Measures to improve energy efficiency in shipping

This paper provides an overview of several parameters that would improve the fuel efficiency of shipping. Calculations are carried out from a Latin American perspective, and illustrate the emmissions to air and the fuel consumed by different transport modes.

Shipping suply and demand, biennium 2008 - 2009

This edition of the FAL Bulletin analyses the performance of the shipping industry during the biennium 2008-2009 in its three main markets: containers, dry-bulk cargoes and liquid bulk (oil and its derivatives).

Multimodal transport, shipping and ports: current trends and prospects

This and the next edition of the Bulletin report on recent events and trends in the transport sector in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Concentration in liner shipping

Containerization, telecommunication, globalization and privatization are among the most important recent trends that have affected shipping. Concentration is another trend which is expected to have a major impact. This refers to the increasing control in the hands of a small number of companies who hold an increasing market share. Although at first this process may be associated with dominant positions and abuse of monopoly power, in reality, the advantages for the economies of Latin America and the Caribbean should by far outweigh the disadvantages. This edition of the FAL Bulletin presents some of the findings of a recent study prepared by the ECLAC Transport Unit, entitled, Concentration in liner shipping - its causes and impacts for ports and shipping services in developing regions, LC/G.2027 , August 1998.

Shipping costs: a rising challenge to the region's competitive development

This issue of the FAL Bulletin examines the impact of shipping costs on the exports of five Latin American and Caribbean countries by analysing the difference between the unit value of goods at the port of origin and at the port of destination, in three of the region's main external markets.

The impact of structural changes in liner shipping on Caribbean ports

This edition of the FAL Bulletin deals with maritime transport in the Caribbean and focuses on structural changes in liner shipping and its impact on ports and transhipment in the Caribbean. The article has been written by Dr. Gustaaf de Monie of Policy Research Corporation N.V., Antwerp, Belgium, and is based on the study "Caribbean Ports Scan", which is about to be published by Policy Research Corporation (Fax 32-3-2869496). The opinions expressed in this article are of the author and may not necessarily coincide with the views of ECLAC. The main purpose of this edition is to encourage a constructive and fruitful discussion.

Recent increases in shipping costs and their impact on exports from Latin America

This issue of the FAL Bulletin is based on a study prepared by ECLAC which works out a provisional approach for estimating the impact of increases in freight rates on exports from Latin America during the last few quarters. The total cost of exports from the region reflects the increases in three different components: the quantities exported, the prices of the goods and the freight charges. The influence of each of these is estimated.The information bases used are comprised of data obtained from the World Trade Organization (WTO), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) (International Transport Database) and the authors own direct compilation. The conclusion is that total exports from Latin America varied by US$ 5.72 billion in the first half of 2004 compared with the first half of 2003; of this amount, US$ 2,105,000,000 correspond to the variation in price and quantity and US$ 3,615,000,000 represent the increase in export freight rates. When compared with the first half of 2002, the variation is in excess of US$ 8 billion.

Nuevos escenarios del transporte marítimo Parte II: fluctuaciones del shipping y los nuevos escenarios

El presente Boletín Fal está dedicado a detallar la situación de la industria del shipping, y corresponde a la segunda y última parte de un documento más grande que inicia con el Boletín FAL No 338 el cual se contextualiza la situación del comercio marítimo. Ambos documentos se enmarcan en una serie de boletines sobre puertos y comercio marítimo en la región y por tanto, se encuentran estrechamente relacionados con el Boletín FAL No 337 que plantea la necesidad de una nueva gobernanza en los puertos regionales para hacer frente a las nuevas condiciones interpuestas por el mercado marítimo.

New maritime transport scenarios. Part II: fluctuations in shipping and new scenarios

This FAL Bulletin details the situation of the shipping industry and forms the second and final part of a larger document that begins with Issue No. 338, which puts the current status of maritime trade in context. Both documents fit into a series of bulletins about ports and maritime trade in the region and are, therefore, closely linked to Issue No. 337, which sets out the need for a new port governance in the region to address the new circumstances that have arisen in the maritime market.

A New Cryptographic Scheme for Securing Dynamic Conferences in Data Networks

Dynamic conferencing refers to a scenario wherein any subset of users in a universe of users form a conference for sharing confidential information among themselves. The key distribution (KD) problem in dynamic conferencing is to compute a shared secret key for such a dynamically formed conference. In literature, the KD schemes for dynamic conferencing either are computationally unscalable or require communication among users, which is undesirable. The extended symmetric polynomial based dynamic conferencing scheme (ESPDCS) is one such KD scheme which has a high computational complexity that is universe size dependent. In this paper we present an enhancement to the ESPDCS scheme to develop a KD scheme called universe-independent SPDCS (UI-SPDCS) such that its complexity is independent of the universe size. However, the UI-SPDCS scheme does not scale with the conference size. We propose a relatively scalable KD scheme termed as DH-SPDCS that uses the UI-SPDCS scheme and the tree-based group Diffie- Hellman (TGDH) key exchange protocol. The proposed DH-SPDCS scheme provides a configurable trade-off between computation and communication complexity of the scheme.

Ports in short sea shipping: a critical assessment of the European maritime transport policy

Programa de doctorado: Perspectivas Científicas sobre el turismo y la Dirección de Empresas Turísticas