Decoupled post-glacial history in mutualistic plant-insect interactions: insights from the yellow loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris) and its associated oil-collecting bees (Macropis europaea and M-fulvipes)

AimWe take a comparative phylogeographical approach to assess whether three species involved in a specialized oil-rewarding pollination system (i.e. Lysimachia vulgaris and two oil-collecting bees within the genus Macropis) show congruent phylogeographical trajectories during post-glacial colonization processes. Our working hypothesis is that within specialized mutualistic interactions, where each species relies on the co-occurrence of the other for survival and/or reproduction, partners are expected to show congruent evolutionary trajectories, because they are likely to have followed parallel migration routes and to have shared glacial refugia. LocationWestern Palaearctic. MethodsOur analysis relies on the extensive sampling of 104 Western Palaearctic populations (totalling 434, 159 and 74 specimens of Lysimachiavulgaris, Macropiseuropaea and Macropisfulvipes, respectively), genotyped with amplified fragment length polymorphism. Based on this, we evaluated the regional genetic diversity (Shannon diversity and allele rarity index) and genetic structure (assessed using structure, population networks, isolation-by-distance and spatial autocorrelation metrics) of each species. Finally, we compared the general phylogeographical patterns obtained. ResultsContrary to our expectations, the analyses revealed phylogeographical signals suggesting that the investigated organisms demonstrate independent post-glacial trajectories as well as distinct contemporaneous demographic parameters, despite their mutualistic interaction. Main conclusionsThe mutualistic partners investigated here are likely to be experiencing distinct and independent evolutionary dynamics because of their contrasting life-history traits (e.g. dispersal abilities), as well as distinct hubs and migration routes. Such conditions would prevent and/or erase any signature of co-structuring of lineages in space and time. As a result, the lack of phylogeographical congruence driven by differences in life-history traits might have arisen irrespective of the three species having shared similar Pleistocene glacial refugia.

Human thymus exports naive CD8 T cells that can home to nonlymphoid tissues.

Functionally naive CD8 T cells in peripheral blood from adult humans can be fully described by their CD45RA(bright)CCR7(+)CD62L(+) cell surface phenotype. Cord blood lymphocytes, from healthy newborns, are homogenously functionally naive. Accordingly, the majority of cord blood CD8 T cells express the same pattern of cell surface molecules. Unexpectedly, however, a significant fraction of cord blood CD8 T cells express neither CCR7 nor CD62L. Yet these cells remain functionally naive as they contain high levels of TCR excision circles, have long telomeres, display highly polyclonal TCRs, and do not exhibit immediate effector functions. In addition, these CD8 T cells already represent a significant fraction of the mature naive CD8 single-positive thymocyte repertoire and may selectively express the cutaneous lymphocyte Ag. We suggest that CD8 single-positive thymocytes comprise two pools of naive precursors that exhibit distinct homing properties. Once seeded in the periphery, naive CCR7(+)CD62L(+) CD8 T cells patrol secondary lymphoid organs, whereas naive CCR7(-)CD62L(-) CD8 T cells selectively migrate to peripheral tissues such as skin.

Thymus involution in alloxan diabetes: analysis of mast cells

We previously reported that alloxan-induced diabetes results in reduction in the number and reactivity of mast cells at different body sites. In this study, the influence of diabetes on thymic mast cells was investigated. Thymuses from diabetic rats showed marked alterations including shrinkage, thymocyte depletion, and increase in the extracellular matrix network, as compared to those profiles seen in normal animals. Nevertheless, we noted that the number and reactivity of mast cells remained unchanged. These findings indicate that although diabetes leads to critical alterations in the thymus, the local mast cell population is refractory to its effect. This suggests that thymic mast cells are under a different regulation as compared to those located in other tissues.

VEGF gene expression in adult human thymus fat: a correlative study with hypoxic induced factor and cyclooxygenase-2.

It is well known that the adult human thymus degenerates into fat tissue; however, it has never been considered as a potential source of angiogenic factors. Recently, we have described that this fat (TAT) produces angiogenic factors and induces human endothelial cell proliferation and migration, indicating its potential angiogenic properties. DESIGN Adult thymus fat and subcutaneous adipose tissue specimens were obtained from 28 patients undergoing cardiac surgery, making this tissue readily available as a prime source of adipose tissue. We focused our investigation on determining VEGF gene expression and characterizing the different genes, mediators of inflammation and adipogenesis, and which are known to play a relevant role in angiogenesis regulation. RESULTS We found that VEGF-A was the isoform most expressed in TAT. This expression was accompanied by an upregulation of HIF-1alpha, COX-2 and HO-1 proteins, and by increased HIF-1 DNA binding activity, compared to SAT. Furthermore, we observed that TAT contains a high percentage of mature adipocytes, 0.25% of macrophage cells, 15% of endothelial cells and a very low percentage of thymocyte cells, suggesting the cellular variability of TAT, which could explain the differences in gene expression observed in TAT. Subsequently, we showed that the expression of genes known as adipogenic mediators, including PPARgamma1/gamma2, FABP-4 and adiponectin was similar in both TAT and SAT. Moreover the expression of these latter genes presented a significantly positive correlation with VEGF, suggesting the potential association between VEGF and the generation of adipose tissue in adult thymus. CONCLUSION Here we suggest that this fat has a potential angiogenic function related to ongoing adipogenesis, which substitutes immune functions within the adult thymus. The expression of VEGF seems to be associated with COX-2, HO-1 and adipogenesis related genes, suggesting the importance that this new fat has acquired in research in relation to adipogenesis and angiogenesis.

Orodigital pemphigus vulgaris : a pathogenic role of anti-desmoglein-3 autoantibodies in pemphigus paronychia?

Paronychia is a rare complication of pemphigus vulgaris (PV), and the immunological profile of patients with digital disease has not been assessed so far. We report 2 cases of PV with oral mucosa and periungual involvement, who had high titers of anti- desmoglein (Dsg)-3 circulating antibodies. These observations raise the possibility that expression of Dsg-1 and Dsg-3 in distinct areas of periungual skin is disease specific and that anti-Dsg-3 antibodies alone may have an as yet unrecognized importance for the development of paronychia in PV.

Genetic structure of a linear population of Beta vulgaris ssp maritima (sea beet) revealed by isozyme and RFLP analysis

Knowledge of the genetic structure of plant populations is necessary for the understanding of the dynamics of major ecological processes. It also has applications in conservation biology and risk assessment for genetically modified crops. This paper reports the genetic structure of a linear population of sea beet, Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima (the wild relative of sugar beet), on Furzey Island, Poole Harbour. The relative spatial positions of the plants were accurately mapped and the plants were scored for variation at isozyme and RFLP loci. Structure was analysed by repeated subdivision of the population to find the average size of a randomly mating group. Estimates of F-ST between randomly mating units were then made, and gave patterns consistent with the structure of the population being determined largely by founder effects. The implications of these results for the monitoring of transgene spread in wild sea beet populations are discussed.

Melan-A/MART-1-specific CD8 T cells: from thymus to tumor.

The self-antigen Melan-A/MART-1 is frequently involved in T-cell responses against malignant melanoma. The use of fluorescent tetramers incorporating the immunodominant Melan-A/MART-1 peptide has provided new insights into HLA-A2-restricted T-cell responses against this antigen in cancer patients and in healthy individuals. Direct evidence has been provided that a large Melan-A/MART-1-specific CD8 T-cell pool is generated during thymic selection. Although several other examples of naive self-peptide-specific T-cell repertoires are known, this is the only one directly accessible to analysis in healthy individuals

Expression of T cell receptor genes in the thymus: localization of transcripts in situ and comparison of mature and immature subsets.

We have analyzed the expression of T cell receptor (TcR) genes in the thymus using in situ RNA hybridizations with probes to the constant regions of the TcR alpha, beta, gamma and delta chains. Localization of transcripts revealed low TcR alpha mRNA levels in the thymus cortex and very low levels in the subcapsular region. In contrast, TcR beta message was very abundant in the cortex. TcR gamma or delta mRNA+ thymocytes showed a scattered, predominantly cortical localization. In contrast to gamma, TcR delta transcripts were abundant in the subcapsular region. Control experiments with sorted TcR alpha/beta or gamma/delta cells revealed a detection efficiency of 75%-85% for the respective TcR mRNA and data on TcR gene expression in mature, CD3+ thymocytes were consistent with previous reports. The analysis of immature, CD3- thymocyte subsets, however, revealed a virtual absence of TcR alpha transcripts and an unexpectedly high proportion of cells (14%-29%) expressing the gene for the TcR delta chain. The data are discussed in view of current models of lineage relationships in the thymus.

Aspectos biológicos de Zabrotes subfasciatus (Bohemann, 1833) (Coleoptera, Bruchidae) em Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Carioca (Fabaceae), sob condições de laboratório

Zabrotes subfasciatus is a serious pest of common beans, P. vulgaris L.. In Brazil there are several studies dealing with resistance of bean genotypes to this insect, while other studies have emphasized the utilization of oils and powders from plants to repel their attack. In this paper, fecundity, fertility, pattern of oviposition, life cycle and longevity were evaluated for a Brazilian stock from the Goiás State on P. vulgaris cv. Carioca, at 30ºC and 70% R.H. The mean fecundity was 38 eggs per female and 73% of viability. Egg laying showed an aggregated pattern. Males and females lived an average of 13 and 9 days, respectively. The total life cycle lasted for about 28 days.

Precursors of functional MHC class I- or class II-restricted CD8alphaalpha(+) T cells are positively selected in the thymus by agonist self-peptides.

The origin and specificity of alphabeta TCR(+) T cells that express CD8alphaalpha have been controversial issues. Here we provide direct evidence that precursors of functional CD8alphaalpha T cells are positively selected in the thymus in the presence of agonist self-peptides. Like conventional positive selection, this agonist selection process requires functional TCR alpha-CPM, whereas it is independent of CD8beta expression. Furthermore, CD8alphaalpha expression on mature, agonist-selected T cells does not imply selection by MHC class I, and CD8alphaalpha(+) T cells can be either class I or class II restricted. Our data define a distinct agonist-dependent, positive selection process in the thymus, and they suggest a function for CD8alphaalpha distinct from the conventional TCR coreceptor function of CD8alphabeta or CD4.

Produtividade e qualidade de sementes de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) sob influência de parcelamentos e fontes de nitrogênio

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de fontes e do parcelamento de nitrogênio na produtividade do feijão "de inverno" e na qualidade fisiológica e uniformidade de suas sementes. O experimento foi instalado em área pertencente à Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - UNESP, no período de inverno. Foram estudados 14 tratamentos, constituídos por duas fontes de N (sulfato de amônio e uréia) e sete parcelamentos (0-0; 0-75; 15-60; 30-45; 45-30; 60-15 e 75-0 kg ha-1 de N, respectivamente, na semeadura e em cobertura). Toda a área experimental recebeu 60 kg ha-1 de P2O5 e 30 kg ha-1 de K2O como adubação básica. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi avaliada por meio do teste de germinação e testes de vigor. A aplicação de 75 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio propiciou, em média, incrementos de 38% na produtividade da cultura. O nitrogênio na semeadura e, ou, em cobertura não interferiu na produtividade do feijoeiro. Nas condições experimentais, a adubação com uréia e exclusivamente na semeadura seria a recomendada, tendo em vista uma única aplicação e a produtividade obtida. A aplicação de nitrogênio proporcionou a obtenção de maior quantidade de sementes comerciais, não sendo o modo de aplicação e a fonte consistentes quanto aos seus efeitos sobre o vigor das sementes.

Efeito de três manejos do lençol freático na adaptação fisiomorfológica do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) ao encharcamento

Estudou-se o efeito de três manejos do lençol freático na indução de adaptações fisiomorfológicas do cultivar Bat 477 de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) à hipoxia, com vistas em caracterizar a influência relativa dos principais fatores físicos, químicos e biológicos interferentes. O experimento foi realizado em campo, na ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba (SP), de março a junho de 1999, utilizando-se caixas de cimento amianto de 1.000 L como unidade experimental no delineamento de parcelas inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. As caixas receberam estrutura própria de manejo e controle do lençol freático. Simulou-se ao máximo um meio físico/condição natural de uma várzea. Após a indução no período vegetativo, a eficiência dos manejos foi testada pela inundação temporária do solo no fim do florescimento/formação de vagens. Houve um efetivo processo de nodulação das raízes, a despeito da condição de alta saturação do solo. As características biométricas de crescimento, embora acusando prejuízo da hipoxia, evidenciaram a utilização pela planta de mecanismos adaptativos morfológicos (raízes adventícias e lenticelas), biológicos (fixação de N) e fisiomorfológicos (resistividade estomática e transpiração). Já as características biométricas de colheita evidenciaram que tanto o manejo do lençol mantido a 15 cm como o de elevação gradativa, embora com rendimento de grãos sem vantagem estatística sobre o manejo não-indutivo, foram efetivos, permitindo a planta completar seu ciclo, além de menor comprometimento na qualidade de grãos. A alternância de vantagens relativas biométricas entre os dois manejos não acarretou diferença estatística no rendimento de grãos, levando-se a inferir ser vantajoso o uso de cultivares de ciclo mais longo nesse tipo de condição.

Conseqüências do manejo do solo na distribuição de metais pesados em um agrossistema com feijão- de-vagem (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Com o objetivo de avaliar a concentração de metais pesados no solo e nas plantas de feijão-de-vagem (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) em diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo, foi realizado um experimento em Paty do Alferes (RJ), em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo com 30 % de declividade. Foram instaladas parcelas do tipo Wischmeier com dimensões de 22,0 x 4,0 m; cada parcela era constituída de um sistema de preparo do solo distinto: plantio convencional, aração com trator no sentido morro abaixo e queima dos restos vegetais (PC); plantio em nível com aração tração animal e cordões de vegetação a cada 7,0 m (PN); cultivo mínimo com apenas abertura de covas para plantio e conservação dos restos vegetais (CM). Foram coletadas amostras de solo, de plantas e de agroquímicos, bem como analisados os teores totais de metais pesados. Verificou-se que as maiores adições de Cu no sistema deveram-se ao uso do fungicida Peprosan. Os sistemas de preparo PN e CM favoreceram acúmulo de Zn, Mn, Cd e Pb no solo, quando comparados ao PC, provavelmente, em virtude das menores perdas por erosão. A concentração de Pb na vagem in natura, nos sistemas de preparo PN e CM, esteve acima dos limites permitidos para alimentos in natura, em níveis impróprios para o consumo humano.

The murine interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain gene: organization, chromosomal localization and expression in the adult thymus.

Defects in the interleukin-2 receptor gamma (IL-2R gamma) chain in the man result in an X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency, SCIDX1, characterized by an absence of T-cell differentiation. This phenotype may result from pertubations in IL-2, IL-4-, IL-7- or IL-15-mediated signaling, as the IL-2R gamma chain forms an integral component of these receptor systems. We have isolated and characterized cDNA and genomic clones for the murine IL-2R gamma. The gene (Il2rg) is well conserved between mouse and man with respect to overall structure and size, and contains regions of high conservation in the promoter region as well. Il2rg maps to mouse X chromosome region 40, in a region of synteny with human Xq12-13.1. We have also explored the expression of the IL-2R gamma during thymocyte development. IL-2R gamma transcripts are detected in the earliest thymocyte precursor cells and persist throughout intrathymic development into the mature peripheral compartment. Genomic clones for the murine IL-2R gamma will allow for further studies on the regulation and function of this gene in vivo.