Religion, anti-slavery, and identity: Irish Presbyterians, the United States, and transatlantic evangelicalism, c. 1820-1914

Scholars have devoted much attention to the causes and consequences of Presbyterian emigration from Ulster to the thirteen colonies before 1776. This article moves beyond the eighteenth century to examine the continued religious links between Presbyterians in Ireland and the United States in the nineteenth century. It begins with an examination of the influence of evangelicalism on both sides of the Atlantic and how this promoted unity in denominational identity, missionary activity to convert Catholics, and revivalist religion during the first half of the century. Though Irish Presbyterians had great affection for their American co-religionists, they were not uncritical, and significant tensions did develop over slavery. The article then examines the religious character of Scotch-Irish or Ulster-Scots identity in the late nineteenth century, which was articulated in response to the alleged demoralising influence of large-scale Irish immigration during and after the Famine of the 1840s, the so-called Romanisation of Catholicism, and the threat of Home Rule in Ireland. The importance of identity politics should not obscure religious developments, and the article ends with a consideration of the origins and character of fundamentalism, perhaps one of the most important cultural connections between Protestants in Northern Ireland and the United States in the twentieth century.

Max Weber and the First World War: Protestant and Catholic living standards in Germany, 1914-1919

We assess informal institutions of Protestants and Catholics by investigating their economic resilience in a natural experiment. The First World War constitutes an exogenous shock to living standards since the duration and intensity of the war exceeded all expectations. We assess the ability of Protestant and Catholic communities to cope with increasing food prices and wartime black markets. Literature based on Weber (1904, 1905) suggests that Protestants must be more resilient than their Catholic peers. Using individual height data on some 2,800 Germans to assess levels of malnutrition during the war, we find that living standards for both Protestants and Catholics declined; however, the decrease of Catholics’ height was disproportionately large. Our empirical analysis finds a large statistically significant difference between Protestants and Catholics for the 1915–19 birth cohort, and we argue that this height gap cannot be attributed to socioeconomic background and fertility alone.

Quel destin pour l'imaginaire épique et le héros guerrier dans l'écriture? Le témoignage de guerre au Québec de 1914 à nos jours

Cette thèse de doctorat, intitulée «Le récit personnel de guerre dans le Canada français/Québec du XXe siècle», est consacrée à l'étude du traitement de l'imaginaire épique et du héros guerrier dans plus d'une trentaine de témoignages de guerre d'expression française de 1914 à nos jours. Elle établit que le discours sur les combats qui s'y formule «retrouve spontanément le ton de l'épopée, langue maternelle du récit militaire héroïque, celle de l'Iliade » (Maurice RIEUNEAU, Guerre et révolution dans le roman français 1919-1939, Klincksieck, «Bibliothèque du XXe siècle», 1974, p. 157). Cette résilience épique et héroïque remarquable vaut pour toutes les époques. Fait à noter: même dans les récits contestataires, la contestation s'énonce en termes épiques, de héros qui poursuit son combat dans l'espace textuel. Voilà qui nuance quelque peu les résultats d'autres analyses, en particulier en Europe, où les spécialistes retiennent du XXe siècle: «Le récit de guerre [...] a périmé les plaisirs de l'épopée [...].» (Jean KAEMPFER, Poétique du récit de guerre, Paris, José Corti, 1998, p. 39). Avec la (post)modernité, l'épopée se réoriente. Dépassant le complexe du perdant qui marque plusieurs générations de francophones et les rend réceptifs aux valeurs de force et de virilité, le discours sort du repli sur soi, de l'isolement, de la solitude agressive pour pactiser avec l'ennemi juré (l'Allemand, le Japonais, mais aussi le Britannique, le Canadien anglais). Bref, l'identité, ébranlée par la différence, s'équilibre dans une démarche d'assainissement de la mémoire. L'affirmation progressive de soi se double d'une ouverture sur l'étranger, celui d'ailleurs et, à plus forte raison, d'ici.

Catalogue of the articles on exhibition, at the fair of the South-Carolina Institute, third annual fair, November 18, 1851

This document contains a catalogue of the articles on exhibition at the 1851 annual fair of the South Carolina Institute. It includes 432 items exhibited at the fair in Charleston.

A decade of school progress 1914-1924

This document contains Power W. Bethea’s discussion on South Carolina public schools progress of South Carolina, during the decennium of 1914-1924. It includes purpose of the study, method of study, and information sources. It also provides descriptions of statewide and nationwide accomplishments from 1914 to 1924.

Self-help, Saving and Suburbanisation - the Birkbeck Freehold Land and Building Societies, their Bank and the London Mechanics’ Institute 1851 – 1911.

The Birkbeck Freehold Land and Building Societies were launched in 1851 in the London Mechanics’ Institute, secured its survival, and eventually replaced its premises with the architectural ‘phantasmagoria’ of the Birkbeck Bank. Prior to its collapse in 1911 ‘the Birkbeck’ was a major element in the English property based financial system and contributed significantly to the suburban growth of London. The Institute, Societies and Bank shared a Utilitarian vision of social progress through self-help that was at times hotly contested by the radical champions of the social classes that they were initially formed to assist. Their parallel histories are attested today by ‘Birkbeck’ toponyms (including roads, pubs and a railway station) in the London landscape.

Magna Charta and Parliament 1900-1914

In 1915 plans for the celebration of the 700th anniversary of Magna Carta had to be dropped following the outbreak of the First World War. Such celebrations marked a sense of Magna Carta as an event in the history of these islands. The usage of the term Magna Carta in Parliament in the run-up to the First World War, however, shows that its granting was not seen only as a significant historical event to be memorialised. During the period from 1900, opening with war in South Africa and ending in 1914 with war throughout Europe, the Great Charter was mentioned 85 times in Parliament. As a period marked by a lengthy constitutional crisis in 1909-11 and beset with problems in Ireland and the Empire, this seems like a good case study period to choose. This short paper attempts to analyse how and why it was invoked in Parliament in the years and what these various usages tell us about how Magna Carta was understood at the time.

A Imprensa Portuguesa e a Guerra. 1914-1918. Os jornais intervencionistas e anti-intervencionistas. A acção da censura e da propaganda

Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências da Comunicação, especialidade de Comunicação e Ciências Sociais

The Portuguese Administrative Elite, 1851-1910

The aim of this article is to examine the composition and patterns of recruitment of the ministries’directors-general, as well as to assess the interconnections between bureaucracy and politics, from the beginnings of Regeneração (1851) until the breakdown of Monarchy (1910). The post of director-general was considered one of “political trust”, that might be filled by individuals from outside the civil service, and the selection and de-selection of officeholders depended exclusively on the ministers’ will. Nonetheless, most directors-general were experienced bureaucrats, boasting a steady career as civil servants, and remained in office for long terms, regardless of ministerial discontinuities. In other words, High Administration became relatively immune to party-driven politics. Due to their professional background and lengthy tenure, directors-general were usually highly skilled specialists, combining technical expertise and practical knowledge of the wheels of state bureaucracy. Hence, they were often influential actors in policy-making, playing an active (and sometimes decisive) part behind the scenes, in both designing and implementing government policies. As regards their social profile, directors-general formed a cohesive and homogeneous elite group: being predominantly drawn from urban middle class milieus, highly educated, and appointed to office in their forties.

O Porto Grande e a Urbe Mindelense na Aurora da Contemporaneidade (1850-1914)

Este trabalho, que obedece aos requisitos parciais para a obtenção do grau de mestre em História Contemporânea na Universidade Nova de Lisboa, enquadra-se no campo da História Local, incidindo sobre o Porto Grande na Ilha de S. Vicente de Cabo Verde, no período compreendido entre 1850 a 1914. Procurar-se-á, à luz da documentação disponível, analisar a importância do porto para a afirmação da urbe, numa altura em que por força da Revolução Industrial o barco a vapor entrou nos mares do mundo e revolucionou o sistema de transportes. Nessa altura, S. Vicente, que até então mantinhase deserta de gente, é elegida por hidrógrafos ingleses que procuravam um porto seguro onde pudessem instalar as suas companhias carvoeiras para abastecer os seus navios na rota do Atlântico Médio. Foi só por essa altura que o povoamento da ilha tornou-se possível, e a dinâmica do seu crescimento uma realidade, impulsionada pelo porto e sob uma forte influência inglesa. Este ritmo de desenvolvimento começou, porém, a decair nos finais do séc. XIX, altura em que o Porto Grande começa a sofrer uma forte concorrência por parte dos portos de Las Palmas e de Santa Cruz de Tenerife, no Arquipélago das Canárias, agravada ainda mais no inicio do séc. XX, quando, por altura da 1ª Grande Guerra, o Porto Grande do Mindelo também é sulcado por navios das potências beligerantes, envolvidas no conflito.