La institucionalización del conservacionismo en el Ecuador [1949-1953]: Misael Acosta Solís y el Departamento Forestal (Estudios)

El artículo documenta los antecedentes y la creación del Departamento Forestal del Ecuador, primera instancia estatal preocupada por la protección de los bosques y el control ambiental. El estudio analiza la influencia del primer director de esta agencia estatal: Misael Acosta Solís, geobotánico ambateño y reputado estudioso en temas forestales y conservacionistas en Ecuador. El ensayo explora, además, los conceptos de conservacionismo que fueron asumidos por el Estado y otras instituciones ecuatorianas, así como las tensiones entre el discurso y la práctica ambientalista.

NATO, Britain, France and the FRG: Nuclear Strategies and Forces for Europe, 1949-2000

This is vol. I of my two-volume study of the nuclear strategies/strategy preferences of NATO collectively, and individually of Britain, France, and West Germany in the Cold War. It shows that NATO strategy was a fragile compromise, and that these three countries, all within range of Soviet medium/intermediate range nuclear missiles and thus with less geostrategic difference than in previous military threat contexts, had wildly divergent strategies/preferences which cannot be explained merely by geography. It raises the question of what made them so different, addressed in Volume II "Nuclear Mentalities" (q.v.)

‘What Price Solidarity? Nuclear Dependence in NATO, 1949-1967’

Archive-based study of the dependence of NATO member states on the USA as nuclear guarantor, and the problems this entailed.

Benevolence, hegemony and nationalism: fifty years of the 1949 National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act

This paper reviews the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 fifty years since its enactment. The Act is assessed in the light of fifty years of access policy and within the present context of political debates and manoeuvres over the ‘right to roam’. It is concluded that benevolence is still the prevailing attitude towards access provision, maintaining as it does the scope for alternative freedoms and opportunities to exploit land for consumptive practices such as leisure and recreation. As such, it is argued that the notion of the gift (Mauss, 1990) continues to dominate the provision of countryside access in England and Wales.

John Lewis Partnership lessons in logical incrementalism and organic growth: a case study and interview with the Chairman, Mr Charlie Mayfield

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how strategy is developed and implemented in an organisation with an unusual ownership model. Partnerships are not a prevalent form of ownership but as this case demonstrates they can be extremely effective. Furthermore this case demonstrates how logical incrementalism can be used to implement major strategic decisions. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on company documentary evidence and a semi-structured interview with Mr Charlie Mayfield, Chairman of John Lewis Partnership. A chairman has a helicopter view of business whose perspectives are rarely captured by strategy researchers. This case study offers an insight into strategic thinking of a chairman and chief executive of a successful company. Research limitations/implications – The case study and interview offer a unique insight into the rationale behind strategic decisions within a successful partnership that has grown organically in a highly competitive retail market without high gearing. Originality/value – This case study sheds light on strategic moves within partnership. Furthermore, very few case studies offer insight into the thinking of a chief executive who has successfully managed a business in a turbulent environment.

Effect of surface restoring on subsurface variability in a climate model during 1949-2005

Initializing the ocean for decadal predictability studies is a challenge, as it requires reconstructing the little observed subsurface trajectory of ocean variability. In this study we explore to what extent surface nudging using well-observed sea surface temperature (SST) can reconstruct the deeper ocean variations for the 1949–2005 period. An ensemble made with a nudged version of the IPSLCM5A model and compared to ocean reanalyses and reconstructed datasets. The SST is restored to observations using a physically-based relaxation coefficient, in contrast to earlier studies, which use a much larger value. The assessment is restricted to the regions where the ocean reanalyses agree, i.e. in the upper 500 m of the ocean, although this can be latitude and basin dependent. Significant reconstruction of the subsurface is achieved in specific regions, namely region of subduction in the subtropical Atlantic, below the thermocline in the equatorial Pacific and, in some cases, in the North Atlantic deep convection regions. Beyond the mean correlations, ocean integrals are used to explore the time evolution of the correlation over 20-year windows. Classical fixed depth heat content diagnostics do not exhibit any significant reconstruction between the different existing observation-based references and can therefore not be used to assess global average time-varying correlations in the nudged simulations. Using the physically based average temperature above an isotherm (14 °C) alleviates this issue in the tropics and subtropics and shows significant reconstruction of these quantities in the nudged simulations for several decades. This skill is attributed to the wind stress reconstruction in the tropics, as already demonstrated in a perfect model study using the same model. Thus, we also show here the robustness of this result in an historical and observational context.

Lojalitet eller kriminalitet? : Ransoneringsbrottsligheten i Sandviken/Högbo under åren 1939-1949.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka omfattningen av och karaktären på ransoneringsbrottsligheten i Sandviken/Högbo under åren 1939-1949 samt myndigheternas försök att stävja denna brottslighet. Det ska främst uppnås genom att studera den rannsakade ransonerings-brottsligheten som det framkommer i domböckerna.Materialet som använts i undersökningen är domböcker för Gästriklands östra domsaga, protokoll från Högbo kommuns och Sandvikens köpings kristidsnämnd, ett klipparkiv med pressklipp från lokaltidningarna samt ett brottmålsdiarium för Sandvikens distrikt.Resultatet är att det föll 119 st fällande domar för ransoneringsbrott i Sandviken/Högbo under de undersökta åren, de flesta sakfällda brotten begicks under åren 1944-45. Den övervägande delen av brotten handlade om olika varubrott, i regel olaga försäljning/köp av ransonerade varor. De varor som framförallt drabbades av olika brott var olika former av livsmedel, främst smör. De som framförallt begick ransoneringsbrotten var personer som på något sätt hanterade ransonerade varor eller ransoneringskuponger i sitt yrke. Påföljderna för ransoneringsbrotten var i regel dagsböter, vilka oftast låg på två normala dagslöner, varvid det märktes att myndigheterna försökte stävja denna brottslighet. Endast fem personer dömdes till fängelse eller straffarbete under de undersökta åren. Karaktären på brottsligheten var att den främst verkade drivas av vinstintressen eller bekvämlighet.

Vilhelm Ekelund och det litterära fältet 1897-1949

Vilhelm Ekelunds och det litterära fältet 1897-1949 [Vilhelm Ekelund and the literary field 1897-1949] The theoretical background of this study is Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological approach to literature. I use his theory concerning the importance of cultural (and other forms of symbolic) capital for the individual artist – and his description of the literary field as a place characterized by continuous conflict between different categories of participants. In the article, I argue that as a young poet, Ekelund held a position in the field that was with the intellectual group as opposed to the group of commercial authors – and among the young avant-garde as opposed to among the consecrated and well-established writers. However, this position changed somewhat during the years Ekelund spent in exile (1908-1921), and it continued to change after his return to Sweden. His reputation as a thoroughly intellectual writer was accentuated and, as time passed, he himself became a consecrated artist with certain privileges – e.g. grants and awards – to defend.