Socio-cultural determinants of adiposity and physical activity in preschool children: a cross-sectional study.

Both individual socio-cultural determinants such as selected parental characteristics (migrant background, low educational level and workload) as well as the regional environment are related to childhood overweight and physical activity (PA). The purpose of the study was to compare the impact of distinct socio-cultural determinants such as the regional environment and selected parental characteristics on adiposity, PA and motor skills in preschool children. Forty preschools (N = 542 children) of two culturally different urban regions (German and French speaking part of Switzerland) participated in the study (Ballabeina Study). Outcome measures included adiposity (BMI and skinfold thickness), objectively measured sedentary activities and PA (accelerometers) and agility performance (obstacle course). Parental characteristics (migrant status, educational level and workload) were assessed by questionnaire. Children from the French speaking areas had higher adiposity, lower levels of total and of more intense PA, were more sedentary and less agile than children from the German speaking regions (percent differences for all outcome parameters except for BMI ≥10%; all p ≤ 0.04). Differences in skinfold thickness, sedentary activities and agility, but not in PA, were also found between children of Swiss and migrant parents, though they were ≤8% (p ≤ 0.02). While paternal workload had no effect, maternal workload and parental education resulted in differences in some PA measures and/or agility performance (percent differences in both: ≤9%, p ≤ 0.008), but not in adiposity or sedentary activities (p = NS). Regional differences in skinfold thickness, PA, sedentary activities and agility performance persisted after adjustment for parental socio-cultural characteristics, parental BMI and, where applicable, children's skinfolds (all p ≤ 0.01). The regional environment, especially the broader social environment, plays a prominent role in determining adiposity, PA and motor skills of young children and should be implicated in the prevention of obesity and promotion of PA in children. clinicaltrials.gov NCT00674544.

A Agricultura no Desenvolvimento Socio-económico de Cabo Verde

Comunicação apresentada às “1ª Jornadas sobre a Agricultura de Cabo Verde”, organizadas pelo Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária de Cabo Verde, Instituto de Investigação Científica e Tropical e Instituto Superior de Agronomia, que tiveram lugar em Lisboa em 23/25 de Outubro de 1990. Os autores são, respectivamente, professor catedrático e professor auxiliar convidado do ISCTE. Lisboa.

Socio-economic inequalities in health in Catalonia

In this paper we measure the degree of income related inequality in mental health as measured by the GHQ instrument and general health as measured by the EQOL-5D instrument for the Catalan population. We find that income is the main contributor to inequality, although the share of inequality in mental health that can be explained by income is much greater than the corresponding share of inequality in general health. We also find that the variation in demographic structure reduces income related inequality in mental health but increases income related inequality in general health. The regional variations in both instruments for health are striking, with the Barcelona districts faring relatively bad with respect to the rest of geographical areas and Lleida being the health region where, all else held equal, the population reports the greatest level of health. A big share of inequality in the two health measures, but specially mental health, is due to the favourable position in both health and income of those who enjoy an indefinite contract with respect to the rest of individuals. We also find that risky working conditions affect both health measures and are able to explain an important share of socio-economic inequality.

La société sénégalaise et les enfants de la rue : approche socio-anthropologique des dynamiques d'exclusion et de survie : étude de cas à Dakar

Résumé : La société sénégalaise traverse une crise profonde qui touche tous les secteurs de la vie. Cette crise à la fois structurelle et conjoncturelle crée à son tour une sorte de société de la crise qui touche les populations les plus vulnérables. Le phénomène des enfants de la rue est l'expression parfaite de cette société de la crise. Le rythme dans lequel il se développe est la traduction de la dynamique d'exclusion qui sévit en milieu urbain sénégalais en général et dans la région de Dakar en particulier. Dans cette région, l'urbanisation s'est accompagnée de la montée des inégalités qui placent la société dans une sorte de dualisation entre centre et périphérie. A la ville de Dakar qui s'est constituée selon les normes de la planification urbaine, s'oppose les principales banlieues de Pikine, Guédiawaye et Rufisque qui offrent le visage de marges sociales urbaines. D'une certaine manière, la montée des inégalités remet en cause les politiques sociales, de la bonne gouvernance et de la redistribution des richesses. Ces banlieues constituent les principaux milieux d'accueil de la masse de migrants ruraux qui fuient la misère des villages. D'une part, l'hétérogénéité sociale de ces banlieues ne favorise pas l'émergence d'une conscience collective fondée sur l'appartenance à un fonds historique commun. Par contre, elle renforce l'anonymat et l'indifférence propres à la ville. D'autre part, les difficultés économiques et la précarité des conditions de vie conjuguées à l'explosion démographique et ses conséquences affaiblissent les systèmes de solidarité entraînant ainsi la montée de l'individualisme et la philosophie du chacun pour soi. Ce qui met en cause l'éducation des enfants qui devient difficile pour les parents d'assumer. En outre, la place importante accordée à l'imaginaire social dans la société sénégalaise explique le recours aux forces surnaturelles par l'intercession des marabouts, sorciers, devins, etc. D'autre part, la place accordée aux offrandes et aux sacrifices de même que le "besoin de donner" alimente et pérennise la pratique de la mendicité en général et celle des enfants en particulier. En outre, l'instrumentalisation de la mendicité par certains marabouts qui se traduit par une sorte de "business talibé" ou de "marché de l'aumône", rapproche les enfants de l'univers de là rue qui devient pour eux une sorte d'échappatoire face aux conditions de vie que leur imposent ces marabouts. Ainsi, pour eux, la rue remplit une fonction de socialisation. En effet, dans cet univers social, les enfants se forgent une personnalité, développent des compétences et des activités qui leur permettent de survivre, créent des repères et des codes collectifs qui leur permettent de mener une existence que la société assimile strictement à la déviance. Mots clé : crise, école, éducation, enfants de la rue, exclusion, inégalités, migration, pauvreté, socialisation, stratégies de survie, uibanisation.

Regional differences in socio-economic health inequalities in Spain

This paper reports an analysis of income related health inequalities at the AutonomousCommunity level in Spain using the self assessed health measure in the 2001 edition of theEncuesta Nacional de Salud. We use recently developed methods in order to cardinalise andmodel self assessed health within a regression framework, decompose the sources ofinequality and explain the observed differences across regions. We find that the regions with the highest levels of mean health tend to enjoy the lowest degrees of income related health inequality and vice-versa. The main feature characterizing regions where income related health inequality is low is the absence of a positive gradient between income and health. In turn, the regions where income related health inequality is greater are characterized by a strong and significant positive gradient between health and income. These results suggest that policies aimed at eliminating the gradient between health and income can potentially lead to greate r reductions in socio-economic health inequalities than policies aimed at redistributing income.