Estimates of %NCW bathing deep North Atlantic (IODP Site 306-U1313) over the past ~3.3 Ma

The circulation and internal structure of the oceans exert a strong influence on Earth's climate because they control latitudinal heat transport and the segregation of carbon between the atmosphere and the abyss (Sigman et al., 2010, doi:10.1038/nature09149). Circulation change, particularly in the Atlantic Ocean, is widely suggested (Bartoli et al., 2005, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.020; Haug and Tiedemann, 1998, doi:10.1038/31447; Woodard et al., 2014, doi:10.1126/science.1255586; McKay et al., 2012, doi:10.1073/pnas.1112248109) to have been instrumental in the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation when large ice sheets first developed on North America and Eurasia during the late Pliocene, approximately 2.7 million years ago (Bailey et al., 2013, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.004). Yet the mechanistic link and cause/effect relationship between ocean circulation and glaciation are debated. Here we present new records of North Atlantic Ocean structure using the carbon and neodymium isotopic composition of marine sediments recording deep water for both the Last Glacial to Holocene (35-5 thousand years ago) and the late Pliocene to earliest Pleistocene (3.3-2.4 million years ago). Our data show no secular change. Instead we document major southern-sourced water incursions into the deep North Atlantic during prominent glacials from 2.7 million years ago. Our results suggest that Atlantic circulation acts as a positive feedback rather than as an underlying cause of late Pliocene Northern Hemisphere glaciation. We propose that, once surface Southern Ocean stratification (Sigman, et al., 2004, doi:10.1038/nature02357) and/or extensive sea-ice cover (McKay et al., 2012, doi:10.1073/pnas.1112248109) was established, cold-stage expansions of southern-sourced water such as those documented here enhanced carbon dioxide storage in the deep ocean, helping to increase the amplitude of glacial cycles.

The works of Matthew Arnold.

"This edition consists of seven hundred and seventy-five copies."

Salem Township (Mich.) residences, ca. 1874

Left to right: Res. of Daniel T. Birch, Sec. 31, Salem Tp. Mich.; Res. of J.L. Bennett, Sec. 15, Salem Tp. Mich.; Res. of Calvin Wheeler, Sec. 27, Salem Tp. Mich.; Res. of G.N.B. Renwick, Sec 27, Salem Tp. Mich.; Res. of Eli O. Smith, Sec 14, Salem Tp. Mich.; Res. of T.B. Gorton, Sec 3. Salem Tp. Mich. Publication information: Chicago, Ill. : Everts & Stewart, 1874.

University of Michigan Men's Basketball Team, 2007

<b>Back Row (standing):b> Coach Tommy Amaker, asst. coach Dave Pilipovich, admin. asst. Chuck Swenson, asst. coach Andrew Moore, asst. coach Mike Jackson, DeShawn Sims, Kendric Price, Phil DeVries, Ekpe Udoh, Courtney Sims, Zack Gibson, Anthony Wright, Ron Coleman, director of basketball operations Kirsten Green, video coordinator Matt Duprey, equip. mngr. Bob Bland, strength coach Jim Plocki, trainer John DoRosario

<b>Front Row (seated):b> Reed Baker, Jevohn Shepherd, Dion Harris, Lester Abram, Brent Petway, K'Len Morris and Jerret Smith

University of Michigan Men's Basketball Team, 2007

<b>Back Row:b> DeShawn Sims, Kendric Price, Phil DeVries, Ekpe Udoh, Courtney Sims, Zack Gibson, Anthony, Wright, Coleman.

<b>Front Row:b> Reed Baker, Jevohn Shepherd, Dion Harris, Lester Abram, Brent Petway, K'Len Morris and Jerret Smith.

Some remarks upon the Church of Great Haseley, Oxfordshire. Read at a meeting of the Oxford Society for Promoting the Study of Gothic Architecture, November 19, 1839. Together with extracts form Delafield's ms. in the Bodleian Library, entitled "Notitia Hasleiana."

Mode of access: Internet.

Ion chromatography of anions /

"March 1980."

The oat plant : its histology and development /

Bibliography: p. 111-112.

The gardeners labyrinth, or, A new art of gardening : wherein is laid down new and rare inventions and secrets of gardening not heretofore known : for sowing, planting, and setting all manner of roots, herbs, and flowers, both for the use of the kitchen garden, and a garden of pleasure ... /

"Reprinted for the first time since the edition dated 1652, from the copy now owned by Mrs. Rosetta E. Clarkson."--T.p. verso.

The infringement of patents for inventions, not designs, with sole reference to the opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Mode of access: Internet.

Digest of the decisions of law and practice in the Patent Office from 1880 to 1890 /

Mode of access: Internet.

The fighting bishop, John Strachan, first bishop of Toronto; and other essays in his times.

The fighting bishop.--The remarkable battle on Lake Erie.--The fight at Chateauguay.--Sir Francis Bond Head and the rebellion of '37.