Genetic Codes with No Dedicated Stop Codon: Context-Dependent Translation Termination

The prevailing view of the nuclear genetic code is that it is largely frozen and unambiguous. Flexibility in the nuclear genetic code has been demonstrated in ciliates that reassign standard stop codons to amino acids, resulting in seven variant genetic codes, including three previously undescribed ones reported here. Surprisingly, in two of these species, we find efficient translation of all 64 codons as standard amino acids and recognition of either one or all three stop codons. How, therefore, does the translation machinery interpret a “stop” codon? We provide evidence, based on ribosomal profiling and “stop” codon depletion shortly before coding sequence ends, that mRNA 3′ ends may contribute to distinguishing stop from sense in a context-dependent manner. We further propose that such context-dependent termination/readthrough suppression near transcript ends enables genetic code evolution.

Stop, yield, and no control at intersections. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.

A proposal for a total peace offensive : to stop Communist aggression by taking the initiative in the world contest for men's minds, hearts and loyalties /

Mode of access: Internet.

An evaluation of center high mounted stop lamps based on 1987 data.

Mode of access: Internet.

Safety features of stop signs at rail-highway grade crossings. Volume II. Technical report. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.

An evaluation of stop signs used with flashing traffic signals. Final report.

Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, McLean, Va.

Retroreflective requirements for traffic signs - a STOP case study. Final report.

Mode of access: Internet.

The effectiveness of center high mounted stop lamps: a preliminary evaluation.

Mode of access: Internet.

Safety features of stop signs at rail-highway grade crossings. Volume I. Executive summary. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Offices of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.

Aga Khan pleads for the attack to stop, from the Akbarnama

1 ft. 63/64 in. x 7 7/8 in.; opaque watercolor and gold on paper

Amateurism and the Aesthetics of Lego Stop-Motion on YouTube

Do the “democratization” of media and the proliferation of online participatory culture undermine the aesthetic hegemony of professional filmmakers? This article is a case study of both more and less popular animated Lego videos, also called “brickfilms,” that asks how amateur videos adhere to and/or depart from professionalized aesthetic standards. It addresses the definitions of professionalism and amateurism and proposes that the dichotomy between democratization and ongoing elitism is insufficient to describe the complex dialogue between professional film aesthetics and amateur production—a dialogue that is diverse but nonetheless follows certain patterns. These patterns link Lego videos to silent era cinema as well as contemporary professional live-action and stop-motion animation. Furthermore, a mixture of parody, pastiche, and homage suggest that amateur work has a variety of affective relationships to professional work. Ultimately, amateur filmmaking indicates a negotiation of professional standards rather than slavish adherence.