Maternal plasma ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus

Background : Antioxidants, particularly vitamin C (ascorbic acid), have the capacity to influence glucose tolerance. Modification of diet could reduce the likelihood of developing gestational diabetes mellitus.

Methods : In a prospective cohort study of pregnant women, we studied the association of maternal plasma ascorbic acid concentrations, measured at an average of 13 weeks' gestation, with subsequent risk of gestational diabetes. Maternal plasma ascorbic acid concentrations were determined using automated enzymatic procedures. Dietary vitamin C intake during the periconceptional period and early pregnancy was ascertained using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. We fitted generalized linear models to derive estimates of relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results : Approximately 4% (n = 33) of 755 women who completed pregnancy developed gestational diabetes mellitus. Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations were inversely associated with the risk of gestational diabetes (P for trend = 0.023). After adjusting for maternal age, race, prepregnancy adiposity, parity, family history of type 2 diabetes, and household income, women with plasma ascorbic acid <55.9 micromol/L (lowest quartile) experienced a 3.1-fold increased risk of gestational diabetes (95% CI = 1.0 - 9.7) compared with women whose concentrations were > or = 74.6 micromol/L (upper quartile). Women who consumed <70 mg vitamin C daily experienced a 1.8-fold increased risk of gestational diabetes compared with women who consumed higher amounts (95% CI = 0.8 - 4.4).

Conclusions : If confirmed, our results raise the possibility that current efforts to encourage populations to consume diets rich in antioxidants, including vitamin C, could reduce the occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Crystal and molecular structure of dinuclear palladium(II) complex containing nitrogen and phosphorus donor ligands, [Pd2(N3)4(PPh3)2(μ-ted)]

The dinuclear azido-palladium(II) complex [Pd2(N3)4(PPh3)2(μ-ted)], where PPh3 = triphenylphosphine and ted = triethylenediamine, was synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The title compound was crystallized in a triclinic system, space group P1 with a = 11.5875(2)Å, b = 13.0817(3)Å, c = 15.2618(3)Å, α = 93.306(2)°, β =110.040(1)°, γ = 98.486(1)°, V = 2134.95(8)Å3, Z = 2. Each Pd(II) center displays a distorted squareplanar coordination environment formed by two N atoms from two trans terminally coordinated azido groups, one P atom from the phosphine and one N atom from the bridging ted ligand. 2008 © The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.

Intensified peginterferon α-2a dosing increases sustained virologic response rates in heavy, high viral load hepatitis c genotype 1 patients with high low-density lipoprotein

BACKGROUND AND GOAL: Patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) with elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels achieve higher sustained virologic response (SVR) rates after peginterferon (PegIFN)/ribavirin treatment versus patients with lower LDL. Our aim was to determine whether SVR rates in patients with low/elevated LDL can be improved by dose intensification. STUDY: In PROGRESS, genotype 1 patients with baseline HCV RNA≥400,000 IU/mL and body weight ≥85 kg were randomized to 48 weeks of 180 μg/wk PegIFN α-2a (40 kDa) plus ribavirin (A: 1200 mg/d; B: 1400/1600 mg/d) or 12 weeks of 360 μg/wk PegIFN α-2a followed by 36 weeks of 180 μg/wk, plus ribavirin (C: 1200 mg/d; D: 1400/1600 mg/d). This retrospective analysis assessed SVR rates among patients with low (<100 mg/dL) or elevated (≥100 mg/dL) LDL. Patients with high LDL (n=256) had higher baseline HCV RNA (5.86×10 IU/mL) versus patients with low LDL (n=262; 4.02×10 IU/mL; P=0.0003). RESULTS: Multiple logistic regression analysis identified a significant interaction between PegIFN α-2a dose and LDL levels on SVR (P=0.0193). The only treatment-related SVR predictor in the nested multiple logistic regression was PegIFN α-2a dose among patients with elevated LDL (P=0.0074); therefore, data from the standard (A+B) and induction (C+D) dose arms were pooled. Among patients with low LDL, SVR rates were 40% and 35% in the standard and induction-dose groups, respectively; SVR rates in patients with high LDL were 44% and 60% (P=0.014), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Intensified dosing of PegIFN α-2a increases SVR rates in patients with elevated LDL even with the difficult-to-cure characteristics of genotype 1, high baseline viral load, and high body weight. Copyright © 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GABA (B) RECEPTORS (BACLOFEN, ADENYLATE CYCLASE, CYCLIC-AMP, PHOSPHOLIPASE, PROTEIN KINASE C)

(gamma)-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, influences neuronal activity by interacting with at least two pharmacologically and functionally distinct receptors. GABA(,A) receptors are sensitive to blockade by bicuculline, are associated with benzodiazepine and barbiturate binding sites, and mediate chloride flux. The biochemical and pharmacolocal properties of GABA(,B) receptors, which are stereoselectively activated by (beta)-p-chlorophenyl GABA (baclofen), are less well understood. The aim of this study was to define these features of GABA(,B) receptors, with particular emphasis on their possible relationship to the adenylate cyclase system in brain.^ By themselves, GABA agonists have no effect on cAMP accumulation in rat brain slices. However, some GABA agonists markedly enhance the cAMP accumulation that results from exposure to norepinephrine, adenosine, VIP, and cholera toxin. Evidence that this response is mediated by the GABA(,B) system is provided by the finding that it is bicuculline-insensitive, and by the fact that only those agents that interact with GABA(,B) binding sites are active in this regard. GABA(,B) agonists are able to enhance neurotransmitter-stimulated cAMP accumulation in only certain brain regions, and the response is not influenced by phosphodiesterase inhibitors, although is totally dependent on the availability of extracellular calcium. Furthermore, data suggest that inhibition of phospholipase A(,2), a calcium-dependent enzyme, decreases the augmenting response to baclofen, although inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism are without effect. These findings indicate that either arachidonic acid or lysophospholipid, products of PLA(,2)-mediated degradation of phospholipids, mediates the augmentation. Moreover, phorbol esters, compounds which directly activate protein kinase C, were also found to enhance neurotransmitter-stimulated cAMP accumulation in rat brain slices. Since this enzyme is known to be stimulated by unsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonate, it is proposed that GABA(,B) agonists enhance cAMP accumulation by fostering the production of arachidonic acid which stimulates protein kinase C, leading to the phosphorylation of some component of the adenylate cyclase system. Thus, GABA, through an interaction with GABA(,B) receptors, modulates neurotransmitter receptor responsiveness in brain. The pharmocological manipulation of this response could lead to the development of therapeutic agents having a more subtle influence than current drugs on central nervous system function. ^

La política del universalismo de Edward Said

Este análisis de Cultura e imperialismo de Edward Said se concentra en sus en principio contradictorias actitudes frente a la tradición de la estética como fuente de modos de concebir las prácticas artísticas y literarias aún hoy operantes y en sus concepciones de la figura del intelectual crítico y de su labor. Las caracterizaciones, juicios y evaluaciones de Said a propósito de diversos intelectuales poscoloniales más o menos contemporáneos permiten dar cuenta críticamente de su análisis de la posibilidad de 'restaurar' el universalismo constitutivamente emancipatorio de las prácticas culturales y de la labor del intelectual (o, al menos, de sus aspectos rescatables tras un análisis profundo de los compromisos entre cultura europea e imperialismo desde principios del siglo XIX hasta fines del XX). Para esto, se presta atención a sus conclusiones respecto de las variantes espec��ficamente académicas de la 'política de identidades', al menos tal como se dieron en el marco de las universidades de la órbita angloparlante. En última instancia, todo se dirige al planteo de la cuestión de si el privilegio, por parte de Said, de los aspectos heterogeneizantes y dislocadores de la crítica de la cultura es positivamente compatible con su pretensión de 're-universalización' y 'secularización' radical de la labor del intelectual, y con la constitución posible de instancias de agenciamiento transformador más allá del plano de las diversas políticas nacionales o nacionalistas.

La política del universalismo de Edward Said

Este análisis de Cultura e imperialismo de Edward Said se concentra en sus en principio contradictorias actitudes frente a la tradición de la estética como fuente de modos de concebir las prácticas artísticas y literarias aún hoy operantes y en sus concepciones de la figura del intelectual crítico y de su labor. Las caracterizaciones, juicios y evaluaciones de Said a propósito de diversos intelectuales poscoloniales más o menos contemporáneos permiten dar cuenta críticamente de su análisis de la posibilidad de 'restaurar' el universalismo constitutivamente emancipatorio de las prácticas culturales y de la labor del intelectual (o, al menos, de sus aspectos rescatables tras un análisis profundo de los compromisos entre cultura europea e imperialismo desde principios del siglo XIX hasta fines del XX). Para esto, se presta atención a sus conclusiones respecto de las variantes espec��ficamente académicas de la 'política de identidades', al menos tal como se dieron en el marco de las universidades de la órbita angloparlante. En última instancia, todo se dirige al planteo de la cuestión de si el privilegio, por parte de Said, de los aspectos heterogeneizantes y dislocadores de la crítica de la cultura es positivamente compatible con su pretensión de 're-universalización' y 'secularización' radical de la labor del intelectual, y con la constitución posible de instancias de agenciamiento transformador más allá del plano de las diversas políticas nacionales o nacionalistas.

La política del universalismo de Edward Said

Este análisis de Cultura e imperialismo de Edward Said se concentra en sus en principio contradictorias actitudes frente a la tradición de la estética como fuente de modos de concebir las prácticas artísticas y literarias aún hoy operantes y en sus concepciones de la figura del intelectual crítico y de su labor. Las caracterizaciones, juicios y evaluaciones de Said a propósito de diversos intelectuales poscoloniales más o menos contemporáneos permiten dar cuenta críticamente de su análisis de la posibilidad de 'restaurar' el universalismo constitutivamente emancipatorio de las prácticas culturales y de la labor del intelectual (o, al menos, de sus aspectos rescatables tras un análisis profundo de los compromisos entre cultura europea e imperialismo desde principios del siglo XIX hasta fines del XX). Para esto, se presta atención a sus conclusiones respecto de las variantes espec��ficamente académicas de la 'política de identidades', al menos tal como se dieron en el marco de las universidades de la órbita angloparlante. En última instancia, todo se dirige al planteo de la cuestión de si el privilegio, por parte de Said, de los aspectos heterogeneizantes y dislocadores de la crítica de la cultura es positivamente compatible con su pretensión de 're-universalización' y 'secularización' radical de la labor del intelectual, y con la constitución posible de instancias de agenciamiento transformador más allá del plano de las diversas políticas nacionales o nacionalistas.