JNK Inhibition Reduced Retinal Ganglion Cell Death after Ischemia/Reperfusion In Vivo and after Hypoxia In Vitro.

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are key regulators that have been linked to cell survival and death. Among the main classes of MAPKs, c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) has been shown to mediate cell stress responses associated with apoptosis. In Vitro, hypoxia induced a significant increase in 661W cell death that paralleled increased activity of JNK and c-jun. 661W cells cultured in presence of the inhibitor of JNK (D-JNKi) were less sensitive to hypoxia-induced cell death. In vivo, elevation in intraocular pressure (IOP) in the rat promoted cell death that correlated with modulation of JNK activation. In vivo inhibition of JNK activation with D-JNKi resulted in a significant and sustained decrease in apoptosis in the ganglion cell layer, the inner nuclear layer and the photoreceptor layer. These results highlight the protective effect of D-JNKi in ischemia/reperfusion induced cell death of the retina.

Om det, som bör i achttagas, wid en stads anlägning

Julkaistu: Åbo : tryckt, hos directeruren och kongl. boktr. i Stor. förstendömet Finland, Jacob Merckell , [1753]

Alkuperäisen ulkoasutiedot: [1-2] 3-40 s. ; 4:o

Omistushistoria: Hh: A. R. Cederberg; H Reenpää: Ex libris Heikki Reenpää 1971

Managing the Front End of Innovation in a Networked Company Environment - Combining Strategy, Processes and Systems of Innovation

The objective of the thesis is to enhance the understanding about the management of the front end phases of the innovation process in a networked environment. The thesis approaches the front end of innovation from three perspectives, including the strategy, processes and systems of innovation. The purpose of the use of different perspectives in the thesis is that of providing an extensive systemic view of the front end, and uncovering the complex nature of innovation management. The context of the research is the networked operating environment of firms. The unit of analysis is the firm itself or its innovation processes, which means that this research approaches the innovation networks from the point of view of a firm. The strategy perspective of the thesis emphasises the importance of purposeful innovation management, the innovation strategy of firms. The role of innovation processes is critical in carrying out innovation strategies in practice, supporting the development of organizational routines for innovation, and driving the strategic renewal of companies. The primary focus of the thesis from systems perspective is on idea management systems, which are defined as a part of innovation management systems, and defined for this thesis as any working combination of methodology and tools (manual or IT-supported) that enhance the management of innovations within their early phases. The main contribution of the thesis are the managerial frameworks developed for managing the front end of innovation, which purposefully “wire” the front end of innovation into the strategy and business processes of a firm. The thesis contributes to modern innovation management by connecting the internal and external collaboration networks as foundational elements for successful management of the early phases of innovation processes in a dynamic environment. The innovation capability of a firm is largely defined by its ability to rely on and make use of internal and external collaboration already during the front end activities, which by definition include opportunity identification and analysis, idea generation, profileration and selection, and concept definition. More specifically, coordination of the interfaces between these activities, and between the internal and external innovation environments of a firm is emphasised. The role of information systems, in particular idea management systems, is to support and delineate the innovation-oriented behaviour and interaction of individuals and organizations during front end activities. The findings and frameworks developed in the thesis can be used by companies for purposeful promotion of their front end processes. The thesis provides a systemic strategy framework for managing the front end of innovation – not as a separate process, but as an elemental bundle ofactivities that is closely linked to the overall innovation process and strategy of a firm in a distributed environment. The theoretical contribution of the thesis relies on the advancement of the open innovation paradigm in the strategic context of a firm within its internal and external innovation environments. This thesis applies the constructive research approach and case study methodology to provide theoretically significant results, which are also practically beneficial.

Kumpulan tiedekirjaston maantieteen monografiat

Maantieteen lainattavien monografioiden kokoelma sisältää 7288 (7.8.2007) nidettä. Kokoelma on luokiteltu UDK-luokituksen mukaisesti. Asiasanoituksessa on käytetty YSA:n asiasanoja sekä tarpeen vaatiessa vapaita asiasanoja. Kopioinnissa tulleita asiasanoja ei ole poistettu, vaan ne ovat käytössä (esim. Kongressin asiasanat). Monografiat ovat pääosin englannin-, suomen, saksan- ja ruotsinkielisiä. Kirjat ovat vapaasti käytettävissä ja lainattavissa. Laina-aika on 28 vuorokautta. Kokoelman kehittäjien tavoitteena on aina ollut korkeatasoinen maantieteen tieteellinen kokoelma, joka vastaa ainelaitoksen tutkijoiden, opettajien ja opiskelijoiden tarpeita. Laitoksen johto on pitänyt tärkeänä riittävää budjetointia hankinnan tarpeisiin. Hankintapäätökset on tehnyt tieteenalan asiantuntija, yleensä laitoksen johtaja yhteistyössä kirjaston kanssa. Käyttäjät ovat pääsääntöisesti olleet omalta ainelaitokselta, mutta tieteenalan luonteen vuoksi kokoelman käyttäjiä ovat myös lukuisten lähitieteiden tutkijat ja muut yksityishenkilöt. Maantieteen kokoelma sisältää myös laajan aluesuunnittelun kokoelman.

De lingvis igneis, qvam Christi redemtoris auxilio nixus

Invocatio: [Alpha et Omega].

De vestalibvs Romanorvm

Invocatio: Divina adfulgente gratia.

De gemino Messia

Invocatio: [hepreaa].

De caussis ventorum

Invocatio: D.D.

Schedion zoologicum de ira

Invocatio: Divina adfulgente gratia. Ded.: Gustavus Adolphus Humble, Olavus Osander, Andreas Eckerstedt, Peturs Kexerus, Andreas Ståhl, Sveno Fovelin, Samuel Lyseen, Henricus Bereen, Zacharias Tobiis, Lars Eckman [ruots. runo].

De responso Elisaei, 2. Regum VIII: v. 10

Invocatio: Q.F.F.Q.S.

Vaticinium Nahumi latine et fennice

Arkit: E4 F2.

De natura salium simplicium

Dedicatio: Daniel Lithander.

An vitiosae rei detur praescriptio?

Invocatio: I.N.J.C.