Field evaluation of an exoantigen-containing Babesia vaccine in Venezuela

Bovine babesiosis is endemic in Venezuela, causing significant losses in highly susceptible imported cattle. Current immunoprphylatic methods include the less desirable use of live parasites. Inactivated vaccines derived from exoantigen-containing supernatant fluids of in vitro Babesia bovis and B. bigemina cultures have been developed and constitute a major improvement in vaccine safety, stability and ease of handling. Vaccination trials conducted under field conditions provide the final evaluation of a culture-derived B. bovis-B. bigemina vaccine. During a 5-year period, approximately 8,000 cattle were vaccinated and 16 clinical trials carried out in. 7 states of Venezuela Clinical, serologic and parasitologic data were collected monthly from 10% of the animals over a 2-year period. Data were also collected from a similar number of nonvaccinated control cattle. Analysis of results from these trials demonstrated a reduction in the incidence of clinical disease among vaccinated animals and complete protection against mortality among vaccinated and nonvaccinated cattle. Use of this inactivated vaccine offers the best combination od safety, potency and efficacy for thew immunoprophylatic control of bovine babesiosis.

Territorial autonomy and self-determination conflicts: opportunity and willingness cases from Bolivia, Niger, and Thailand

The paradox of autonomy is about whether self-rule accommodates or exacerbates armed conflict. This study attempts to unpack the puzzle examining the effectiveness of territorial autonomy as a state response to self-determination conflicts throughout the world. It challenges the conflict-inducing features of autonomy arguing that territorial autonomy can mitigate armed conflict by channeling group grievances into peaceful forms of protest. Thus, this study aims at arriving at a comprehensive theory that identifies which factors are responsible for violent escalation of conflicts grounded in self-determination demands. By using the concepts of opportunity structures and willingness dimension, this study shows that conflict escalation only takes place when minorities with greater bargaining power vis-à-vis the center, in contexts of high levels of economic inequality within dyad, are mobilized around autonomy and separatist demands.

Autonomia territorial i conflictes d'autodeterminació: oportunitats i voluntat casos de Bolívia, Níger i Tailàndia

La paradoxa de l’autonomia tracta sobre si l’autogovern atenua o exacerba el conflicte armat. Aquest estudi prova de desmuntar aquest trencaclosques examinant l’efectivitat de l’autonomia territorial com a resposta estatal als conflictes d’autodeterminació de tot el món. També posa en dubte que l’autonomia sigui un factor instigador del conflicte argumentant que l’autonomia territorial pot mitigar el conflicte armat canalitzant els greuges grupals cap a formes de protesta pacífiques. D’aquesta manera, l’estudi vol arribar a una teoria integral que identifiqui els factors responsables de l’escalada de violència en els conflictes sorgits de reivindicacions d’autodeterminació. Fent servir els conceptes d’”estructures d’oportunitat” i “dimensió de voluntat”, aquest estudi mostra que l’escalada dels conflictes només es produeix quan es mobilitzen minories amb un alt poder negociador respecte del centre, en contexts de grans nivells de desigualtat econòmica al si de la díada, al voltant de reivindicacions d’autonomia i separatistes.

Característiques psicosocials i judicials dels menors implicats en denúncies d’abús sexual: ent casos valorats a l’equip d’assessorament tècnic penal de Barcelona

Característiques psicosocials i judicials dels menors víctimes d’abús sexual Els delictes contra la llibertat sexual a la infància són un greu problema social, atesa l’especial vulnerabilitat dels menors i els efectes que el delicte pot suposar en el seu desenvolupament. En el cas dels menors que arriben al sistema judicial, aquesta vulnerabilitat augmenta pel possible efecte de la victimització secundària. Aquesta recerca parteix de la necessitat de conèixer de manera objectiva les característiques dels menors presumptes víctimes d’abús sexual derivats a l’Equip d’Assessorament Tècnic Penal de Barcelona, atès que, si bé hi ha múltiples estudis descriptius amb aquest tipus de població en altres territoris nacionals o en altres països, mai no s’havia realitzat un estudi d’aquestes característiques en el servei de l’EATP. En aquest estudi es van analitzar les dades de 100 menors presumptes víctimes de delictes contra la llibertat sexual, denunciats a la província de Barcelona i derivats al nostre servei per demanda judicial durant un període d’un any. Les principals variables analitzades es van agrupar en les àrees següents: antecedents del delicte (personals i sociofamiliars), variables relacionades amb el delicte (variables judicials, del presumpte agressor i de la intervenció del nostre servei) i conseqüències judicials, personals i sociofamiliars del delicte. Els resultats de l’estudi destaquen que la majoria dels menors són nascuts a Catalunya, tenen més de nou anys i les tres quartes parts són nenes. La meitat de les famílies tenen un perfil tradicional i l’altra meitat són monoparentals o reconstituïdes; es valora un estil educatiu adequat en la majoria dels casos. Es copsa una escassa presència d’antecedents familiars significatius. En els menors predominen els trets de personalitat de submissió, conformisme i introversió, i presenten una escassa psicopatologia prèvia. Predominen els abusos sexuals crònics realitzats per una persona de l’entorn familiar del menor. En general, els testimonis dels menors sobre l’abús resulten globalment creïbles, i és molt baixa la proporció dels testimonis no creïbles. Les principals seqüeles psicològiques copsades en els menors són la simptomatologia ansiosa i posttraumàtica, i hi predominen també els sentiments de rebuig envers l’agressor.

Características psicosociales y judiciales de los menores implicados en denuncias de abuso sexual: cien casos valorados por el equipo de asesoramiento técnico penal de Barcelona

Características psicosociales y judiciales de los menores víctimas de abuso sexual El objetivo es conocer las características psicológicas, sociodemográficas y judiciales de los menores que denuncian delitos contra la libertad sexual en la provincia de Barcelona. La muestra está formada por 100 menores presuntas víctimas de delitos contra la libertad sexual denunciados en la provincia de Barcelona y atendidos por el Equipo de Asesoramiento Penal a la instancia judicial.

The mzTab Data Exchange Format: Communicating Mass-spectrometry-based Proteomics and Metabolomics Experimental Results to a Wider Audience.

The HUPO Proteomics Standards Initiative has developed several standardized data formats to facilitate data sharing in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics. These allow researchers to report their complete results in a unified way. However, at present, there is no format to describe the final qualitative and quantitative results for proteomics and metabolomics experiments in a simple tabular format. Many downstream analysis use cases are only concerned with the final results of an experiment and require an easily accessible format, compatible with tools such as Microsoft Excel or R. We developed the mzTab file format for MS-based proteomics and metabolomics results to meet this need. mzTab is intended as a lightweight supplement to the existing standard XML-based file formats (mzML, mzIdentML, mzQuantML), providing a comprehensive summary, similar in concept to the supplemental material of a scientific publication. mzTab files can contain protein, peptide, and small molecule identifications together with experimental metadata and basic quantitative information. The format is not intended to store the complete experimental evidence but provides mechanisms to report results at different levels of detail. These range from a simple summary of the final results to a representation of the results including the experimental design. This format is ideally suited to make MS-based proteomics and metabolomics results available to a wider biological community outside the field of MS. Several software tools for proteomics and metabolomics have already adapted the format as an output format. The comprehensive mzTab specification document and extensive additional documentation can be found online.

Presión aórtica y rigidez arterial en pacientes con esclerodermia

La Esclerosis Sistémica (ES) es un trastorno generalizado del tejido conectivo caracterizado por el engrosamiento y la fibrosis tanto de la piel como de órganos internos asociándose a daño vascular. Tradicionalmente, la afectación vascular en la ES ha sido considerada principalmente microvascular (1). Sin embargo, existe evidencia reciente que muestra que la ES podría también asociarse a lesión macrovascular (2) debido a la situación de inflamación crónica sostenida que predispondría al incremento de la rigidez de la pared arterial (3) y el desarrollo de arteriosclerosis. No obstante, y a pesar de diversos intentos en estudios realizados en la última década, la fisiopatología completa de los mecanismos subyacentes permanece todavía sin esclarecer. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo ha sido analizar; por un lado, dentro de una población de pacientes con ES, una serie de parámetros para evaluar la prevalencia de enfermedad cardiovascular subclínica y la existencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y; por otra parte, comparar esos hallazgos frente a una población sana en busca de diferencias que apoyen la hipótesis existente en la actualidad de que, ciertas enfermedades autoinmunes predisponen al desarrollo de arteriosclerosis precoz (3,4).

Wing geometry as a tool for studying the Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) complex

Toro Toro (T) and Yungas (Y) have been described as genetically well differentiated populations of the Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) complex in Bolivia. Here we use geometric morphometrics to compare samples from these populations and new populations (Bolivia and Nicaragua), representing distant geographical origins, qualitative morphological variation ("one-spot" or "two-spots" phenotypes), ecologically distinct traits (peridomestic and silvatic populations), and possibly different epidemiological roles (transmitting or nor transmitting Leishmania chagasi). The Nicaragua (N) (Somotillo) sample was "one-spot" phenotype and a possible peridomestic vector. The Bolivian sample of the Y was also "one-spot" phenotype and a demonstrated peridomestic vector of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The three remaining samples were silvatic, "two-spots" phenotypes. Two of them (Uyuni and T) were collected in the highlands of Bolivian where VL never has been reported. The last one (Robore, R) came from the lowlands of Bolivia, where human cases of VL are sporadically reported. The decomposition of metric variation into size and shape by geometric morphometric techniques suggests the existence of two groups (N/Y/R, and U/T). Several arguments indicate that such subdivision of Lu. longipalpis could correspond to different evolutionary units.

Schistosomiasis mansoni in areas of low transmission: epidemiological characterization of Venezuelan foci

Severe schistosomiasis is a rare event in Venezuela nowadays, after a successful national campaign by the Schistosomiasis Control Program. Unfortunately, this program has practically disappeared, and snail surveillance in field is not a priority, anymore. Thus, schistosomiasis has become a neglected disease in this country. However, surveys in different populations from the endemic area have shown particular epidemiological features described herein. In five communities we evaluated 2,175 persons and searched for the presence of Biomphalaria glabrata snails. Some markers were used for classifying schistosomiasis foci: mean age of the persons with Schistosoma mansoni eggs in the stools, serological tests, presence of B. glabrata snails, and intensity of infection. Places without B. glabrata snails and with few schistosomiasis cases were defined as "past transmission sites"; a site with abundant snails but few cases was defined as "potential risk"; "new transmission" foci were characterized by the presence of infected snails and young people passing eggs in the stools. A "re-emergent" focus has shared these last features, showing in addition a place where schistosomiasis had been reported before. Recent evidences of active transmission with the increasing dispersion of B. glabrata snails, point out the necessity for the re-establishment of the Schistosomiasis Control Program in Venezuela.

Abnormal humoral immune response to influenza vaccination in pediatric type-1 human immunodeficiency virus infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy

Given that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been demonstrated useful to restore immune competence in type-1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-infected subjects, we evaluated the specific antibody response to influenza vaccine in a cohort of HIV-1-infected children on HAART so as to analyze the quality of this immune response in patients under antiretroviral therapy. Sixteen HIV-1-infected children and 10 HIV-1 seronegative controls were immunized with a commercially available trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine containing the strains A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B. Serum hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) antibody titers were determined for the three viral strains at the time of vaccination and 1 month later. Immunization induced a significantly increased humoral response against the three influenza virus strains in controls, and only against A/H3N2 in HIV-1-infected children. The comparison of post-vaccination HI titers between HIV-1+ patients and HIV-1 negative controls showed significantly higher HI titers against the three strains in controls. In addition, post vaccination protective HI titers (defined as equal to or higher than 1:40) against the strains A/H3N2 and B were observed in a lower proportion of HIV-1+ children than in controls, while a similar proportion of individuals from each group achieved protective HI titers against the A/H1N1 strain. The CD4+ T cell count, CD4/CD8 T cells ratio, and serum viral load were not affected by influenza virus vaccination when pre- vs post-vaccination values were compared. These findings suggest that despite the fact that HAART is efficient in controlling HIV-1 replication and in increasing CD4+ T cell count in HIV-1-infected children, restoration of immune competence and response to cognate antigens remain incomplete, indicating that additional therapeutic strategies are required to achieve a full reconstitution of immune functions.

Entorno Colaborativo de Trabajo: La Intranet 2.0 de la Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía

The Department of Health of the Government of Andalusia provides professionals of the Andalusian Public Health Care System a collaborative working environment (Entorno colaborativo de trabajo [ECT]) based on the principles of web 2.0. The ECT is organized into communities, understood as sets of people with a common interest who share a space with its own information and collaboration tools. This space is managed and powered autonomously by the communities themselves. This paper analyzes the use and degree of implementation of the ECT, considering the user communities and activity statistics in 2009 and 2010. From the data obtained we deduce that instrumental services have easier acceptance than collaboration and knowledge management services; content generation is focused on a small number of users; and communities associated with organizational units have less development than those associated with work areas or projects.

Validación de escala para evaluar la relación familia-trabajo en médicos y médicas de familia

Ayudas concedidas por la Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (Expediente: 0020/2006); por el Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (Expediente PI071176) y los Fondos FEDER de la Unión Europea