A escrita no ensino fundamental II: uma análise dos desvios ortográficos e sugestões de estratégias de intervenção

Why students of 6th year still present oral marks in written? To answer this question our paper presents what they are and how writing and grammatical deviations occur and emerged in an attempt to expand on these studies. The same objective to evaluate the presence of these deviations in genres produced by students of the 6th year of the Municipal School Manoel Catarino Filho and check if there are more variation deviations or grammatical deviations. It also aims to improve the linguistic and discursive ability of students in various traffic environments of certain genres and consequently the formation of active readers and writers. In order to better understand how this process occurs, the text starts of the socio discursive conception of gender, with the theoretical background studies of Bakhtin (1992) and Marcuschi (2002) about this conception and the rhetoric conception of Aristoteles and Platão. The text underlies even the works of Callou (2007), Neves (2003), Faraco (2002), Franchi (2006) and Cagliari (2005) on the Grammar School, linguistic variation as also on the sociolinguistic parameters as well in research on the phonetics and phonology of Oliveira e Nascimento (1990), Seara (2009), Hora (2009) and in the PCN. To compose the corpus of this study we collected 23 texts produced by students to serve as a data source for analysis of the presented deviations by quantitative and qualitative research method, in which categorize the deviations found in two groups: oral and linguistic variation deviations and writing and grammar deviations. The results showed that there was a rate of occurrence of oral and variation deviations greater of writing and grammar deviations. We concluded that the orality has a great influence on the written production of students. Finally, we propose some activities aimed at minimizing the occurrence of deviations in written productions of the students.

Os youtubers e a representação do certo, errado, adequado e inadequado no trabalho com a variação linguística em sala de aula

Some of the current discussions in the teaching of Portuguese Language (LP) pertain to how the school should deal with the phenomenon of language variation in the classroom. In 2010, for example, an explosion of talk took over the academic corridors: a book, entitled "Por uma vida melhor", the collection "Viver, Aprender", published by the MEC (Ministry of Education and Culture) to students EJA (Youth and Adults) brought notions regarding linguistic variation, even in their first chapter. In it is clear the notion that it is possible to make use of structures as "pretty boy", instead of "pretty boys", depending on the context in which such use is insert. Therefore, the discussions focused around the notions of variety cultivated, standard and popular measuring them to the possibilities of linguistic appropriateness. The community was surprised by the defense of the "power" to use, since it would be the school space to teach a standard "default", and not the possibility of legitimate use of grammatical patterns that clashed with those recommended in traditional grammars. The television media has been responsible for a major blaze that MEC had endorsed the use in schools of a book that legitimized such linguistic patterns. The quarrel was released on Youtube and in that space, netizens expressed themselves for or against the proposal of LD often directing the discussion to questions of a purely political. We observed that, on one side, loomed arguments related to Sociolinguistics (BAGNO , 2002, 2003, 2007, 2009; BAGNO, M.; STUBBS, M., Gagne, G., 2006; Bortoni - RICARDO, S.M., 2008; Tarallo, F., 1982; U. Weinreich, MARVIN I. HERZOG, Labov, W., 1968, Labov 1972, etc.); another, arguments concentrated on defending the school is the area of language teaching standard, and not fit to bring certain discussions within an LD. It was from these words, that this research was born. Interested in the particular way that the community media, which seemed to have no training in linguistics, understand the concepts of right, wrong, appropriate and inappropriate, so intimate in academic circles. Our thoughts take as reference the theoretical studies on the question of sociolinguistic variation and education, official documents that guide the "work" with the Portuguese language in the classroom, like the NCP (National Curriculum) and Curriculum Proposal for Education Youth and Adult (PCEJA). In our analysis, we found that LD" For a better life "makes no apology for teaching the "error", but it raises discussions about the possibility of "change", linked to factors and different order. We realize how significant it is to observe how speakers of a language are positioned in relation to language teaching which they are not speakers and scholars. Our study showed that certain issues regarding the teaching of the Portuguese language, as is the case of linguistic variation, points are far from being resolved, either for linguists and/or grammarians, whether for language speakers.

Português língua de herança em contexto plurilingue na Finlândia : aspetos de aquisição/aprendizagem da competência pragmática e expressão da delicadeza

Os fluxos migratórios das últimas décadas têm contribuído para que as comunidades de falantes de português se estabeleçam um pouco por todo o mundo, nomeadamente, nos países escandinavos. Um desses países de acolhimento, a Finlândia, tem desenvolvido esforços para a integração dos imigrantes que aí se estabelecem, designadamente, através da promoção de políticas de língua, que visam o ensino da língua de herança aos alunos em idade escolar. Tem sido neste contexto que as pequenas comunidades lusófonas, a viverem no país, têm podido facultar aos filhos, imigrantes de primeira e segunda gerações, acesso ao ensino formal da sua língua de herança, o português. Os sujeitos da nossa amostra fazem parte de uma dessas pequenas comunidades e residem em Tampere, na Finlândia, onde frequentam escolas cuja língua de ensino é o finlandês. O presente trabalho pretende, por um lado, dar conta da realidade sociocultural daqueles alunos de Português Língua Não-Materna, e, por outro, visa refletir sobre a aquisição/ aprendizagem da competência pragmática por parte destes sujeitos, falantes de herança, através da realização que fazem de atos ilocutórios diretivos – de pedido e de ordem –, bem como, sobre o grau de formalização das expressões de delicadeza que fazem. Por conseguinte, elaborámos uma Ficha Sociolinguística para recolha de dados referentes ao contexto familiar, sociocultural e linguístico dos alunos. Posteriormente, elaborámos e aplicámos um teste linguístico, de Tarefas de Elicitação do Discurso, com vista à recolha de dados para a construção de um corpus linguístico que nos permitisse desenvolver o presente estudo. A aplicação do teste linguístico e consequente tratamento dos dados recolhidos revelaram que as escolhas pragmáticas dos sujeitos são condicionadas pelo contexto sociocultural e linguístico em que estão imersos. Constatámos, igualmente, que a generalidade dos alunos recorre a duas estratégias de mitigação do discurso, pelo uso de duas expressões de delicadeza: a fórmula «se faz favor»/«por favor» e o verbo modal «poder».

Conhecimento e uso do dialeto/falar madeirense dos jovens em escolarização da Região Autónoma da Madeira : análise de enunciados dialetais : léxico

Este trabalho de investigação insere-se no âmbito da sociolinguística e debruça-se sobre a perceção quanto à variação dialetal do Arquipélago da Madeira, que os jovens em escolarização da Região Autónoma da Madeira detêm face a alguns traços particulares do léxico. Neste sentido, o corpus de trabalho baseou-se nos dados recolhidos em inquéritos por questionário sobre o léxico, realizados a uma amostra de 40 alunos naturais do arquipélago, a frequentarem o 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e distribuídos por dez alunos em quatros escolas localizadas: a norte (Santana-São Jorge) e a sul (Funchal e Câmara de Lobos) da ilha da Madeira e na ilha do Porto Santo. Para podermos, efetivamente, determinar quais as influências extralinguísticas ou quais as variáveis socioculturais responsáveis pelo conhecimento e uso dos dialetos, foi também importante analisar alguns fatores de ordem social, tais como, o meio familiar, a idade, o nível de escolaridade dos alunos, a naturalidade e o contacto destes com os meios urbano vs rural. Com efeito, e com base nos instrumentos de análise recolhidos, este estudo mostra-nos que os jovens madeirenses em escolarização ainda evidenciam um interesse em usar e manter a sua identidade dialetal, numa dinâmica intergeracional, dado que os mesmos consideram importante não deixar desaparecer um legado linguístico que tem sido herdado pelos seus antepassados. Contudo, constatamos que o domínio dos dialetos madeirenses juntos destes jovens começa a estar um pouco ausente nas suas conversas do quotidiano, principalmente quanto contactam com falantes fora do arquipélago, moldando os seus discursos em norma/padrão, por assim entenderem tratar-se de uma forma comunicacional, dotada de mais prestígio social. Em contrapartida, verificámos que o meio familiar e o meio rural contribuem, portanto, para um uso mais frequente da variação dialetal, provando-se esta realidade, sobretudo, nos jovens em escolarização residentes nos concelhos a norte da ilha da Madeira e na ilha do Porto Santo. Por considerarmos importante novas investigações, sobretudo pela temática que aqui foi abordada, consideramos que seria deveras pertinente surgirem futuros estudos. Assim, estes poderão explicar a origem do extenso léxico dos dialetos madeirenses e no caso particular da variação dialetal na pequena ilha do Porto Santo, considerando-se, para o efeito, também a vertente sociolinguística.

Construções com SE apassivador/indeterminador

RESUMO No presente trabalho, realizamos um estudo sobre a sintaxe histórica da língua portuguesa, focalizando as construções com se apassivador/indeterminador. Partindo de uma concepção de língua histórica, considerada em sua dimensão sociolinguística (COSERIU, 1979a; LABOV, 1972, 1982), analisamos a situação de variação e mudança linguística por que passam tais construções na gramática do português arcaico. Para tanto, utilizamos quatro corpora, representativos da prosa literária e não-literária do português dos séculos XIII, XIV, XV e XVI. Paralelamente ao estudo linguístico deste sintaticismo no referido período, esboçamos também um estudo historiográfico recuperando as reflexões dedicadas ao tema das construções com se pelas tradições gramaticais portuguesa e brasileira, bem como pelos estudos filológicos e linguístico-históricos. ABSTRACT In this paper, we carry out a study on Portuguese historical syntax, focusing on the se constructions. Based on a conception of historical language, considered in its sociolinguistic dimension (COSERIU, 1979a; LABOV, 1972, 1982), we analyze linguistic variation and change which these constructions undergo in the grammar of Old Portuguese. We used four corpora, representative of literary and non-literary Portuguese prose of the of 13th, 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. Parallel to the syntactic study, we also outline a study recovering the reflections on the theme of the se constructions by Brazilian and Portuguese grammatical tradition, as well as by the philological and historical linguistic studies.

OVERLAPPING FACTORS IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE PRONOMINAL VARIATION NÓS/A GENTE

This article aimed to analyzed, from statistic results obtained after different rounds of the VARBRUL program, the overlapping factors in a joint analysis of the variables phonic projection, tonicity and verb tense in the study of the variation nós/a gente. The sample consisted of 24 interviews lasting 40-45 minutes each, made between 2007-2010 in Concordia – SC, and stratified according to gender, two age ranges (under 45 years and 50 years and over) and three levels of education (elementary school I, elementary school II and high school). By adopting the theoretical support of the Variation Linguistics we therefore sought to discuss methodological aspects related to overlapping factors of independent variables that are usually taken into account in the analysis of the pronominal variation nós/a gente in the subject position. Data were obtained through analysis of a corpus with 1553 occurrences of the surveyed pronouns: 770 of nós and 783 of a gente. Results showed that a joint analysis of the variables phonic projection, tonicity and verb tense significantly changes results, both with regard to the groups of selected factors and to the relative weight assigned to the analyzed variables. 

Thoughts on the development of writing on language settings contact

This scientific paper presents the results of an ethnographic study and it is aimed at reflect about the development of writing in language contexts in contact through reflective analysis of the interferences of speech in the writing production of children enrolled in the 7th grade of elementary school. The languages contexts in contact pay attention due to the complexity than the teaching of standard variety takes on linguistic diversity that enters the school. In this sense, we base this research on the theory Educational Sociolinguistic, based on authors: Bortoni-Ricardo (2004, 2005 and 2011) and Damke (1988, 2009 and 2013). The results demonstrate that the marks of the languages in contact that are present in the writing, are regulars and depend on the linguistic contact of the speaker, blending with the linguistic variation of the Portuguese language, and what it allow create pedagogical intervention activities that consider specifics contexts writing.

LINGUISTIC VARIATION: A PERSPECTIVE OF EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLINGUISTICS

This study discusses the aspects related to linguistics variation from the perspective of Educational Sociolinguistics. It has as main purpose to comprehend the relation between elements resulting from Sociolinguistic and the education of Native Language, as well as to motivate a reflection about the process of teaching-learning to make a profound study of the discussion of questions related to linguistic variation in the scholar context, looking for an improvement of teaching methodology. This study makes use of a methodological approach of qualitative and bibliographic character, since it aims to develop theoretical knowledge about Educational Sociolinguistics articulating these aspects with practical elements of teaching languages. For so, it was tried to develop an education intervention proposal, in order to motivate the teachers to develop their educational practices, based on language use, communicative situations, for the purpose of improving the students communicative competence. It refers to a proposal that has not been applied yet and that should be adapted according to the extra linguistic context, in which learning community is inserted, becoming then a real intervention. For now the aim is to encourage thoughts about its viability. 

SOCIOLINGUISTIC SIGNS IN COMPENDIUM OF RULES: AN ANALYSIS FROM THE INFANTE'S WORK

This article aims to reflect and demonstrate, on the basis of sociolinguistics, as normativism that coats the grammatical discipline, usually considered rigid and inflexible by supporters of Textual Linguistics, is conducted differently in the Curso de Gramática Aplicada aos Textos, Ulysses Infante, in other words, more flexible and sensitive to the social context of the individual, pointing to a evolution, although slow, of the application proposals of grammatical rules. For this, we adopt bibliographic research and the qualitative aproach to appreciate some stretches where the author seems inclined to give a social treatment to Portuguese similar to that proposed by sociolinguistic perspective, so that you can ponder about a possible change in the way of guide to grammar Language Portuguese. At the end, it is clear that the proposal by the grammar compendium approach represents an evolution regarding treatment usually meted out to grammatical discipline, behold considers various sociolinguistic precepts.

Translation as a resource for the teaching of linguistic diversity in foreign language

Translation has played many roles in foreign language teaching. It has been, on the one hand, considered a fundamental methodological tool, constituting the core of the grammar-translation approach, and, on the other hand, heavily criticized and excluded from the classroom, whether from the practical or the theoretical point of view. Currently, with the communicative approach to language teaching, the study of language varieties has become very important to the learner, and considering the need to understand and interpret the meaning of a word within a specific socio-cultural context during the translation process, it is of paramount importance to acknowledge sociolinguistic variations in the text to be translated. Thus, our goal is to show, through a reflective analysis, that translation can be an educational resource for the teaching of linguistic diversity in foreign language. This study isbased on theoretical assumptions on translation dating from the time of Cicero and Saint Jerome to the present times.

O USO DE VERBOS EXISTENCIAIS NOS SÉCULOS XVIII, XIX E XX: VARIAÇÃO NO PORTUGUÊS PERNAMBUCANO

O presente trabalho objetiva descrever o uso de verbos com sentido existencial através do tempo no português, analisando, como corpus, manuscritos do século XVIII, XIX e XX, escritos por pernambucanos, e usando, como metodologia, a quantificação da Sociolinguística Variacionista (cf. LABOV, 1994). Os resultados indicam que, pelo menos, desde o século XVIII há a variação entre ser, haver, ter e existir para indicar estruturas existenciais no português, mas, desde essa época, há uma saliência de estruturas com haver, o que corrobora estudos já feitos sobre o tema que indicam que, no português brasileiro atual, há uma robustez de dados com haver em estruturas existenciais na escrita, em detrimento da fala, onde estruturas com ter são mais produtivas.

THE LANGUAGE OF POLITICAL LEADERS: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC APPROACH

Increasingly, social areas traditionally reserved for only a portion of the population have been open to participation by a variety of subjects. The political domain is exemplary in this regard. For a variety of reasons, positions of both the legislature as the Executive have been busy not only for individuals from urban cultures where there is a predominance of practices and literacy events, but also of rural cultures where these practices and events are not so frequent - or even that between. Using theoretical and methodological assumptions of Sociolinguistics, specifically the so-called Ethnography of Communication approach, is analyzed in this article, the communicative competence of the heterogeneous group of councilors of the Municipality of São Domingos - BA, focusing on their varying skills stylistic. It also notes it is the relationship between the socio-cultural characteristics of political leaders and their linguistic performance in the Ordinary Session, a communication event that requires a high degree of stylistic monitoring.

BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY IN THE TOWN OF PRANCHITA-PR

The study of beliefs and attitudes has been increasingly valued in the field of modern Sociolinguistics, as, by means of such data, it is possible to clarify phenomena that cannot be explained only by the linguistic context. In relation to that, another factor is extremely important for the analysis of facts connected with language: the appraising attitudes that each speaker attributes to his/her speech and to the other varieties present in the area. This is the reason why the object of study in this work is the beliefs and attitudes of the speakers from the town of Pranchita-PR. Therefore, this work aims at (i) verifying its inhabitants’ opinions concerning the varieties present in the area; (ii) describing and analyzing the speakers’ feelings and opinions in relation to the language of the neighboring country, Argentina. With approximately six thousand inhabitants, Pranchita is ethnically constituted by descendants from several nationalities: Italians, Germans, Polish, Spanish, besides the fact it is on the border with Argentina.  The corpus of this work consists of oral records collected within the scope of the interinstitutional Project Linguistic Beliefs and Attitudes: a study of the relationship between Portuguese and other contact languages, whose informants were divided according to sex, age and school level. Overall, 17 interviews were analyzed by using, as theoretical basis, the works by Labov (1972), López Morales (1993), Moreno Fernández (1998) among others.

THE LANGUAGE PATHS: A HISTORICAL REVIEW

This article aims to address the history of language from Antiquity to the structuralism of Saussure (2003) relating the concepts of language and sign language with the assumptions of Sociolinguistics, the science of language use in society. It is a succinct and objective approach of the various currents of thought about language throughout history, on the relationship between linguistic structure and social aspects and the close relationship between language, identity and society. This approach could also serve as a foundation more uniform for any student of language in their first steps on the road studies and research on this topic.

Linguistic behavior of Italian descendants in Cascavel/PR

The maintenance and preservation of a linguistic variety are linked to historical issues, which consequently outline the beliefs and attitudes of a community. Depending on the community in which the speaker is inserted, his way of communicating can be stigmatized or prestigious. Thus, in addition to historical factors, the cognoscenti, affective and emotional components, which are connected to the way of thinking, feeling and evaluate are crucial for maintenance or not of a linguistic variety. Therefore consider the immigration process of Italian and migration of the descendants of this ethnic group until reach Cascavel city is important to understand how historical factors influence the beliefs and attitudes of the Italian community from southern region in this city. In addition, Frosi, Faggion Dal and Horn (2010) binding on the language attitudes also to social factors age and gender. Thus, in order to demonstrate the behavior of some descendants of Italians in Cascavel city before the language of their ancestors, 18 informants were selected, Italian descendants of southern colonization and that live in this town for more than 30 years or that were born in the city, which were distributed in the following dimensions: through generational and sexual. From this, individual interviews were conducted through the application of a semi-guided questionnaire and the data allowed checking the linguistic and cultural behavior of the Italian descent community from southern region, that is, those who came from Rio Grande do Sul and/or Santa Catarina states. We found that bilingualism levels vary depending on social factors such as gender and age, as well as historical factors. Language is a form of expression of a culture, however, an ethnic community does not presuppose the existence of a speech community.