Inclusion of body doping in compact models for fully-depleted common double gate MOSFET adapted to gate-oxide thickness asymmetry

Since it is difficult to find the analytical solution of the governing Poisson equation for double gate MOSFETs with the body doping term included, the majority of the compact models are developed for undoped-body devices for which the analytical solution is available. Proposed is a simple technique to included a body doping term in such surface potential based common double gate MOSFET models also by taking into account any differences between the gate oxide thickness. The proposed technique is validated against TCAD simulation and found to be accurate as long as the channel is fully depleted.

Effect of Thickness on The Optical Properties Change in Bi/As2S3 Bilayer Thin Films

Bilayer thin films of Bi/As2S3 were prepared from Bi and As2S3 by thermal evaporation technique under high vacuum. We have prepared three bilayer films of 905nm, 910nm and 915nm thickness with with As2S3 as bottom layer (900nm) and Bi as top layer (5,10,15 nm). We have compared the optical changes due to the thickness variation of Bi layer on As2S3 film. The changes were characterized by FTIR and XPS techniques.

Effect of thickness variation of hole injection and hole blocking layers on the performance of fluorescent green organic light emitting diodes

In this paper we present the effect of thickness variation of hole injection and hole blocking layers on the performance of fluorescent green organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). A number of OLED devices have been fabricated with combinations of hole injecting and hole blocking layers of varying thicknesses. Even though hole blocking and hole injection layers have opposite functions, yet there is a particular combination of their thicknesses when they function in conjunction and luminous efficiency and power efficiency are maximized. The optimum thickness of CuPc (Copper(II) phthalocyanine) layer, used as hole injection layer and BCP (2,9 dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) used as hole blocking layer were found to be 18 nm and 10 nm respectively. It is with this delicate adjustment of thicknesses, charge balancing is achieved and luminous efficiency and power efficiency were optimized. The maximum luminous efficiency of 3.82 cd/A at a current density of 24.45 mA/cm(2) and maximum power efficiency of 2.61 lm/W at a current density of 5.3 mA/cm(2) were achieved. We obtained luminance of 5993 cd/m(2) when current density was 140 mA/cm(2). The EL spectra was obtained for the LEDs and found that it has a peaking at 524 nm of wavelength. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influence of GaN underlayer thickness on structural, electrical and optical properties of InN films grown by PAMBE

We present an extensive study on the structural, electrical and optical properties of InN thin films grown on c-Al2O3, GaN(130 nm)/Al2O3, GaN(200 nm)/Al2O3 and GaN(4 mu m)/Al2O3 by using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The high resolution X-ray diffraction study reveals better crystalline quality for the film grown on GaN(4 mu m)/Al2O3 as compared to others. The electronic and optical properties seem to be greatly influenced by the structural quality of the films, as can be evidenced from Hall measurement and optical absorption spectroscopy. Kane's k.p model was used to describe the dependence of optical absorption edge of InN films on carrier concentration by considering the non-parabolic dispersion relation for carrier in the conduction band. Room temperature Raman spectra for the InN films grown on GaN show the signature of residual tensile stress in contrast to the compressive stress observed for the films grown directly on c-Al2O3. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nonquasi-static charge model for common double-gate MOSFETs adapted to gate oxide thickness asymmetry

With the unique quasi-linear relationship between the surface potentials along the channel, recently we have proposed a quasi-static terminal charge model for common double-gate MOSFETs, which might have asymmetric gate oxide thickness. In this brief, we extend this concept to develop the nonquasi-static (NQS) charge model for the same by solving the governing continuity equations. The proposed NQS model shows good agreement against TCAD simulations and appears to be useful for efficient circuit simulation.

High-resolution restoration of 3D structures from widefield images with extreme low signal-to-noise-ratio

Four-dimensional fluorescence microscopy-which records 3D image information as a function of time-provides an unbiased way of tracking dynamic behavior of subcellular components in living samples and capturing key events in complex macromolecular processes. Unfortunately, the combination of phototoxicity and photobleaching can severely limit the density or duration of sampling, thereby limiting the biological information that can be obtained. Although widefield microscopy provides a very light-efficient way of imaging, obtaining high-quality reconstructions requires deconvolution to remove optical aberrations. Unfortunately, most deconvolution methods perform very poorly at low signal-to-noise ratios, thereby requiring moderate photon doses to obtain acceptable resolution. We present a unique deconvolution method that combines an entropy-based regularization function with kernels that can exploit general spatial characteristics of the fluorescence image to push the required dose to extreme low levels, resulting in an enabling technology for high-resolution in vivo biological imaging.

Elastic thickness structure of the Andaman subduction zone: Implications for convergence of the Ninetyeast Ridge

We use the Bouguer coherence (Morlet isostatic response function) technique to compute the spatial variation of effective elastic thickness (T-e) of the Andaman subduction zone. The recovered T-e map resolves regional-scale features that correlate well with known surface structures of the subducting Indian plate and the overriding Burma plate. The major structure on the India plate, the Ninetyeast Ridge (NER), exhibits a weak mechanical strength, which is consistent with the expected signature of an oceanic ridge of hotspot origin. However, a markedly low strength (0< T-e <3 km) in that region, where the NER is close to the Andaman trench (north of 10 N), receives our main attention in this study. The subduction geometry derived from the Bouguer gravity forward modeling suggests that the NER has indented beneath the Andaman arc. We infer that the bending stresses of the viscous plate, which were reinforced within the subducting oceanic plate as a result of the partial subduction of the NER buoyant load, have reduced the lithospheric strength. The correlation, T-e < T-s (seismogenic thickness) reveals that the upper crust is actively deforming beneath the frontal arc Andaman region. The occurrence of normal-fault earthquakes in the frontal arc, low Te zone, is indicative of structural heterogeneities within the subducting plate. The fact that the NER along with its buoyant root is subducting under the Andaman region is inhibiting the subduction processes, as suggested by the changes in trench line, interrupted back-arc volcanism, variation in seismicity mechanism, slow subduction, etc. The low T-e and thinned crustal structure of the Andaman back-arc basin are attributed to a thermomechanically weakened lithosphere. The present study reveals that the ongoing back-arc spreading and strike-slip motion along the West Andaman Fault coupled with the ridge subduction exerts an important control on the frequency and magnitude of seismicity in the Andaman region. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Spatial variations of effective elastic thickness over the Ninetyeast Ridge and implications for its structure and tectonic evolution

We present new data on the strength of oceanic lithosphere along the Ninetyeast Ridge (NER) from two independent methods: spectral analysis (Bouguer coherence) using the fan wavelet transform technique, and spatial analysis (flexure inversion) with the convolution method. The two methods provide effective elastic thickness (T-e) patterns that broadly complement each other, and correlate well with known surface structures and regional-scale features. Furthermore, our study presents a new high resolution database on the Moho configuration, which obeys flexural isostasy, and exhibit regional correlations with the T-e variations. A continuous ridge structure with a much lower T-e value than that of normal oceanic lithosphere provides strong support for the hotspot theory. The derived T-e values vary over the northern (higher T-e similar to 10-20 km), central (anomalously low T-e similar to 0-5 km), and southern (low T-e similar to 5 km) segments of the NER. The lack of correlation of the T-e value with the progressive aging of the lithosphere implies differences in thermo-mechanical setting of the crust and underlying mantle in different parts of the NER, again indicating diversity in their evolution. The anomalously low T-e and deeper Moho (similar to 22 km) estimates of the central NER (between 0.5 degrees N and 17 degrees S) are attributed to the interaction of a hotspot with the Wharton spreading ridge that caused significant thermal rejuvenation and hence weakening of the lithosphere. The higher mechanical strength values in the northern NER (north of 0.5 degrees N) may support the idea of off-ridge emplacement and a relatively large plate motion at the time of volcanism. The low T-e and deeper Moho (similar to 22 km) estimates in the southern part (south of 17 degrees S) suggest that the lithosphere was weak and therefore younger at the time of volcanism, and this supports the idea that the southern NER was emplaced on the edge of the Indian plate. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Tectonic inheritance of the Indian Shield: New insights from its elastic thickness structure

A new evaluation of the elastic thickness (Te) structure of the Indian Shield, derived from isotropic fan wavelet methodology, documents spatial variations of lithospheric deformation in different tectonic provinces correlated with episodic tectono-thermal events. The Te variations corroborated by shear velocity, crustal thickness, and seismogenic thickness reveal the heterogeneous rheology of the Indian lithosphere. The thinned, attenuated lithosphere beneath Peninsular India is considered to be the reason for its mechanically weak strength (<30 km), where a decoupled crust-mantle rheology under different surface/subsurface loading structures may explain the prominent low Te patterns. The arcuate Te structure of the Western Dharwar province and a NNE-trending band of low Te anomaly in the Southern Granulite Terrane are intriguing patterns. The average Te values (40-50 km) of the Central Indian Tectonic Zone, the Bastar Craton, and the northern Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt are suggestive of old, stable, Indian lithosphere, which was not affected by any major tectono-thermal events after cratonic stabilization. We propose that the anomalously high Te (60-85 km) and high S-wave velocity zone to the north of the Narmada-Son Lineament, mainly in NW Himalaya, and the northern Aravalli and Bundelkhand Cratons, suggest that Archean lithosphere characterized by a high velocity mantle keel supports the orogenic topographic loads in/near the Himalaya. The Te map clearly segments the volcanic provinces of the Indian Shield, where the signatures of the Reunion, Marion, and Kerguelen hotspots are indicated by significantly low Te patterns that correlate with plume- and rift-related thermal and mechanical rejuvenation, magmatic underplating, and crustal necking. The correlations between Te variations and the occurrence of seismicity over seismically active zones reveal different causal relationships, which led to the current seismogenic zonation of the Indian Shield. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Estimation of ice thickness using surface velocities and slope: case study at Gangotri Glacier, India

We estimate the distribution of ice thickness for a Himalayan glacier using surface velocities, slope and the ice flow law. Surface velocities over Gangotri Glacier were estimated using sub-pixel correlation of Landsat TM and ETM+ imagery. Velocities range from similar to 14-85 m a(-1) in the accumulation region to similar to 20-30 ma(-1) near the snout. Depth profiles were calculated using the equation of laminar flow. Thickness varies from similar to 540 m in the upper reaches to similar to 50-60 m near the snout. The volume of the glacier is estimated to be 23.2 +/- 4.2 km(3).

Film thickness mediated transition in the kinetics of electric current induced flow of thin liquid metal films

Application of high electric-field between two points in a thin metallic film results in liquefaction and subsequent flow of the liquid-film from one electrode to another in a radially symmetric fashion. Here, we report the transition of the flow kinetics driven by the liquid film thickness varying from 3 to 100 nm. The mechanism of the flow behavior is observed to be independent of the film thickness; however, the kinetics of the flow depends on the film thickness and the applied voltage. An analytical model, incorporating viscosity and varying electrical resistivity with film thickness, is developed to explain the experimental observations. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.

Influence of film thickness on the properties of sprayed ZnO thin films for gas sensor applications

Transparent conducting ZnO films were prepared at substrate temperature 400 degrees C with different film thicknesses by nebulizer spray pyrolysis method on glass substrates. XRD studies reveal that the films are polycrystalline in nature having hexagonal crystal structure with preferred grain orientations along (0 0 2) and (1 0 1) directions. The crystallite size increases along (0 0 2) plane with the thickness increase and attains a maximum 109 nm for 913 nm film thickness. Analysis of structural parameters indicates that the films having thickness 913 nm are found to have minimum dislocation density and strain values. The HRSEM measurements show that the surface morphology of the films also changes with film thickness. EDAX estimates the average atomic percentage ratio of Zn and O in the ZnO films. Optical studies reveal the band gap energy decrease from 3.27 to 3.14 eV with increase of film thickness. Room temperature PL spectra show the near-band-edge emission and deep-level emission due to the presence of defects in the ZnO thin films. Impedance spectroscopy analysis indicates that grain boundary resistance decreases with the increasing ammonia concentration up to 500 ppm and the maximum sensitivity is found to be 1.7 for 500 ppm of ammonia. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of film thickness and annealing on optical properties of TiO2 thin films and electrical characterization of MOS capacitors

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films were deposited on glass and silicon (100) substrates by the sol-gel method. The influence of film thickness and annealing temperature on optical transmittance/reflectance of TiO2 films was studied. TiO2 films were used to fabricate metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors. The capacitance-voltage (C-V), dissipation-voltage (D-V) and current-voltage (I-V) characteristics were studied at different annealing temperatures and the dielectric constant, current density and resistivity were estimated. The loss tangent (dissipation) increased with increase of annealing temperature.

Laterally structured ripple and square phases with one and two dimensional thickness modulations in a model bilayer system

Molecular dynamics simulations of bilayers in a surfactant/co-surfactant/water system with explicit solvent molecules show formation of topologically distinct gel phases depending upon the bilayer composition. At low temperatures, the bilayers transform from the tilted gel phase, L beta', to the one dimensional (1D) rippled, P beta' phase as the surfactant concentration is increased. More interestingly, we observe a two dimensional (2D) square phase at higher surfactant concentration which, upon heating, transforms to the gel L beta' phase. The thickness modulations in the 1D rippled and square phases are asymmetric in two surfactant leaflets and the bilayer thickness varies by a factor of similar to 2 between maximum and minimum. The 1D ripple consists of a thinner interdigitated region of smaller extent alternating with a thicker non-interdigitated region. The 2D ripple phase is made up of two superimposed square lattices of maximum and minimum thicknesses with molecules of high tilt forming a square lattice translated from the lattice formed with the thickness minima. Using Voronoi diagrams we analyze the intricate interplay between the area-per-head-group, height modulations and chain tilt for the different ripple symmetries. Our simulations indicate that composition plays an important role in controlling the formation of low temperature gel phase symmetries and rippling accommodates the increased area-per-head-group of the surfactant molecules.

Enhancement in threshold voltage with thickness in memory switch fabricated using GeSe1.5S0.5 thin films

Investigations on the electrical switching, structural, optical and photoacoustic analysis have been undertaken on chalcogenide GeSe1.5S0.5 thin films of various thicknesses prepared by vacuum evaporation technique. The decrease of band gap energy with increase in film thickness has been explained using the `density of states model'. The structural units of the films are characterized using Raman spectroscopy and the deconvoluted Raman peaks obtained from Gaussian fit around 188 cm(-1), 204 cm(-1) and 214 cm(-1) favors Ge-chalcogen tetrahedral units forming corner and edge sharing tetrahedra. All the thin films samples have been exhibited memory-type electrical switching behavior. An enhancement in the threshold voltages of GeSe1.5S0.5 thin films have been observed with increase in film thickness. The thickness dependence of switching voltages provide an insight into the switching mechanism and it is explained by the Joule heating effect. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.