147 resultados para Valtonen, Hilja


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Liberalization of electricity markets has resulted in a competed Nordic electricity market, in which electricity retailers play a key role as electricity suppliers, market intermediaries, and service providers. Although these roles may remain unchanged in the near future, the retailers’ operation may change fundamentally as a result of the emerging smart grid environment. Especially the increasing amount of distributed energy resources (DER), and improving opportunities for their control, are reshaping the operating environment of the retailers. This requires that the retailers’ operation models are developed to match the operating environment, in which the active use of DER plays a major role. Electricity retailers have a clientele, and they operate actively in the electricity markets, which makes them a natural market party to offer new services for end-users aiming at an efficient and market-based use of DER. From the retailer’s point of view, the active use of DER can provide means to adapt the operation to meet the challenges posed by the smart grid environment, and to pursue the ultimate objective of the retailer, which is to maximize the profit of operation. This doctoral dissertation introduces a methodology for the comprehensive use of DER in an electricity retailer’s short-term profit optimization that covers operation in a variety of marketplaces including day-ahead, intra-day, and reserve markets. The analysis results provide data of the key profit-making opportunities and the risks associated with different types of DER use. Therefore, the methodology may serve as an efficient tool for an experienced operator in the planning of the optimal market-based DER use. The key contributions of this doctoral dissertation lie in the analysis and development of the model that allows the retailer to benefit from profit-making opportunities brought by the use of DER in different marketplaces, but also to manage the major risks involved in the active use of DER. In addition, the dissertation introduces an analysis of the economic potential of DER control actions in different marketplaces including the day-ahead Elspot market, balancing power market, and the hourly market of Frequency Containment Reserve for Disturbances (FCR-D).

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Incluye Bibliografía

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Includes bibliography

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Currently, observations of space debris are primarily performed with ground-based sensors. These sensors have a detection limit at some centimetres diameter for objects in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and at about two decimetres diameter for objects in Geostationary Orbit (GEO). The few space-based debris observations stem mainly from in-situ measurements and from the analysis of returned spacecraft surfaces. Both provide information about mostly sub-millimetre-sized debris particles. As a consequence the population of centimetre- and millimetre-sized debris objects remains poorly understood. The development, validation and improvement of debris reference models drive the need for measurements covering the whole diameter range. In 2003 the European Space Agency (ESA) initiated a study entitled “Space-Based Optical Observation of Space Debris”. The first tasks of the study were to define user requirements and to develop an observation strategy for a space-based instrument capable of observing uncatalogued millimetre-sized debris objects. Only passive optical observations were considered, focussing on mission concepts for the LEO, and GEO regions respectively. Starting from the requirements and the observation strategy, an instrument system architecture and an associated operations concept have been elaborated. The instrument system architecture covers the telescope, camera and onboard processing electronics. The proposed telescope is a folded Schmidt design, characterised by a 20 cm aperture and a large field of view of 6°. The camera design is based on the use of either a frame-transfer charge coupled device (CCD), or on a cooled hybrid sensor with fast read-out. A four megapixel sensor is foreseen. For the onboard processing, a scalable architecture has been selected. Performance simulations have been executed for the system as designed, focussing on the orbit determination of observed debris particles, and on the analysis of the object detection algorithms. In this paper we present some of the main results of the study. A short overview of the user requirements and observation strategy is given. The architectural design of the instrument is discussed, and the main tradeoffs are outlined. An insight into the results of the performance simulations is provided.

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Liikunnalla on lukuisia vaikutuksia lasten ja nuorten terveyteen. Koulu tavoittaa kaikki lapset ja nuoret, joten se on tärkeä liikunnan edistämisen paikka. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää luokanopettajien näkemyksiä liikunnan lisäämisestä koulupäivään. Lisäksi analysoidaan, miten luokanopettajat pystyvät muokkaamaan koulun toimintakulttuuria liikunnallisemmaksi ja mitkä tekijät ovat yhteydessä heidän mahdollisuuksiinsa vaikuttaa toimintakulttuuriin. Tutkimuksen kohdejoukko koostuu Turun seudun alakoulujen luokanopettajista. Tutkimukseen osallistui 50 opettajaa, joista 39 on naisia ja 11 miehiä. Opettajista 33 oli osallistunut Liikkuva koulu-hankkeeseen ja 17 ei ollut osallistunut. Tutkimus on lähestymistavaltaan kvantitatiivinen. Aineiston kerääminen toteutettiin internet-kyselyllä marras-joulukuussa 2015. Tutkimuksen tiedonkeruumenetelmänä käytimme opettajakyselyä. Kysymykset olivat pääosin monivalintakysymyksiä, joista opettajat valitsivat parhaiten omaa näkemystään kuvaavan vaihtoehdon. Tulosten mukaan koulupäivän liikunnallistaminen koettiin tärkeäksi ja Liikkuva koulu -hanketta pidettiin hyödyllisenä. Selkeä ero havaittiin opettajakyselyn mukaan Liikkuvien koulujen ja Ei-liikkuvien koulujen välillä koulupäivän liikunnallistamisen määrässä. Sekä Liikkuvien että Ei-liikkuvien koulujen luokanopettajat kokivat pystyvänsä vaikuttamaan koulun toimintakulttuurin liikunnallistamiseen sopivasti ja heille on tarjottu siihen riittävät tiedot. Suurin osa luokanopettajista oli kiinnostunut lisätiedoista. Kiire ja heikko motivaatio olivat suurimmat syyt koulupäivän liikunnallistamisen vähäisyydelle.