Revision rules in the theory of evidence

Combination rules proposed so far in the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence, especially Dempster rule, rely on a basic assumption, that is, pieces of evidence being combined are considered to be on a par, i.e. play the same role. When a source of evidence is less reliable than another, it is possible to discount it and then a symmetric combination operation is still used. In the case of revision, the idea is to let prior knowledge of an agent be altered by some input information. The change problem is thus intrinsically asymmetric. Assuming the input information is reliable, it should be retained whilst the prior information should
be changed minimally to that effect. Although belief revision is already an important subfield of artificial intelligence, so far, it has been little addressed in evidence theory. In this paper, we define the notion of revision for the theory of evidence and propose several different revision rules, called the inner and outer
revisions, and a modified adaptive outer revision, which better corresponds to the idea of revision. Properties of these revision rules are also investigated.

Rational Partial Choice Functions and Their Application to Belief Revision.

Necessary and sufficient conditions for choice functions to be rational have been intensively studied in the past. However, in these attempts, a choice function is completely specified. That is, given any subset of options, called an issue, the best option over that issue is always known, whilst in real-world scenarios, it is very often that only a few choices are known instead of all. In this paper, we study partial choice functions and investigate necessary and sufficient rationality conditions for situations where only a few choices are known. We prove that our necessary and sufficient condition for partial choice functions boils down to the necessary and sufficient conditions for complete choice functions proposed in the literature. Choice functions have been instrumental in belief revision theory. That is, in most approaches to belief revision, the problem studied can simply be described as the choice of possible worlds compatible with the input information, given an agent’s prior belief state. The main effort has been to devise strategies in order to infer the agents revised belief state. Our study considers the converse problem: given a collection of input information items and their corresponding revision results (as provided by an agent), does there exist a rational revision operation used by the agent and a consistent belief state that may explain the observed results?

Outcomes of surgical bleb revision for complications of trabeculectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the results of revision surgery for complications of trabeculectomy in a case series from an academic glaucoma service. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 177 eyes of 167 adult patients who underwent revision of trabeculectomy at the Wilmer Eye Institute between 1994 and 2007. METHODS: Three indications for surgery were identified: hypotony without leak, bleb leak, and bleb dysesthesia. Revision was deemed successful when all of the following were true: the primary indication was eliminated, further intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering surgery was not required, no major complication occurred, and a new bleb-related problem did not develop. Patients with less than 3 months of follow-up were excluded unless failure occurred earlier. Surgical procedures included variations on excision of thin or leaking conjunctiva with advancement. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Change in IOP, change in visual acuity, need for further IOP-lowering surgery, and complications after bleb revision. RESULTS: Subjects' mean age was 67+/-14 years, 54% were female, and mean follow-up was 2.8+/-2.7 years, with a mean interval from trabeculectomy to revision of 3.5+/-3.7 years. Overall success rate was 63% (112/177), which was slightly higher for leak repair (65%; 64/98) and hypotony (63%; 32/51) than for dysesthesia (57%; 16/28) indications. By Kaplan-Meier analysis, overall cumulative success rates at 1, 2, 5, and 10 years after bleb revision were 80%, 75%, 50%, and 41%, respectively. IOP and visual acuity improved significantly in both hypotony and leak groups (P values ranging from 0.004 to <0.0001). Additional IOP-lowering surgery was required in 9%. In multivariate regression analysis adjusting for age, gender, and number of prior surgeries, patients with glaucoma other than primary open-angle glaucoma were twice as likely to have failed bleb revision. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical bleb revision often provides successful resolution of bleb-related complications. Most patients maintain IOP control without need for further IOP-lowering surgery. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Computerized key to the genus Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, analysis of species clusters based on morphology, using information of insect vectors and associated plants, with a revision of the genus.

The genus Bursaphelenchus includes B. xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer, 1934) Nickle, 1981, which is of world economic and quarantine importance. Distinction among several species of the pinewood nematodes species complex (PWNSC) is often difficult. Besides standard morphology, morphometrics and molecular biology, new tools are welcome to better understand this group. The computerized (or e-) key of this genus, presented in this communication, includes 74 species (complete list of valid species of the world fauna) and 35 characters, that were used by the taxonomic experts of this group, in the original descriptions. Morphology of sex organs (male spicules and female vulval region) was digitized and classified to distinguish alternative types. Several qualitative characters with overlapping character states (expressions) were transformed into the morphometric indices with the discontinuous ranges (characters of ratios of the spicule dimensions). Characters and their states (expressions) were illustrated in detail and supplied by brief user-friendly comments. E-key was created in the BIKEY identification system (Dianov & Lobanov, 1996-2004). The system has built-algorithm ranging characters depending on their diagnostic values at each step of identification. Matrix of species and the character states (structural part of the e-key database) may be easily transformed using statistical packages into the dendrograms of general phenetic similarities (UPGMA, standard distance: mean character difference). It may be useful in the detailed analysis of taxonomy and evolution of the genus and in its splitting to the species groups based on morphology. The verification of the dendrogram using the information on the species links with insect vectors and their associated plants, provided an opportunity to recognize the five clusters (xylophilus, hunti, eremus sensu stricto, tusciae and piniperdae sensu stricto), which seem to be the natural species groups. The hypothesis about the origin and the first stages of the genus evolution is proposed. A general review of the genus Bursaphelenchus is presented.

A revision of the polychaete family Nephtyidae, based on morphological and molecular data

A família Nephtyidae é uma das mais frequentes em habitats costeiros e marinhos de todo o mundo. São organismos errantes típicos de sedimentos arenosos e lodosos, ocorrendo frequentemente no domínio costeiro até 100 m de profundidade, e mais raramente em profundidades batiais e abissais. As primeiras espécies descritas foram o Nephtys caeca (Fabricius, 1780) e o N. ciliata (O. F. Müller, 1789), ambas atribuídas inicialmente ao género Nereis e posteriormente transferidas para o género Nephtys por Savigny, em 1818. A família Nephtyidae foi criada em 1851 por Grube para o género Nephtys Cuvier, 1817. No âmbito desta tese é feito um estudo taxonómico e filogenético da família Nephtyidae. O estudo filogenético inclui dados morfológicos e moleculares de 24 taxa representantes dos cinco géneros da família, Nephtys Cuvier, 1817, Aglaophamus Kinberg, 1866, Micronephthys (Friedrich, 1939), Inermonephtys Fauchald, 1967 e Dentinephtys Imajima e Takeda, 1987. A análise evidenciou dois grandes grupos correspondentes aos dois principais géneros, Aglaophamus e Nephtys. Duas espécies do género Nephtys (N. pulchra e N. australiensis) são transferidas para o género Aglaophamus, e consequentemente são propostas novas diagnoses para os géneros. O género Dentinephtys é sinonimizado com Nephtys e um novo género, Bipalponephtys, é descrito para acomodar as espécies Nephtys cornuta, N. danida e Micronephthys neotena. As relações filogenéticas entre os géneros são discutidas. Do estudo taxonómico resultou a revisão da família Nephtyidae para o Sul da Europa (entre o Canal da Mancha e o Mediterrâneo), com a descrição de uma nova espécie, Inermonephtys foretmontardoi. A espécie Micronephthys maryae é sinonimizada com M. stammeri. Para cada espécie são incluídas notas sobre a sua ecologia bem como a distribuição geográfica e batimétrica. São propostas novas diagnoses para os géneros do Sul da Europa bem como uma chave de identificação taxonómica para as espécies desta região. Após uma exaustiva revisão bibliográfica da família, e da observação de material museológico relativo a 44 espécies, foi compilada uma lista completa para a família de 128 espécies, distribuídas por cinco géneros (57 Nephtys, 53 Aglaophamus, sete Micronephthys, oito Inermonephtys e três Bipalponephtys), na qual são incluídas sinonímias e considerações taxonómicas para cada espécie. A espécie Nephtys serrata é sinonimizada com N. serratifolia. São apresentados as distribuições geográficas e batimétricas das diferentes espécies e notas sobre o seu habitat. São também incluídas tabelas de identificação com as principais características taxonómicas das espécies. O valor diagnóstico dos caracteres morfológicos é discutido. Vários problemas taxonómicos são realçados, indicando a necessidade de revisões adicionais para 23 espécies. Este trabalho realça a existência de vários problemas taxonómicos e filogenéticos dentro da família Nephtyidae, podendo ser considerado como a base para estudos futuros. Análises filogenéticas adicionais incluindo dados morfológicos e moleculares de um maior número de espécies vão certamente conduzir a uma melhor avaliação do estatuto e relações entre os géneros dentro da família.

Memorial of the inhabitants of Fairfield District, S. Carolina, praying a revision of the tariff, &c., December 14, 1827

This document contains a memorial, which was written by the citizens of Fairfield district of South Carolina, with a purpose of securing their constitutional right of expressing formal sentiments in regard to excluding tariff on woolen manufactures. It was presented to the president and members of the Senate, and to the speaker and members of the House of Representatives in Congress.

Translation of biomechanical concepts in bone tissue engineering: from animal study to revision knee arthroplasty.

Bone defects in revision knee arthroplasty are often located in load-bearing regions. The goal of this study was to determine whether a physiologic load could be used as an in situ osteogenic signal to the scaffolds filling the bone defects. In order to answer this question, we proposed a novel translation procedure having four steps: (1) determining the mechanical stimulus using finite element method, (2) designing an animal study to measure bone formation spatially and temporally using micro-CT imaging in the scaffold subjected to the estimated mechanical stimulus, (3) identifying bone formation parameters for the loaded and non-loaded cases appearing in a recently developed mathematical model for bone formation in the scaffold and (4) estimating the stiffness and the bone formation in the bone-scaffold construct. With this procedure, we estimated that after 3 years mechanical stimulation increases the bone volume fraction and the stiffness of scaffold by 1.5- and 2.7-fold, respectively, compared to a non-loaded situation.