Die Emanzipation der Juden in Schleswig-Holstein

von [Willi] Victor

A 19-Mb de novo deletion on BTA 22 including MITF leads to microphthalmia and the absence of pigmentation in a Holstein calf.

Mutations in MITF lead to a large variety of phenotypes in human, mice and other species. They mostly affect pigmentation and hearing, whereas in mice, they may additionally cause microphthalmia and osteopetrosis. In this study, we report a single case of a Holstein calf with lack of pigmentation and microphthalmia born to healthy parents. Mendelian analysis of high-density SNP genotypes reveals a large number of parentage errors showing missing paternal alleles in the offspring, indicating a deletion encompassing 19 Mb on BTA 22. The genomic deletion affects the paternal allele and includes MITF and 131 other annotated genes. As the calf shows only one copy of the BTA 22 segment, the observed phenotype is probably caused by haploinsufficiency of the genes in that genomic region. Both the observed lack of skin pigmentation and reduced eye size can most likely be explained by a lack of MITF function.

Grazing behaviour, physical activity and metabolic profile of two Holstein strains in an organic grazing system

The challenge for sustainable organic dairy farming is identification of cows that are well adapted to forage-based production systems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the grazing behaviour, physical activity and metabolic profile of two different Holstein strains kept in an organic grazing system without concentrate supplementation. Twelve Swiss (HCH ; 566 kg body weight (BW) and 12 New Zealand Holstein-Friesian (HNZ ; 530 kg BW) cows in mid-lactation were kept in a rotational grazing system. After an adaptation period, the milk yield, nutrient intake, physical activity and grazing behaviour were recorded for each cow for 7 days. On three consecutive days, blood was sampled at 07:00, 12:00 and 17:00 h from each cow by jugular vein puncture. Data were analysed using linear mixed models. No differences were found in milk yield, but milk fat (3.69 vs. 4.05%, P = 0.05) and milk protein percentage (2.92 vs. 3.20%, P < 0.01) were lower in HCH than in HNZ cows. Herbage intake did not differ between strains, but organic matter digestibility was greater (P = 0.01) in HCH compared to HNZ cows. The HCH cows spent less (P = 0.04) time ruminating (439 vs. 469 min/day) and had a lower (P = 0.02) number of ruminating boli when compared to the HNZ cows. The time spent eating and physical activity did not differ between strains. Concentrations of IGF-1 and T3 were lower (P ≤ 0.05) in HCH than HNZ cows. In conclusion, HCH cows were not able to increase dry matter intake in order to express their full genetic potential for milk production when kept in an organic grazing system without concentrate supplementation. On the other hand, HNZ cows seem to compensate for the reduced nutrient availability better than HCH cows but could not use that advantage for increased production efficiency

The energy expenditure of 2 Holstein cow strains in an organic grazing system

Until recently, measurements of energy expenditure (EE; herein defined as heat production) in respiration chambers did not account for the extra energy requirements of grazing dairy cows on pasture. As energy is first limiting in most pasture-based milk production systems, its efficient use is important. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare EE, which can be affected by differences in body weight (BW), body composition, grazing behavior, physical activity, and milk production level, in 2 Holstein cow strains. Twelve Swiss Holstein-Friesian (HCH; 616 kg of BW) and 12 New Zealand Holstein-Friesian (HNZ; 570 kg of BW) cows in the third stage of lactation were paired according to their stage of lactation and kept in a rotational, full-time grazing system without concentrate supplementation. After adaption, the daily milk yield, grass intake using the alkane double-indicator technique, nutrient digestibility, physical activity, and grazing behavior recorded by an automatic jaw movement recorder were investigated over 7d. Using the (13)C bicarbonate dilution technique in combination with an automatic blood sampling system, EE based on measured carbon dioxide production was determined in 1 cow pair per day between 0800 to 1400 h. The HCH were heavier and had a lower body condition score compared with HNZ, but the difference in BW was smaller compared with former studies. Milk production, grass intake, and nutrient digestibility did not differ between the 2 cow strains, but HCH grazed for a longer time during the 6-h measurement period and performed more grazing mastication compared with the HNZ. No difference was found between the 2 cow strains with regard to EE (291 ± 15.6 kJ) per kilogram of metabolic BW, mainly due to a high between-animal variation in EE. As efficiency and energy use are important in sustainable, pasture-based, organic milk production systems, the determining factors for EE, such as methodology, genetics, physical activity, grazing behavior, and pasture quality, should be investigated and quantified in more detail in future studies.

Ectodysplasin-1 deficiency in a German Holstein bull associated with loss of respiratory mucous glands and chronic rhinotracheitis

A 2-year-old German Holstein bull was identified as a carrier of a mutation within the X-chromosomal ED1 gene, which encodes a TNF-related signalling molecule mainly involved in ectodermal development. The clinicopathological appearance was associated with hypotrichosis, hypodontia, and a reduced number of eccrine glands, in addition to chronic rhinotracheitis and partial squamous metaplasia. Furthermore, for the first time in an ED1-deficient animal, a complete lack of respiratory mucous glands was observed. This suggests that the ED1 gene plays a role in the development of mucous glands, the absence of which resembles a feature of X-linked anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (ED1) in human patients.

Materialien zu einer Appellation für Schleswig-Holstein und dessen Geistlichkeit : unter Mittheilung von Acten an alle, in Dännemark [sic!] nicht weniger als in Deutschland, die Gott fürchten und Recht thun

Boberach: Der Vorwurf, die evangelischen Geistlichen in Schleswig hätten sich durch Unterstützung des Widerstands gegen die Ansprüche des Königs von Dänemark an einer revolutionären Erhebung beteiligt, wird zurückgewiesen, Hofprediger Prof. Martensen in Kopenhagen um Verbreitung der Ansichten der Pfarrer in Dänemark gebeten

Zur Politik der Contre-Revolution in Preussen : zum Besten der aus Schleswig-Holstein Vertriebenen ; zwei Reden in der ersten Kammer zu Berlin, nicht gehalten und gehalten

Wentzke: 1. Rede, in der ersten preußischen Kammer in der Adreßdebatte am 8. Januar 1851 nicht gehalten: Scharfe Kritik der Politik des Novemberministeriums in der deutschen Frage; Aufzählung seiner Niederlagen. - 2. Rede, ebenda in der Schleswig-Holsteinischen Frage am 15. Februar gehalten: Angriff auf die Politik des Ministeriums

Vergleichende Zusammenstellung der Grenz-Eingangs-Abgaben in Oesterreich, dem deutschen Zollverein, dem norddeutschen Steuerverein und den Herzogthümern Schleswig-Holstein : mit Bemerkungen und Erläuterungen über die sonstigen deutschen Zolltarife und über die Tarife anderer Staaten; sowie über die heimische und fremde Zollgesetzgebung; über die Ergebnisse des Handels und über die Schiffahrt ; im Auftrage des Volkswirthschafts-Ausschusses der Reichsversammlung bearbeitet

Boberach: Die Statistiken und ihre Kommentierung sollen den Abgeordneten bei ihrer Entscheidung über Zolleinheit und -tarife helfen

Die Kurhessische Verfassungsurkunde vom 5. Januar 1831 nach den in den Jahren 1848 u. 1849 erlittenen Änderungen : mit einem Anhange, enthaltend das Wahlgesetz und das Gesetz die Besetzung des O.-A.-Gerichts betr. ; der Ertrag dieser Schrift ist für Schleswig-Holstein bestimmt

Boberach: Für den Verfassungsstreit wird darauf hingewiesen, daß unter Beteiligung der Landstände gültige Reformen durchgeführt wurden wie Ablösung bäuerlicher Lasten, Gewerbesteuerermäßigung, Koalitionsfreiheit, Öffentlich- und Mündlichkeit der Strafrechtspflege mit Schwurgerichten, Aufhebung der Polizeigerichtsbarkeit, Mitwirkung der Landstände bei Ernennung von Oberrichtern

Zur Beurtheilung des Militair-Regiments in Schleswig-Holstein unter dem General Bonin

Boberach: Ein Artillerieoffizier erhebt den Vorwurf, daß es in den Elbherzogtümern für die Soldaten und besonders die Offiziere der Karriere dienlich war, Preuße zu sein, und warnt die Schleswig-Holsteiner vor ihren preußischen "Freunden"; sie sollen den preußischen Einfluß in Schleswig-Holstein beseitigen

Dænemark mit den Herzogthümern Schleswig u. Holstein

Boberach: Auf eine ausführliche historische Schilderung der Rechtsverhältnisse von Schleswig und Holstein folgt die Darstellung der Ereignisse in den Elbherzogtümern bis zum 12. April 1848

Die Feldzüge in Schleswig-Holstein in den Jahren 1848 und 1849

Boberach: Die Ereignisse werden unter dem Gesichtspunkt dargestellt, daß der Grundsatz der Volkssouveränität die Deutschen in Schleswig-Holstein berechtigt, die dänische Herrschaft abzulehnen und die Versuche der Dänisierung Ursache des Krieges waren

A transposable element insertion in APOB causes cholesterol deficiency in Holstein cattle

Cholesterol deficiency, a new autosomal recessive inherited genetic defect in Holstein cattle, has been recently reported to have an influence on the rearing success of calves. The affected animals show unresponsive diarrhea accompanied by hypocholesterolemia and usually die within the first weeks or months of life. Here, we show that whole genome sequencing combined with the knowledge about the pedigree and inbreeding status of a livestock population facilitates the identification of the causative mutation. We resequenced the entire genomes of an affected calf and a healthy partially inbred male carrying one copy of the critical 2.24-Mb chromosome 11 segment in its ancestral state and one copy of the same segment with the cholesterol deficiency mutation. We detected a single structural variant, homozygous in the affected case and heterozygous in the non-affected carrier male. The genetic makeup of this key animal provides extremely strong support for the causality of this mutation. The mutation represents a 1.3kb insertion of a transposable LTR element (ERV2-1) in the coding sequence of the APOB gene, which leads to truncated transcripts and aberrant splicing. This finding was further supported by RNA sequencing of the liver transcriptome of an affected calf. The encoded apolipoprotein B is an essential apolipoprotein on chylomicrons and low-density lipoproteins, and therefore, the mutation represents a loss of function mutation similar to autosomal recessive inherited familial hypobetalipoproteinemia-1 (FHBL1) in humans. Our findings provide a direct gene test to improve selection against this deleterious mutation in Holstein cattle.