Pervasive patient timeline

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia e Gestão de Sistemas de Informação

Variables asociadas a la mortalidad en pacientes sometidos a técnicas continuas de depuración extrarrenal

El fracàs renal agut constitueix una de les complicacions més greus en els pacients de les unitats de cures intensives, amb una mortalitat segons publicacions del 42%. Un nombre important d’aquests pacients requereixen tècniques continues de depuració extrarrenal (TCDE). Hem realitzat un estudi en el que s’ha inclós 29 pacients ingressats durant l’any 2008 a la UCI del Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, que foren sotmesos a TCDE. Analitzem les possibles variables associades a la mortalitat. Les variables relacionades amb la mortalitat són el tipus de patologia motiu d'ingrés en UCI, l'edat i els dies de tractament amb TCDE.

Microdiálisis cerebral de alta resolución: Estudio del perfil funcional y estructural de las membranas de 100 kDa

La microdiàlisi és una tècnica de neuromonitoratge que permet el mostreig continu del contingut molecular i iònic de l’espai intersticial cerebral. Aquesta tècnica es basa en la implantació d’un catèter en el parènquima cerebral humà de manera mínimament invasiva. Actualment, la microdiàlisi s’ha implantat de manera rutinària en moltes unitats de cures intensives pel neuromonitoratge de pacients amb lesions cerebrals agudes. No obstant, l’estudi in vivo del perfil temporal del proteoma en aquestes lesions i la correcta avaluació de la concentració de les molècules d’interès en el líquid extracel•lular cerebral requereix la determinació prèvia in vitro del percentatge de recuperació relativa de les proteïnes d’estudi.

Implicación Pronóstica de la Disfunción Miocárdica Asociada a la Sepsis

La sepsis es la patologia mes freqüent que es presenta en els malalts ingressats a les nostres unitats de medicina intensiva. Un alt percentatge dels malalts que ingressen per xoc sèptic presenten disfunció miocárdica associada a la sepsis. L’objectiu d’aquest treball es avaluar les característiques d’aquests malalts en el nostre medi, així com els possibles factors predisponents, si la disfunció miocárdica associada a la sepsis augmenta la mortalitat en aquests malalts o l’estança mitja a la nostra unitat. Per tot això es realitza una primera part de recerca bibliográfica que introdueix als nostres resultats i la discussió dels mateixos.

Marcadores biológicos y clearance de lactato como factores pronóstico de mortalidad en la sepsis.

La sèpsia és la resposta del organisme davant una agresió externa, com a resultat de la interacció de l'agent agressor amb l'organisme agredit. Malgrat els dels avanços i les noves guias continua essent, una de les patologies més freqüents a les unitats de cures intensives. A més a més de la sospita clínica, són necesaris altres marcadors que ens ajudin al diagnóstic per a iniciar un tractament agresiu precoç. En aquest traball s'estudia una cohort de pacients, observant si la determinació dels valors lactat arterial (puntual i evolutiu) i l'aclarament de lactat com a marcadors de l'oxigenació tisular, poden servir com a guia per a una correcta resucitació, i si poden tenir valor pronòstic. Es realitza una comparació amb la resta dels biomarcadors, estudiant el seu comportament seqüencial a la sèpsia.

Acquisition and cross-transmission of Staphylococcus aureus in European intensive care units

Objective. To study the acquisition and cross-transmission of Staphylococcus aureus in different intensive care units (ICUs). Methods. We performed a multicenter cohort study. Six ICUs in 6 countries participated. During a 3-month period at each ICU, all patients had nasal and perineal swab specimens obtained at ICU admission and during their stay. All S. aureus isolates that were collected were genotyped by spa typing and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis typing for cross-transmission analysis. A total of 629 patients were admitted to ICUs, and 224 of these patients were found to be colonized with S. aureus at least once during ICU stay (22% were found to be colonized with methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]). A total of 316 patients who had test results negative for S. aureus at ICU admission and had at least 1 follow-up swab sample obtained for culture were eligible for acquisition analysis. Results. A total of 45 patients acquired S. aureus during ICU stay (31 acquired methicillin-susceptible S. aureus [MSSA], and 14 acquired MRSA). Several factors that were believed to affect the rate of acquisition of S. aureus were analyzed in univariate and multivariate analyses, including the amount of hand disinfectant used, colonization pressure, number of beds per nurse, antibiotic use, length of stay, and ICU setting (private room versus open ICU treatment). Greater colonization pressure and a greater number of beds per nurse correlated with a higher rate of acquisition for both MSSA and MRSA. The type of ICU setting was related to MRSA acquisition only, and the amount of hand disinfectant used was related to MSSA acquisition only. In 18 (40%) of the cases of S. aureus acquisition, cross-transmission from another patient was possible. Conclusions. Colonization pressure, the number of beds per nurse, and the treatment of all patients in private rooms correlated with the number of S. aureus acquisitions on an ICU. The amount of hand disinfectant used was correlated with the number of cases of MSSA acquisition but not with the number of cases of MRSA acquisition. The number of cases of patient-to-patient cross-transmission was comparable for MSSA and MRSA.

Th1 and Th17 hypercytokinemia as early host response signature in severe pandemic influenza.

INTRODUCTION Human host immune response following infection with the new variant of A/H1N1 pandemic influenza virus (nvH1N1) is poorly understood. We utilize here systemic cytokine and antibody levels in evaluating differences in early immune response in both mild and severe patients infected with nvH1N1. METHODS We profiled 29 cytokines and chemokines and evaluated the haemagglutination inhibition activity as quantitative and qualitative measurements of host immune responses in serum obtained during the first five days after symptoms onset, in two cohorts of nvH1N1 infected patients. Severe patients required hospitalization (n = 20), due to respiratory insufficiency (10 of them were admitted to the intensive care unit), while mild patients had exclusively flu-like symptoms (n = 15). A group of healthy donors was included as control (n = 15). Differences in levels of mediators between groups were assessed by using the non parametric U-Mann Whitney test. Association between variables was determined by calculating the Spearman correlation coefficient. Viral load was performed in serum by using real-time PCR targeting the neuraminidase gene. RESULTS Increased levels of innate-immunity mediators (IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1beta), and the absence of anti-nvH1N1 antibodies, characterized the early response to nvH1N1 infection in both hospitalized and mild patients. High systemic levels of type-II interferon (IFN-gamma) and also of a group of mediators involved in the development of T-helper 17 (IL-8, IL-9, IL-17, IL-6) and T-helper 1 (TNF-alpha, IL-15, IL-12p70) responses were exclusively found in hospitalized patients. IL-15, IL-12p70, IL-6 constituted a hallmark of critical illness in our study. A significant inverse association was found between IL-6, IL-8 and PaO2 in critical patients. CONCLUSIONS While infection with the nvH1N1 induces a typical innate response in both mild and severe patients, severe disease with respiratory involvement is characterized by early secretion of Th17 and Th1 cytokines usually associated with cell mediated immunity but also commonly linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. The exact role of Th1 and Th17 mediators in the evolution of nvH1N1 mild and severe disease merits further investigation as to the detrimental or beneficial role these cytokines play in severe illness.

A cohort study of routinely used sepsis biomarkers and 28-day mortality.

The evaluation of sepsis severity is complicated by the highly variable and nonspecific nature of clinical signs and symptoms. We studied routinely used biomarkers together with clinical parameters to compare their prognostic value for severe sepsis and evaluate their usefulness.

Pronóstico de los pacientes con Enfermedad Pulmonar Difusa que ingresan por Insuficiencia Respiratoria en el Servicio Medicina Intensiva del Hospital Vall d’Hebron

Introducció: el pronòstic global dels malalts amb Malaltia Pulmonar Difusa (MPD) que ingressen a Unitats de Cures Intensives és dolent. El trasplantament urgent pot ser una opció terapèutica. Material i mètode: de Gener 1998 a Juny de 2009, 34 pacients con MPD, edat de 55 (21-76) anys. Resultats: 23 eren Fibrosis Pulmonar Idiopàtica (FPI). Del total de malalts, un 79,4% van requerir ventilació mecànica. La mortalitat global va ser del 76%. 16 pacients es van incloure a llista de trasplantament urgent i es van trasplantar 12 amb una supervivencia a UCI del 58,3%. Conclusions: es confirma el mal pronòstic dels malalts amb MPD que ingressen a UCI. EL TP urgent possiblement és una opció vàlida en pacients joves seleccionats.

Biofilm formation at the solid-liquid and air-liquid interfaces by Acinetobacter species.

BACKGROUND The members of the genus Acinetobacter are Gram-negative cocobacilli that are frequently found in the environment but also in the hospital setting where they have been associated with outbreaks of nosocomial infections. Among them, Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as the most common pathogenic species involved in hospital-acquired infections. One reason for this emergence may be its persistence in the hospital wards, in particular in the intensive care unit; this persistence could be partially explained by the capacity of these microorganisms to form biofilm. Therefore, our main objective was to study the prevalence of the two main types of biofilm formed by the most relevant Acinetobacter species, comparing biofilm formation between the different species. FINDINGS Biofilm formation at the air-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces was investigated in different Acinetobacter spp. and it appeared to be generally more important at 25°C than at 37°C. The biofilm formation at the solid-liquid interface by the members of the ACB-complex was at least 3 times higher than the other species (80-91% versus 5-24%). In addition, only the isolates belonging to this complex were able to form biofilm at the air-liquid interface; between 9% and 36% of the tested isolates formed this type of pellicle. Finally, within the ACB-complex, the biofilm formed at the air-liquid interface was almost 4 times higher for A. baumannii and Acinetobacter G13TU than for Acinetobacter G3 (36%, 27% & 9% respectively). CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study has shown the capacity of the Acinetobacter spp to form two different types of biofilm: solid-liquid and air-liquid interfaces. This ability was generally higher at 25°C which might contribute to their persistence in the inanimate hospital environment. Our work has also demonstrated for the first time the ability of the members of the ACB-complex to form biofilm at the air-liquid interface, a feature that was not observed in other Acinetobacter species.

Activated protein C consumption and coagulation parameters in severe sepsis and septic shock.

Introduction Activated protein C (APC) deC ciency is prevalent in severe sepsis and septic shock patients. The aim of the study was to relate the anticoagulation activity evaluated by APC with other coagulation parameters adjusted to 28-day mortality. Methods A cohort study of 150 critically ill adults. Age, sex, sources of infection and coagulation markers within 24< hours from severe sepsis or septic shock onset, deC ned according to Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) criteria, were studied. We analyzed APC activity using a hemostasis laboratory analyzer (BCS® XP; Siemens). A descriptive and comparative statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results We analyzed 150 consecutive episodes of severe sepsis (16%) or septic shock (84%) admitted to the UCI. The median age of the study sample was 64 (interquartile range (IQR): 22.30.001). See Figure 1. Conclusion Low levels of PC are associated with poor outcome and severity in severe sepsis, and it is well correlated with antithrombin III and INR.

Proadrenomedullin: An effective prognostic biomarker in septic patients

Background: Measurement of biomarkers is a potential approach to early prediction of mortality in septic patients. The purpose of this study was to asses the prognostic value of proadrenomedullin (pADM) in adult patients with sepsis with a single measurement in the first 24 hours after the onset of severe sepsis or septic shock. Conclusions: The protein pADM is an important prognostic biomarker of survival when measured on admission of septic patients to the ICU.

Turnos de 7 horas versus 12 horas en enfermería intensiva: vivir a contratiempo

Resumen Los turnos de trabajo tienen repercusión sobre el bienestar de los profesionales sanitarios influyendo en su calidad de vida. El objetivo principal de este estudio es describir las consecuencias que tiene el turno de trabajo diurno de 12 h respecto al de 7 h en los profesionales de enfermería que trabajan en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos. Se trata así de un estudio descriptivo transversal en 2 hospitales de tercer nivel de Barcelona: Hospital Clínico y Hospital Vall d"Hebron (turnos de 7 h y 12 h respectivamente). La recogida de datos se ha realizado mediante cuestionario ad hoc de 29 preguntas cerradas, anónimo y autoadministrado, basado en 2 escalas: Standard Shiftwork Index y Shiftwork locus of control. Dichos datos fueron procesados a través del programa SPSS V.18.0. De las 85 encuestas realizadas 52 fueron válidas: 22 en el Hospital Clínico de Barcelona y 30 en el Hospital Vall d"Hebron. Cabe destacar que los profesionales encuestados que trabajan en turno de 12 h expresan niveles superiores de conciliación laboral y personal, concretamente en tiempo de ocio a disfrutar (× 2: 10,635; p = 0,031) y tiempo de dedicación familia-amigos, así como niveles más bajos de percepción de fatiga. No se han encontrado diferencias entre el tipo de turno y facilidad de desarrollo del trabajo profesional, a pesar de que el turno de 12 h presenta niveles más altos.

Turnos de 7 horas versus 12 horas en enfermería intensiva: vivir a contratiempo

Resumen Los turnos de trabajo tienen repercusión sobre el bienestar de los profesionales sanitarios influyendo en su calidad de vida. El objetivo principal de este estudio es describir las consecuencias que tiene el turno de trabajo diurno de 12 h respecto al de 7 h en los profesionales de enfermería que trabajan en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos. Se trata así de un estudio descriptivo transversal en 2 hospitales de tercer nivel de Barcelona: Hospital Clínico y Hospital Vall d"Hebron (turnos de 7 h y 12 h respectivamente). La recogida de datos se ha realizado mediante cuestionario ad hoc de 29 preguntas cerradas, anónimo y autoadministrado, basado en 2 escalas: Standard Shiftwork Index y Shiftwork locus of control. Dichos datos fueron procesados a través del programa SPSS V.18.0. De las 85 encuestas realizadas 52 fueron válidas: 22 en el Hospital Clínico de Barcelona y 30 en el Hospital Vall d"Hebron. Cabe destacar que los profesionales encuestados que trabajan en turno de 12 h expresan niveles superiores de conciliación laboral y personal, concretamente en tiempo de ocio a disfrutar (× 2: 10,635; p = 0,031) y tiempo de dedicación familia-amigos, así como niveles más bajos de percepción de fatiga. No se han encontrado diferencias entre el tipo de turno y facilidad de desarrollo del trabajo profesional, a pesar de que el turno de 12 h presenta niveles más altos.

Reanimación Cardiopulmonar

Características de la Reanimación Cardiopulmonar en Pediatría La Reanimación Cardiopulmonar (RCP) es un tema que clásicamente se había reservado a la formación del pediatra durante los años de su residencia. Salvo contadas ocasiones, la educación en dicho sentido formaba parte de la docéncia práctica del residente durante su paso por las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales o Pediátricas....