Metabolism of geraniol and linalool in the rat and effects on liver and lung microsomal enzymes

1. Metabolites isolated from the urine of rats after oral administration of geraniol (I) were: geranic acid (II), 3-hydroxy-citronellic acid (III), 8-hydroxy-geraniol (IV), 8-carboxy-geraniol (V) and Hildebrandt acid (VI). 2. Metabolites isolated from urine of rats after oral administration of linalool (VII) were 8-hydroxy-linalool (VIII) and 8-carboxy-linalool (IX). 3. After three days of feeding rats with either geraniol or linalool, liver-microsomal cytochrome P-450 was increased. Both NADH- and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities were not significantly changed during the six days of treatment. 4. Oral administration of these two terpenoids did not affect any of the lung-microsomal parameters measured.

Daniel VII:25 explained fixing time for Messiah, found among papers of Gershom Mendes Seixas

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Metabolic fate of menthofuran in rats. Novel oxidative pathways

Metabolic fate of menthofuran (II) in rats was investigated. Menthofuran (II) was administered orally (200 mg/kg of the body weight/day) to rats for 3 days. The following metabolites were isolated from the urine of these animals: p-cresol (VI), 5-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1- one (VII), 3-methylcyclohexanone (VIII), 3-methylcyclohexanol (IX), 4- hydroxy-4-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (V), geranic acid (XI), neronic acid (XII), benzoic acid (XIII), and 2-[2'-keto-4'- methylcyclohexyl]propionic acid (X). Incubation of menthofuran (II) with phenobarbital-induced rat liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH and oxygen resulted in the formation of a metabolite tentatively identified as 2-Z-(2'-keto-4'-methylcyclohexylidene)propanal (III; alpha,beta-unsaturated-gamma-keto-aldehyde). The structure assigned was further supported by trapping this metabolite (III) as a cinnoline derivative. Phenobarbital-induced rat liver microsomes also converted 4- methyl-2-cyclohexenone (IV) to 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-cyclohexenone (V) and p-cresol (VI) in the presence of NADPH and oxygen. On the basis of both in vivo and in vitro studies, a possible mechanism for the formation of p-cresol from menthofuran has been proposed.

Conspectus florae Fennicae vol. VII Dicotyledoneae: pars VI Compositae.

Kielet ruotsi, latina ja suomi. Typis impr. 1924-1926.

Synthetic investigations on testerone and its analogues—I *1: The total synthesis of 8-isotestosterone and its anthracene analogue

The total synthesis of 8-isotestosterone (II) and the corresponding anthracene analogue (III) following the benzohydrindane route is reported. Catalytic hydrogenation of trans-1β-acetoxy-8-methyl-4,5-(3′-methyl-4′-hydroxybenzo)-hydrindane (V) followed by oxidation has furnished two isomeric tricyclic keto acetates, viz. 1β,2α-(3′-acetoxycyclopentano)-2,5-dimethyl-6-keto-1α,2,3,4,4aα,-5α,6,7,8,8aα-decahydronaphthalene (VII) and 1β,2α-(3′-acetoxycyclopentano)-2,5-dimethyl-6-keto-1α,2,3,4,4aβ,5,6,7,8,8aβ-decahydronaphthalene (IX) which are cis-non-steroid and cis-steroid configurations of the same cyclopentano-cis-decalins. A difference in the direction of enolization of the keto acetate (VII) in alkylation reaction and enol acetylation towards the methine and the methylene carbon atoms respectively has been observed.

Reactions of tetrahalogeno-1,2-benzoquinones. Part III. Reaction of tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone with tetralones and naphthols: Pathway to the condensates

With a view to understanding the mechanism of the formation of 6-methoxy-2,2-(tetrachloro--phenylenedioxy)-naphthalen-1 (2H)-one (IIIa) in the reaction of 6-methoxy-1-tetralone (Ia) with tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone (II), the reaction of (II) with various tetralones and naphthols has been studied. Reaction with either α-tetralone or α-naphthol gives 2,2-(tetrachloro-o-phenylenedioxy)naphthalen-1 (2H)-one (IIIb), whereas reaction with either β-tetralone or β-naphthol gives a mixture of (IIIb) and ,1-(tetrachloro-o-phenylenedioxy)-naphthalen-2 (1H)-one (IX), with the former predominating. Further, reactions of (II) with 7-methoxy-3,4-dihydrophenanthren- 1 (2H)-one and m-methoxyphenol gave respectively 7-methoxy- ,2-(tetrachloro-o- phenylenedioxy)phenanthren-1 (2H)-one (VII) and 3-methoxy-6,6-(tetrachloro-o- phenylenedioxy)cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one (VIII). Structures of all these compounds have been proved on the basis of i.r. and n.m.r. data. The pathway to the formation of the condensates (III) is discussed.

Synthetic investigations in the sesamin group - Part I. Synthesis of samin, a degradation product of sesamolin

Ethylα-bromovinylacetate (VII) was condensed with the sodio derivative of ethyl piperonoylacetate (VIII) to give diethylα-vinyl-α′-piperonoylsuccinate (IX). The latter on reduction with lithium aluminium hydride furnished the triol (X), which underwent smooth cyclisation with 1% ethanolic hydrogen chloride to 2-(3′, -methylenedioxyphenyl)-hydroxymethyl-4-vinyltetrahydrofuran (XIa). The structure of XIa was established by Oppenauer oxidation to an aldehyde. Ozonolysis of XIa afforded samin (I).

Steroids and related natural products. VII. Boron trifluoride etherate-lithium aluminum hydride reduction of smilagenin acetate

Reduction of smilagenin acetate (Va) using a boron trifluoride etherate-lithium aluminum hydride reagent, followed by hydrogen peroxide oxidation and acetylation, was found to yield: 3β-ethoxysmilagenin (Vb), 3β-ethoxydihydrosmilagenin acetate (VIa), dihydrosmilagenin diacetate (VIb), and a complex mixture of partially acetylated products. Similar reaction conditions were employed to convert dihydrodiosgenin (II) to dihydrochlorogenin (III). Boron trifluoride etherate-lithium aluminum hydride reduction of 3β-acetoxy-5α-cholestane and 3β-acetoxy-5α-lanostane (VIIIa) was shown to yield the corresponding 3β-ethoxy (e.g., VIIIb) derivatives.

Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase from Plasmodium falciparum is anaerobic and is localized to the mitochondrion

Earlier studies in this laboratory had shown that the malarial parasite can synthesize heme de novo and inhibition of the pathway leads to death of the parasite. It has been proposed that the pathway for the biosynthesis of heme in Plasmodium falciparum is unique involving three different cellular compartments, namely mitochondrion, apicoplast and cytosol. Experimental evidences are now available for the functionality and localization of all the enzymes of this pathway, except protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PfPPO), the penultimate enzyme. In the present study. PfPPO has been cloned, expressed and shown to be localized to the mitochondrion by immunofluorescence microscopy. Interestingly, the enzyme has been found to be active only under anaerobic conditions and is dependent on electron transport chain (ETC) acceptors for its activity. The native enzyme present in the parasite is inhibited by the ETC inhibitors, atovaquone and antimycin. Atovaquone, a well known inhibitor of parasite dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, dependent on the ETC, inhibits synthesis of heme as well in P. falciparum culture. A model is proposed to explain the ETC dependence of both the pyrimidine and heme-biosynthetic pathways in P. falciparum. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis, Structure and Optical Studies of a Family of Three-Dimensional Rare-Earth Aminoisophthalates M(mu(2)-OH)(C8H5NO4)] (M = Y3+, La3+, Pr3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Dy3+, and Er3+)

A hydrothermal reaction of the acetate salts of the rare-earths, 5-aminoisophthalic acid (H(2)AIP), and NaOH at 150 degrees C for 3 days gave rise to a new family of three-dimensional rare-earth aminoisophthalates, M(mu(2)-OH)(C8H5NO4)] M = Y3+ (I), La3+ (II), Pr3+ (III), Nd3+ (IV), Sm3+ (V), Eu3+ (VI), Gd3+ (VII), Dy3+ (VIII), and Er3+ (IX)]. The structures contain M-O(H)-M chains connected by AIP anions. The AIP ions are connected to five metal centers and each metal center is connected with five AIP anions giving rise to a unique (5,5) net. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first observation of a (5,5) net in metal-organic frameworks that involve rare-earth elements. The doping of Eu3+/(3+) ions in place of Y3+/ La3+ in the parent structures gave rise to characteristic metal-centered emission (red = Eu3+, green = Tb3+). Life-time studies indicated that the excited emission states in the case of Eu3+ (4 mol-% doped) are in the range 0.287-0.490 ms and for Tb3+ (4 mol-% doped) are in the range of 1.265-1.702 ms. The Nd3+-containing compound exhibits up-conversion behavior based on two-photon absorption when excited using lambda = 580 nm.

Reactions of tetrahalogeno-o-benzoquinones—Part VII. Reaction of alkyl-2-naphthols with tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone

Reaction of 8-methyl-2-naphthol (4a) with the quinone3 gave a mixture of 8-methyl-2,2-(tetrachlorohenylenedioxy)naphthalen-1(2H)-one (1b) and 8-methyl-1,1-(tetrachloro-o-phenylenedioxy)naphthalen-2(1H)-one (2b) in almost equal amounts. Similarly, reaction of the naphthols (4b), (4d) and (4e) with3 gave the corresponding dienones (1c &2c), (1e &2e) and (1f &2f) in almost equal amounts. Reaction of 8-t-butyl-2-naphthol (4c) with3 gave exclusively 8-t-butyl-2,2-(tetrachloro--henylenedioxy)-naphthalen-1(2H)-one (1d). Oxidation of 3-t-butyl-2-naphthol (4f) with3 gave a mixture of 3-t-butyl-2,2-(tetrachloro-o-phenylendioxy) nephthalene-1(2H)-one(1g) and 3-t-butyl-1,1-(tetrachloro--phenylenedioxy)naphthelen-2 (1H)-one (2g) in the ratio 1∶6. Thus, onlyt-butyl group exherts pronounced steric influence on the rearrangement observed in the reaction of β-naphthol with the quinone3. Structures of all the compounds have been established by spectral data.

Studies on the metabolism of a monoterpene ketone, R-(+)-pulegone-a hepatotoxin in rat: isolation and characterization of new metabolites

1. The metabolic disposition of R-(+)-pulegone (1) was examined in rats following four daily oral doses (250 mg/kg). 2. Six metabolites, namely pulegol (II), 2-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-5-methylcyclohexanone (III), 3,6-dimethyl-7a-hydroxy-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-2(4H)-benzofuranone (IV), menthofuran (V), 5-methyl-2-(1-methyl-1-carboxyethylidene)cyclohexanone (VI), and 5-methyl-5-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxy-1-carboxyethyl)cyclohexanone (VII) have previously been isolated from rat urine, and identified (Moorthy et al. (1989a). Eight new metabolites have now been isolated from rat urine, namely, 5-hydroxy-pulegone (VIII), piperitone (IX), piperitenone (X), 7-hydroxy-piperitone (XI), 8-hydroxy piperitone (XII), p-cresol (XIII), geranic acid (XIV) and neronic acid (XV). These were identified by n.m.r., i.r. and mass spectrometry. 3. Based on these results, metabolic pathways for the biotransformation of R-(+)-pulegone in rat have been proposed.

Organometallic chemistry of diphosphazanes. Part IX: Syntheses and spectroscopic studies of molybdenum and tungsten tetracarbonyl complexes of unsymmetrical diphosphazanes

The unsymmetrical diphosphazanes X2PN(Pr(i))PYY'(1a-1h) {X = Ph, YY' = O2 C6H4 (1a) or YY' = O2C12H8 (1b); X = Ph, Y = Ph, Y' = OC6H4Me-4 (1c), OC6H4Br-4 (1d), OC6H3Me2-3,5 (1e), OC5H4N-2 (1f), N2C3HMe2-3,5 (1g) or Cl (1h)} react with [M(CO)4(NHC5H10)2] (M = Mo, W) to yield the cis-chelate complexes [M(CO)4{X2PN(Pr(i)) PYY'}] {M = Mo (2a-2h); M = W (3-f,3-g)}. These complexes have been characterized by H-1, P-31 and C-13 NMR and IR spectroscopic studies.

Metabolic disposition of a monoterpene ketone, piperitenone, in rats: Evidence for the formation of a known toxin, p-cresol

It was shown earlier that the monoterpene ketone, piperitenone (I) is one of the major metabolites of R-(+)-pulegone, a potent hepatotoxin, In the present studies, the metabolic disposition of piperitenone (I) was examined in rats. Piperitenone (I) was administered orally (400 mg/kg of the b. wt./day) to rats for 5 days, The following urinary metabolites were isolated and identified by various spectral analyses: p-cresol (VI), 6,7-dehydromenthofuran (III), p-mentha-1,3,5,8-tetraen-3-ol (IX), p-mentha-1,3, 5-friene-3, 8-diol (X), 5-hydroxypiperitenone (VIII), 7-hydroxypiperitenone (XI), 10-hydroxypiperitenone (XII), and 4-hydroxypiperitenone (VII). Incubation of piperitenone (I) with phenobarbital-induced rat liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH resulted in the formation of five metabolites which have been tentatively identified as metabolites III, VII, VIII, XI, XII, on the basis of gas chromatography retention time and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Based on these results, a probable mechanism for the formation of p-cresol from piperitenone (I) via the intermediacy of metabolite III has been proposed.