955 resultados para Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
Resumo:
Sorghum is an excellent alternative to other grains in poor soil where corn does not develop very well, as well as in regions with warm and dry winters. Intercropping sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] with forage crops, such as palisade grass [Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich) Stapf] or guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.), provides large amounts of biomass for use as straw in no-tillage systems or as pasture. However, it is important to determine the appropriate time at which these forage crops have to be sown into sorghum systems to avoid reductions in both sorghum and forage production and to maximize the revenue of the cropping system. This study, conducted for three growing seasons at Botucatu in the State of So Paulo in Brazil, evaluated how nutrient concentration, yield components, sorghum grain yield, revenue, and forage crop dry matter production were affected by the timing of forage intercropping. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design. Intercropping systems were not found to cause reductions in the nutrient concentration in sorghum plants. The number of panicles per unit area of sorghum alone (133,600), intercropped sorghum and palisade grass (133,300) and intercropped sorghum and guinea grass (134,300) corresponded to sorghum grain yields of 5439, 5436 and 5566kgha-1, respectively. However, the number of panicles per unit area of intercropped sorghum and palisade grass (144,700) and intercropped sorghum and guinea grass (145,000) with topdressing of fertilizers for the sorghum resulted in the highest sorghum grain yields (6238 and 6127kgha-1 for intercropping with palisade grass and guinea grass, respectively). Forage production (8112, 10,972 and 13,193Mg ha-1 for the first, second and third cuts, respectively) was highest when sorghum and guinea grass were intercropped. The timing of intercropping is an important factor in sorghum grain yield and forage production. Palisade grass or guinea grass must be intercropped with sorghum with topdressing fertilization to achieve the highest sorghum grain yield, but this significantly reduces the forage production. Intercropping sorghum with guinea grass sown simultaneously yielded the highest revenue per ha ( 1074.4), which was 2.4 times greater than the revenue achieved by sowing sorghum only. 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Resumo:
Mutant sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) deficient in functional phytochrome B exhibits reduced photoperiodic sensitivity and constitutively expresses a shade-avoidance phenotype. Under relatively bright, high red:far-red light, ethylene production by seedlings of wild-type and phytochrome B-mutant cultivars progresses through cycles in a circadian rhythm; however, the phytochrome B mutant produces ethylene peaks with approximately 10 times the amplitude of the wild type. Time-course northern blots show that the mutant's abundance of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase mRNA SbACO2 is cyclic and is commensurate with ethylene production, and that ACC oxidase activity follows the same pattern. Both SbACO2 abundance and ACC oxidase activity in the wild-type plant are very low under this regimen. ACC levels in the two cultivars did not demonstrate fluctuations coincident with the ethylene produced. Simulated shading caused the wild-type plant to mimic the phenotype of the mutant and to produce high amplitude rhythms of ethylene evolution. The circadian feature of the ethylene cycle is conditionally present in the mutant and absent in the wild-type plant under simulated shading. SbACO2 abundance in both cultivars demonstrates a high-amplitude diurnal cycle under these conditions; however, ACC oxidase activity, although elevated, does not exhibit a clear rhythm correlated with ethylene production. ACC levels in both cultivars show fluctuations corresponding to the ethylene rhythm previously observed. It appears that at least two separate mechanisms may be involved in generating high-amplitude ethylene rhythms in sorghum, one in response to the loss of phytochrome B function and another in response to shading.
Resumo:
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) accumulates the anthocyanin cyanidin 3-dimalonyl glucoside in etiolated mesocotyls in response to light. Inoculation with the nonpathogenic fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus drastically reduced the light-induced accumulation of anthocyanin by repressing the transcription of the anthocyanin biosynthesis genes encoding flavanone 3-hydroxylase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, and anthocyanidin synthase. In contrast to these repression effects, fungal inoculation resulted in the synthesis of the four known 3-deoxyanthocyanidin phytoalexins and a corresponding activation of genes encoding the key branch-point enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase. In addition, a gene encoding the pathogenesis-related protein PR-10 was strongly induced in response to inoculation. The accumulation of phytoalexins leveled off by 48 h after inoculation and was accompanied by a more rapid increase in the rate of anthocyanin accumulation. The results suggest that the plant represses less essential metabolic activities such as anthocyanin synthesis as a means of compensating for the immediate biochemical and physiological needs for the defense response.
Resumo:
Lindustrie des biocarburants de deuxime gnration utilise, entre autre, la biomasse lignocellulosique issue de rsidus forestiers et agricoles et celle issue de cultures nergtiques. Le sorgho sucr [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] fait partie de ces cultures nergtiques. Lintrt croissant de lindustrie agroalimentaire et des biocarburants pour cette plante est d sa haute teneur en sucres (jusqu 60% en masse sche). En plus de se dvelopper rapidement (en 5-6 mois), le sorgho sucr a lavantage de pouvoir crotre sur des sols pauvres en nutriments et dans des conditions de faibles apports en eau, ce qui en fait une matire premire intressante pour lindustrie, notamment pour la production de biothanol. Le concept de bioraffinerie alliant la production de biocarburants celle de bionergies ou de bioproduits est de plus en plus tudi afin de valoriser la production des biocarburants. Dans le contexte dune bioraffinerie exploitant la biomasse lignocellulosique, il est ncessaire de sintresser aux diffrents mtabolites extractibles en plus des macromolcules permettant la fabrication de biocarburants et de biocommodits. Ceux-ci pouvant avoir une haute valeur ajoute et intresser lindustrie pharmaceutique ou cosmtique par exemple. Les techniques classiques pour extraire ces mtabolites sont notamment lextraction au Soxhlet et par macration ou percolation, qui sont longues et coteuses en nergie. Ce projet sintresse donc une mthode dextraction des mtabolites primaires et secondaires du sorgho sucr, moins coteuse et plus courte, permettant de valoriser conomiquement lexploitation industrielle du de cette culture nergtique. Ce travail au sein de la CRIEC-B a port spcifiquement sur lutilisation dune mulsion ultrasonique eau/carbonate de dimthyle permettant de diminuer les temps dopration (passant moins dune heure au lieu de plusieurs heures) et les quantits de solvants mis en jeu dans le procd dextraction. Cette mulsion extractive permet ainsi de solubiliser la fois les mtabolites hydrophiles et ceux hydrophobes. De plus, limpact environnemental est limit par lutilisation de solvants respectueux de lenvironnement (80 % deau et 20 % de carbonate de dimthyle). Lutilisation de deux systmes dextraction a t tudie. Lun consiste en la recirculation de lmulsion, en continu, au travers du lit de biomasse; le deuxime permet la mise en contact de la biomasse et des solvants avec la sonde ultrasons, crant lmulsion et favorisant la sonolyse de la biomasse. Ainsi, en racteur batch avec recirculation de lmulsion eau/DMC, 370 mL.min[indice suprieur -1], au sein du lit de biomasse, lextraction est de 37,91 % en 5 minutes, ce qui est suprieur la mthode ASTM D1105-96 (34,01 % en 11h). De plus, en racteur batch piston , o la biomasse est en contact direct avec les ultrasons et lmulsion eau/DMC, les meilleurs rendements sont de 35,39 % en 17,5 minutes, avec 15 psig de pression et 70 % damplitude des ultrasons. Des tests effectus sur des particules de sorgho grossires ont donn des rsultats similaires avec 30,23 % dextraits en racteur batch avec recirculation de lmulsion (5 min, 370 mL.min[indice suprieur -1]) et 34,66 % avec le racteur batch-piston (30 psig, 30 minutes, 95 % damplitude).
Resumo:
Sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a major subsistence crop throughout the region of Sahel. With the exception of seeds and labour, no agricultural inputs are in general used in sorghum production since the grain is of a relatively low commercial value and the risk of losing the crop to drought, flooding, etc. is substantial. A meta-analysis of 118 field experiments was carried out to identify conditions in which two protective seed treatments could support a yield increase of sorghum in Burkina Faso. The two treatments were: i) treatment with the pesticide Calthio C (thiram and chlorpyrifos) and ii) treatment with an aqueous extract from the plant Eclipta alba . Both treatments were found to produce a yield increase (Medians: Calthio C +199 kg ha-1, P<2x10-9; E. alba +90.5 kg ha-1 P<4x10-4). A strong relative effect of Calthio C on yield (+36%) was found for field experiments with a low baseline yield. A strong relative effect of E. alba extract on yield (+22%) was found for experiments with a low baseline of emergence. ANOVA of the 118 field tests showed that baseline crop performance (yield and emergence) and the effect of seed treatments were strongly linked to geographical location (twelve different villages included). Roots from sorghum in the village showing the strongest effect of both seed treatments (>40% yield increase) were found to carry a comparatively high load of the infectious ascomycetes: Fusarium equiseti , Macrophomina phaseolina and Curvularia lunata .
Resumo:
Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is an economic and staple crop in sub-Saharan Africa. The genetic diversity in its germplasm is an invaluable aid for its crop improvement. The objective of this study was to assess the existing genetic diversity among sorghum landraces in the southwestern highlands of Uganda. A total of 47 sorghum landraces, collected from southwestern highlands of Uganda, were characterised using 12 qualitative and 13 quantitative traits. The study was conducted at Kachwekano Research Farm in Kabale District, at an altitude of 2,223 m above sea level, during growing season of December 2014 to August 2015. Panicle shape and compactness were the most varied qualitative traits. Grain yield (1.23 to 11.31 t ha-1) and plant height (144.7 to 351.6 cm) were among quantitative traits that showed high variability. Days to 50% flowering (115 to 130 days) showed the least variability. Results of UPGMA cluster analysis generated a dendrogram with three clusters. Panicle weight, leaf width, stem girth, exertion length, peduncle length, panicle shape and compactness, glume colour and threshability were major traits responsible for the observed clustering (P<0.001). Principal Component Analysis revealed the largest variation contributors.
Resumo:
O sorgo sacarino [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] se destaca como cultura complementar cana-de-acar Saccharum spp. na produo de etanol, uma vez que este possui colmos suculentos com presena de acares diretamente fermentescveis. Em decorrncia deste fato, existe a necessidade de se analisar as propriedades do sorgo, a fim de atender s demandas da agroindstria. No presente trabalho, buscou-se desenvolver e estudar as curvas de maturao de sete cultivares de sorgo sacarino em dez pocas de colheita. Os resultados mostram que houve diferena significativa para cultivares e pocas de colheita para todos os parmetros (p≤0,01). Quanto aos teores de acares, as cultivares BRS508, XBWS80147 e CMSXS629 apresentaram as maiores mdias para as variveis acares redutores totais (ART) e acares totais recuperveis (ATR). Em relao produo de etanol por tonelada de biomassa, as cultivares BRS 508 e a CMSXS629 apresentaram os melhores resultados.
Resumo:
Information on the effects of growing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)-based crop rotations on soil quality of dryland Vertisols is sparse. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of growing cereal and leguminous crops in rotation with dryland cotton on physical and chemical properties of a grey Vertisol near Warra, SE Queensland, Australia. The experimental treatments, selected after consultations with local cotton growers, were continuous cotton (T1), cotton-sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) (T2), cotton-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) double cropped (T3), cotton-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) double cropped followed by wheat (T4) and cotton-wheat (T5). From 1993 to 1996 land preparation was by chisel ploughing to about 0.2 m followed by two to four cultivations with a Gyral tyne cultivator. Thereafter all crops were sown with zero tillage except for cultivation with a chisel plough to about 0.07-0.1 m after cotton picking to control heliothis moth pupae. Soil was sampled from 1996 to 2004 and physical (air-filled porosity of oven-dried soil, an indicator of soil compaction; plastic limit; linear shrinkage; dispersion index) and chemical (pH in 0.01 M CaCl2, organic carbon, exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na contents) properties measured. Crop rotation affected soil properties only with respect to exchangeable Na content and air-filled porosity. In the surface 0.15 m during 2000 and 2001 lowest air-filled porosity occurred with T1 (average of 34.6 m3/100 m3) and the highest with T3 (average of 38.9 m3/100 m3). Air-filled porosity decreased in the same depth between 1997 and 1998 from 45.0 to 36.1 m3/100 m3, presumably due to smearing and compaction caused by shallow cultivation in wet soil. In the subsoil, T1 and T2 frequently had lower air-filled porosity values in comparison with T3, T4 and T5, particularly during the early stages of the experiment, although values under T1 increased subsequently. In general, compaction was less under rotations which included a wheat crop (T3, T4, T5). For example, average air-filled porosity (in m3/100 m3) in the 0.15-0.30 m depth from 1996 to 1999 was 19.8 with both T1 and T2, and 21.2 with T3, 21.1 with T4 and 21.5 with T5. From 2000 to 2004, average air-filled porosity (in m3/100 m3) in the same depth was 21.3 with T1, 19.0 with T2, 19.8 with T3, 20.0 with T4 and 20.5 with T5. The rotation which included chickpea (T4) resulted in the lowest exchangeable Na content, although differences among rotations were small. Where only a cereal crop with a fibrous root system was sown in rotation with cotton (T2, T3, T5) linear shrinkage in the 0.45-0.60 m depth was lower than in rotations, which included tap-rooted crops such as chickpea (T4) or continuous cotton (T1). Dispersion index and organic carbon decreased, and plastic limit increased with time. Soil organic carbon stocks decreased at a rate of 1.2 Mg/ha/year. Lowest average cotton lint yield occurred with T2 (0.54 Mg/ha) and highest wheat yield with T3 (2.8 Mg/ha). Rotations which include a wheat crop are more likely to result in better soil structure and cotton lint yield than cotton-sorghum or continuous cotton.
Resumo:
We tested, in an olfactometer, whether or not Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) responds preferentially to the volatiles that emanate from the fungi associated with cotton [Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae)] seed over those that emanate from cereals, because cereals are usually portrayed as the primary resources of these beetles. Pairwise comparisons were conducted between cotton seed, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] (both Poaceae); volatiles were tested from intact seeds and from both water and ethanol extracts. The results demonstrate that T. castaneum is attracted more strongly to cotton seeds with its lint contaminated with fungi, than to the conventional resources of this species (i.e., wheat and sorghum). Further tests prove that it is the fungus on the lint that produces the active volatiles, because the beetles did not respond to sterilized cotton lint (i.e., without the fungi typically associated with it when cotton seed is stored). Tests with five fungal cultures (each representing an unidentified species that was isolated from the field-collected cotton lint) were variable across the cultures, with only one of them being significantly attractive to the beetles. The others were not attractive and one may even have repulsed the beetles. The results are consistent with the beetles having a strong ecological association with fungi and suggest it would be worth investigating the ecology of T. castaneum from this perspective. 2012 The Netherlands Entomological Society.
Resumo:
Water availability is a major limiting factor for crop production, making drought adaptation and its many component traits a desirable attribute of plant cultivars. Previous studies in cereal crops indicate that root traits expressed at early plant developmental stages, such as seminal root angle and root number, are associated with water extraction at different depths. Here, we conducted the first study to map seminal root traits in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Using a recently developed high-throughput phenotyping method, a panel of 30 barley genotypes and a doubled-haploid (DH) population (ND24260 'Flagship') comprising 330 lines genotyped with diversity array technology (DArT) markers were evaluated for seminal root angle (deviation from vertical) and root number under controlled environmental conditions. A high degree of phenotypic variation was observed in the panel of 30 genotypes: 13.5 to 82.2 and 3.6 to 6.9 for root angle and root number, respectively. A similar range was observed in the DH population: 16.4 to 70.5 and 3.6 to 6.5 for root angle and number, respectively. Seven quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seminal root traits (root angle, two QTL; root number, five QTL) were detected in the DH population. A major QTL influencing both root angle and root number (RAQ2/RNQ4) was positioned on chromosome 5HL. Across-species analysis identified 10 common genes underlying root trait QTL in barley, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Here, we provide insight into seminal root phenotypes and provide a first look at the genetics controlling these traits in barley.
Resumo:
Durante la poca de postrera 2003, en la comunidad de Pacora, municipio de San Francisco Libre, departamento de Managua, se realiz una investigacin con el propsito de evaluar el efecto de insecticidas biolgicos y botnicos, en combinacin con diferentes asocios de cultivos, para conocer su efecto sobre Spodoptera frigiperda J. L. Smith , y sus enemigos naturales y el rendimiento de grano en los tratamientos. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: 1. Dipel (Bacillus Thuringiensis Berliner) en combinacin con el monocultivo de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) en, 2. Dipel en combinacin con el asocio de maz (Zea mays L.) y sorgo, 3. Neem (Azadirachta indica) en combinacin con el monocultivo de sorgo, 4. Neem en combinacin con el asocio de maz y sorgo, 5.Testigo (agua) en combinacin con el monocultivo de sorgo, 6.Testigo (agua) en combinacin con el asocio de maz y sorgo. Se utiliz un diseo completamente aleatorio (DCA), con cinco repeticiones por tratamiento. Se muestreo semanalmente para evaluar la incidencia de plagas e insectos benficos., el tratamiento que obtuvo el menor porcentaje de plantas daadas por S. frugiperda, fue el tratamiento Neem en combinacin con el asocio de maz y sorgo, la mayor presencia de insectos benficos se encontr en los tratamientos en cultivos asociados no siendo as en los tratamientos en monocultivos, siendo los tratamientos Neem en combinacin con el asocio de maz y sorgo, Dipel en combinacin con el asocio de maz y sorgo y Testigo en combinacin con el cultivo asociado de maz y sorgo, los que presentaron las mayores poblaciones de insecto benficos. Los mejores rendimientos se obtuvieron en los tratamientos en cultivos asociados en comparacin con los tratamientos en monocultivos. Siendo el tratamiento Neem en combinacin con el cultivo asociado de maz y sorgo el que obtuvo el mayor rendimiento de grano con 1051 Kg. /ha.
Resumo:
En el presente escrito se presentan los avances recientes en la utilizacin del sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) en Amrica Latina. El sorgo despus de ser cosechado y almacenado puede ser canalizado a tres grandes industrias molineras: molienda en seco, molienda hmeda y nixtamalizacin. Estas tres grandes industrias molineras generan materias primas para diversas industrias terminales tales como las industrias de panificacin, productora de cereales de desayuno y botanas, cervecera y productora de etanol, jarabesleducorantes y productora de tortillas y botanas nixtamalizadas (fritos y doritos ). La calidad y tipo del grano juegan un papel crtico en la calidad de los productos obtenidos de cada una de estas industrias. El grano de sorgo de pericarpio blanco con glumas no coloreadas y textura de endospermo intermedia a dura es preferido por la industria de molienda en seco. Para la industria de molienda en hmedo o refinadora de almidn se prefieren sorgos tipo 1 con endospermo suave y de color amarillo o pigmentado. Para esta industria en particular debe exisrir disponibilidad de granos con almidn regular y ceroso. Finalmente para la industria nixtamalizadora se prefieren granos con caractersticas similares a los de molienda en seco, es decir granos blancos con glumas no coloreadas, textura intermedia y endospermo regular.
Resumo:
<>(0Gy,40Gy,80Gy)(Sorghum bicolor(L)Moench),725/18,12h/12h15d,
Resumo:
(Sorghum bicolor(L)Moench)""(010Gy30Gy50Gy80Gy)80MeV/u,M240:,(10Gy30Gy)M2CK(0Gy)(50Gy80Gy),(Malondialdehyde,MDA),30GyMDA,M2
