the process. The calciner is a regenerator where the captured carbon dioxide is removed from the calcium material and then collected after the reactor. Thesis concentrates in creating the calciner 3D-model frame with CFB3D-program and testing the model with two different example cases. Used input parameters and calciner geometry are Oviedo pilot plant design parameters. The calculation results give information about the process and show that pilot plant calciner should perform as planned. This Master’s Thesis is done in participation to EU FP7 project CaOling.

Applications of augmented reality for sales in apparel industry in Russia

The sustainable growth of video interactivity technologies on different platforms in the lasts years opens good prospects for augmented reality technology adoption on different markets. In the end of 2011 there was an improvement in technology which allows building the 3D model of human body. Such an improvement could be used in apparel industry. The main goal of the study is to understand the level of acceptance of augmented reality as a technology on the Russian apparel market. For a more accurate investigation, a new model accounting for augmented reality characteristics, as well as for similarities and differences between online and offline customer behavior in apparel industry, was developed. As a result of the survey, the weights of different purchase intention factors for Russian consumer were found, and the information about Russian consumers’ preferences towards the augmented reality features in apparel market, especially in fitting time, real-time interaction and fitting quality peculiarities, was presented.

Defining the keyhole modes – the effects on the weld geometry and the molten pool behaviour in high power laser welding of stainless steels

Keyhole welding, meaning that the laser beam forms a vapour cavity inside the steel, is one of the two types of laser welding processes and currently it is used in few industrial applications. Modern high power solid state lasers are becoming more used generally, but not all process fundamentals and phenomena of the process are well known and understanding of these helps to improve quality of final products. This study concentrates on the process fundamentals and the behaviour of the keyhole welding process by the means of real time high speed x-ray videography. One of the problem areas in laser welding has been mixing of the filler wire into the weld; the phenomena are explained and also one possible solution for this problem is presented in this study. The argument of this thesis is that the keyhole laser welding process has three keyhole modes that behave differently. These modes are trap, cylinder and kaleidoscope. Two of these have sub-modes, in which the keyhole behaves similarly but the molten pool changes behaviour and geometry of the resulting weld is different. X-ray videography was used to visualize the actual keyhole side view profile during the welding process. Several methods were applied to analyse and compile high speed x-ray video data to achieve a clearer image of the keyhole side view. Averaging was used to measure the keyhole side view outline, which was used to reconstruct a 3D-model of the actual keyhole. This 3D-model was taken as basis for calculation of the vapour volume inside of the keyhole for each laser parameter combination and joint geometry. Four different joint geometries were tested, partial penetration bead on plate and I-butt joint and full penetration bead on plate and I-butt joint. The comparison was performed with selected pairs and also compared all combinations together.

Teollisuuspuhaltimien runkorakenteiden ja siipipyörien suunnittelu

Tämä diplomityö tehtiin Voikkaalla Dust Control Systems Oy:lle. Työ on osa teollisuuspuhaltimien tuotekehitystä yrityksen olemassaolevan puhallinratkaisujen, sekä suunnitteluprosessin kautta. Työn tavoitteena oli tutkia puhaltimen toiminnasta aiheutuvan värähtelyn vaikutusta puhaltimen rakenteisiin nykyisillä puhallinmalleilla, sekä tutkia eri rakenneratkaisujen käyttöä yrityksen normaalista tuotelinjasta suuremmilla puhaltimilla. Työ toteutettiin kahden toteutuneen puhallinprojektin yhteydessä, joiden rakenteellisia ominaisuuksia pyrittiin arvioimaan normaalin suunnitteluprosessin ohella puhallinkomponenttien mitoituksen suhteen. Molemmat projektit olivat yrityksen mittakaavassa huomattavan suuria sekä suunnittelultaan haastavia, joten ne sopivat diplomityön toteutukseen hyvin. Suunnittelussa käytettiin FE-mallinnukseen Femap ja COMSOL-ohjelmistoja, sekä värähtelyn simulointiin yliopistolla kehitettyä RoBeDyn – laskentaohjelmaa. Työn aikana todettiin, että tarkempi FE-mallinnus yrityksen valmiista 3D-malleista on varsin hankala toteuttaa ja vaatisi mallien suunnittelun erityisesti lujuuslaskentaa varten. Laskennassa päädyttiin käyttämään yksinkertaistettuja malleja, joiden avulla saatiin johdonmukaisia arvioita puhaltimien toiminnasta eri materiaalivahvuuksilla. Käytännössä tuloksien oikeellisuutta päästään arvioimaan kesällä 2015 puhaltimien valmistuttua.

4D-aikataulutuksen mahdollisuudet voimalaitosprojekteissa

4D-aikataulutus yhdistää aikataulun ja 3D-mallin animaatioelokuvaksi, jossa projektin rakentuminen esitetään ajan funktiona. Tässä työssä on perehdytty 4D-aikataulutukseen voimalaitosprojektien kannalta. Lisäksi työssä on perehdytty projektijohtamiseen, ja sitä kautta aikataulun merkitykseen projekteille. Työn lopuksi on esitetty 4D-aikataulutuksen käyttöönottoa ja siinä huomioon otettavia seikkoja. 4D-aikataulutuksen avulla projektin asennussuunnittelua voidaan toteutusvaiheessa tehostaa, sillä 4D-aikataulutuksen avulla asennusten törmäysten tarkastelua voidaan tehdä hyvissä ajoin suunnitteluvaiheessa. Lisäksi vaihtoehtoisten asennusmallien tekeminen on mahdollista, ja niitä voidaan keskenäään vertailla. Projektit voivat 4D-aikataulutuksen avulla analysoida myös aikatauluviiveitä, sekä esittää vaihtoehtoisia toteutustapoja projektille. 4D-aikataulutus mahdollistaa myös projektivaiheiden jälkeisen käytön. Projektin jälkeen projektin suunnitteltua ja toteutunutta aikataulua voidaan analysoida keskenään ja siten saada toisiin projekteihin vertailukelpoista tietoa. Lisäksi seisokkitöiden suunnittelussa on 4D-aikataulun avulla mahdollista suunnitella töiden järjestäminen tehokkaasti sekä ottaa myös turvallisuusnäkökohdat huomioon.

Hakeperävaunun rungon esikorotuksen määritys

Hakeperävaunun rungon esikorotuksen suuruutta laskennallisesti ei ollut aiemmin määritet-ty Konepaja Antti Ranta Oy:ssä. Hakeperävaunun runko on valmistettu teräksestä. Tutki-muksessa luoduilla laskentamalleilla selvitettiin viisiakselisen hakeperävaunun rungon pys-tysuuntainen taipuma kuormitettuna. Tutkimus suoritettiin laskemalla hakeperävaunun pystysuuntainen siirtymä 42 tonnin ja 36 tonnin kokonaismassojen kuormituksilla hakeperävaunun rungon pituuden suhteen. Käsin-laskentamenetelmä on tässä tutkimuksessa englannin kieliseltä nimeltään conjugate beam method, suoraan käännettynä konjugaattipalkkimenetelmä. FE-analyysia sovellettiin kah-della eri laskentamallilla; käsinlaskentaa vertailevalla ja todellista hakeperävaunun runkoa vertailevilla FE-analyyseilla. Tutkimuksessa käytettyjen eri laskentatapojen tulokset vastasivat toisiaan sekä 42 tonnin että 36 tonnin kokonaismassojen kuormituksilla. Esikorotus määritettiin 42 tonnin koko-naismassalla kuormitetun todellista hakeperävaunun runkoa vastaavan 3D-mallin pysty-suuntaisesta taipumasta, josta luotiin esikorotettu hakeperävaunun rungon 3D-malli. Tutkimuksessa kehitettyjä laskentamalleja voidaan tulevaisuudessa käyttää yrityksen tuo-tekehityksessä. Esikorotuksella voidaan kompensoida pystysuuntaista taipumaa, jos esiko-rotuksesta ei ole haittaa itse rakenteelle.

Simulation de flammes interactives en temps réel

Vidéos et images des résultats disponible à : http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/labs/infographie/theses/fatnasss/

Reconstruction tridimensionnelle pour projection sur surfaces arbitraires.

Ce mémoire s'inscrit dans le domaine de la vision par ordinateur. Elle s'intéresse à la calibration de systèmes de caméras stéréoscopiques, à la mise en correspondance caméra-projecteur, à la reconstruction 3D, à l'alignement photométrique de projecteurs, au maillage de nuages de points, ainsi qu'au paramétrage de surfaces. Réalisé dans le cadre du projet LightTwist du laboratoire Vision3D, elle vise à permettre la projection sur grandes surfaces arbitraires à l'aide de plusieurs projecteurs. Ce genre de projection est souvent utilisé en arts technologiques, en théâtre et en projection architecturale. Dans ce mémoire, on procède au calibrage des caméras, suivi d'une reconstruction 3D par morceaux basée sur une méthode active de mise en correspondance, la lumière non structurée. Après un alignement et un maillage automatisés, on dispose d'un modèle 3D complet de la surface de projection. Ce mémoire introduit ensuite une nouvelle approche pour le paramétrage de modèles 3D basée sur le calcul efficace de distances géodésiques sur des maillages. L'usager n'a qu'à délimiter manuellement le contour de la zone de projection sur le modèle. Le paramétrage final est calculé en utilisant les distances obtenues pour chaque point du modèle. Jusqu'à maintenant, les méthodes existante ne permettaient pas de paramétrer des modèles ayant plus d'un million de points.

Analyse de maillages surfaciques par construction et comparaison de modèles moyens et par décomposition par graphes s’appuyant sur les courbures discrètes : application à l’étude de la cornée humaine

Réalisé en cotutelle avec Aix Marseille Université.

Stereo-Based Head Pose Tracking Using Iterative Closest Point and Normal Flow Constraint

In this text, we present two stereo-based head tracking techniques along with a fast 3D model acquisition system. The first tracking technique is a robust implementation of stereo-based head tracking designed for interactive environments with uncontrolled lighting. We integrate fast face detection and drift reduction algorithms with a gradient-based stereo rigid motion tracking technique. Our system can automatically segment and track a user's head under large rotation and illumination variations. Precision and usability of this approach are compared with previous tracking methods for cursor control and target selection in both desktop and interactive room environments. The second tracking technique is designed to improve the robustness of head pose tracking for fast movements. Our iterative hybrid tracker combines constraints from the ICP (Iterative Closest Point) algorithm and normal flow constraint. This new technique is more precise for small movements and noisy depth than ICP alone, and more robust for large movements than the normal flow constraint alone. We present experiments which test the accuracy of our approach on sequences of real and synthetic stereo images. The 3D model acquisition system we present quickly aligns intensity and depth images, and reconstructs a textured 3D mesh. 3D views are registered with shape alignment based on our iterative hybrid tracker. We reconstruct the 3D model using a new Cubic Ray Projection merging algorithm which takes advantage of a novel data structure: the linked voxel space. We present experiments to test the accuracy of our approach on 3D face modelling using real-time stereo images.

Global Depth Perception from Familiar Scene Structure

In the absence of cues for absolute depth measurements as binocular disparity, motion, or defocus, the absolute distance between the observer and a scene cannot be measured. The interpretation of shading, edges and junctions may provide a 3D model of the scene but it will not inform about the actual "size" of the space. One possible source of information for absolute depth estimation is the image size of known objects. However, this is computationally complex due to the difficulty of the object recognition process. Here we propose a source of information for absolute depth estimation that does not rely on specific objects: we introduce a procedure for absolute depth estimation based on the recognition of the whole scene. The shape of the space of the scene and the structures present in the scene are strongly related to the scale of observation. We demonstrate that, by recognizing the properties of the structures present in the image, we can infer the scale of the scene, and therefore its absolute mean depth. We illustrate the interest in computing the mean depth of the scene with application to scene recognition and object detection.

Recovering Euclidean deformable models from stereo-motion

In this paper we present a novel structure from motion (SfM) approach able to infer 3D deformable models from uncalibrated stereo images. Using a stereo setup dramatically improves the 3D model estimation when the observed 3D shape is mostly deforming without undergoing strong rigid motion. Our approach first calibrates the stereo system automatically and then computes a single metric rigid structure for each frame. Afterwards, these 3D shapes are aligned to a reference view using a RANSAC method in order to compute the mean shape of the object and to select the subset of points on the object which have remained rigid throughout the sequence without deforming. The selected rigid points are then used to compute frame-wise shape registration and to extract the motion parameters robustly from frame to frame. Finally, all this information is used in a global optimization stage with bundle adjustment which allows to refine the frame-wise initial solution and also to recover the non-rigid 3D model. We show results on synthetic and real data that prove the performance of the proposed method even when there is no rigid motion in the original sequence