Crecimiento forestal en el bosque tropical de montaña: efectos de la diversidad florística y de la manipulación de nutrientes

El bosque tropical de montaña, es considerado zona de mega diversidad y de alto grado de endemismo, por las diferentes zonas ecológicas que presenta. Durante las últimas décadas estos bosques han recibido mayor atención por parte de investigadores, sin embargo, aún existe poca investigación en determinar cuáles son las respuestas de los bosques a los cambios ambientales a los que son sometidos. Estos bosques están sufriendo serias amenazas como pérdida de cobertura vegetal y cambios en los ciclos de nutrientes. El trabajo se dividió en cuatro objetivos específicos. i) Caracterización y análisis de patrones altitudinales de la riqueza de especies en el bosque tropical de montaña en el sur del Ecuador; con el fin de conocer cómo varía la diversidad de especies riqueza lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal. ii) Conocer los patrones espaciales del crecimiento en tres remanentes boscosos de un bosque tropical de montaña para determinar cómo la vecindad y la semejanza funcional de ésta influyen en el crecimiento forestal. iii) Conocer los efectos de la fertilización en el crecimiento diamétrico de especies arbóreas, en el bosque tropical de montaña; se analizó cómo reaccionan los árboles a la adición de nutrientes N y P en tres tipos de bosque. iv) Saber la respuesta de la comunidad de árboles a la adición de nutrientes en el bosque montano andino; este objetivo se basó con el supuesto de la deficiencia de tres tipos de nutrientes N, P y Ca, en esta formación boscosa y cómo reaccionan los árboles a la adición de nutrientes. El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo, en el bosque tropical de montaña que se encuentra localizada en la parte adyacente del Parque Nacional Podocarpus (PNP) en la cordillera del Consuelo, forma parte de la cadena oriental de los Andes del sur del Ecuador El trabajo de desarrollo entre los años 2008 y 2014. Para abordar el primer objetivo se establecieron 54 parcelas ubicadas aleatoriamente a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal (3 niveles de altitud) y se e midieron e identificaron todos los individuos mayores a 5cm de DAP. Se construyó una filogenia con Phylocom y se calcularon diferentes componentes de diversidad para cada parcela ( riqueza taxonómica, diversidad filogenética y edad media de las especies). Ajustando modelos lineares se contrastó el efecto de la altitud sobre dichos componentes y se vio que la riqueza taxonómica y la edad media de las especies aumentaron con la altitud, en sentido contrario a las predicciones de la "hipótesis del conservadurismo tropical" (Tropical Conservatism Hypothesis). Para abordar el segundo objetivo se realizó una remedición de todos los árboles cartografiados en tres parcelas permanentes de alrededor de 5000 m2 cada una, representativas de tres estados diferentes de la sucesión del bosque montano. A partir de las coordenadas y de los datos de registrados, y empleando diferentes funciones de correlación de marca se analizó la distribución espacial del tamaño y del crecimiento relativo y del tamaño. Se constató que mientras que el tamaño de los árboles presentó una correlación espacial negativa, el crecimiento presentó correlación espacial positiva, en ambos casos a distancias cortas. El rango y la magnitud de ambas correlaciones aumentaron al avanzar la sucesión. La distribución espacial del crecimiento mostró una correlación negativa con la distribución espacial de tamaños. Por otro lado, la distribución espacial del crecimiento mostró una correlación negativa para árboles semejantes funcionalmente y positiva cuando se calculó entre árboles con diferente estrategia funcional. En conjunto, los resultados obtenidos señalan un aumento de la importancia de procesos competitivos y una mayor estructuración espacial del crecimiento y de la distribución de tamaños al avanzar la sucesión. Para el tercer y cuarto objetivo se instalaron 52 parcelas distribuidas en bloques donde se fertilizaron dos veces al año durante 6,4 años, se identificaron todos los individuos mayores a 10 cm de DAP, y se midió el crecimiento diamétrico durante estos años Con la adición de nutrientes realizada a los diferentes tipos de bosque en la gradiente altitudinal, encontramos que el efecto sobre el crecimiento diamétrico en la comunidad varia con el rango altitudinal, y el tipo de nutriente, analizando a nivel de las especies, en la mayoría de los casos las especies comunes no tuvieron cambios significativos a la adición de nutrientes. Los resultados de este estudio aportan nuevas evidencias para el entendimiento de la diversidad, estructura y dinámica de los bosques tropicales de montaña. ABSTRACT The montane tropical forest is considered a megadiverse habitat that harbor an enormous degree of endemism. This is mainly due to the high degree of environmental heterogeneity found and the presence of different well defined ecological areas. These forests have received more attention during the last decades, however, the information regarding the responses of these forests to environmental change, is still scarce. These forests are seriously endangered and are suffering serious threats, such as loss of vegetative cover, changes in the nutrient cycles. The work was divided in four specific objectives: i) Characterization and analysis of the species richness altitudinal patterns in the montane tropical forest of south Ecuador. Specifically, how species diversity changes along altitudinal gradients. ii) Exploring the spatial patterns of tree growth in three remnants of a montane tropical forest, and analyze how tree neighborhood and functional similarity among trees influence tree growth. Tropical Conservatism Hypothesis iii) Understanding the effects of fertilization in arboreal species growth (increase in diameter) of the montane tropical forest. Specifically we studied the effects of P and N addition on three different forests across an altitudinal gradient. iv) Know the response of the community of trees to the addition of nutrients in the Andean montane forest; this objective was based on the supposition of deficiency of three types of nutrients: P, N and Ca in this forest all formation and how the trees react to the addition of these nutrients. The present work was carried out in the montane tropical forest located in Bombuscaro, San Francisco and Cajanuma close to Podocarpus National Park (PNP) on Consuelo mountain range (Andean oriental range) at South of Ecuador. Field work was carried out during 2008 and 2014. To address the first objective, we randomly placed 54 plots along an altitudinal gradient. In these plots, every individual larger than 5 cm of DBH was measured and identified. A phylogeny was build with Phylocom and different diversity components (taxonomic richness, phylogenetic diversity and average species age) were computed for each plot. Linear models were used to test the effects of altitude on the diversity components. Our results showed that, contrary to the Tropical Conservatism Hypothesis, both taxonomic richness and average species age increased with altitude. To address our second objective, all mapped trees in three successional permanent plots (around ~5000 m2 each) were re-measured. Using different mark correlation functions, we analyzed the spatial distribution of tree-size and tree relative growth rate. Whereas tree size showed negative spatial correlation at fine spatial scales, relative growth rate showed positive correlation at the same scales. The range and magnitude of those correlations increased along successional stage. The spatial distribution of the relative growth rate was negatively correlated with the spatial distribution of tree sizes. Additionally, we found that the spatial correlation of the relative growth rate was negative for functionally similar trees and positive when computed for functionally different trees. In synthesis, our results point to an increase of competitive processes and strong spatial structure of relative growth rate and tree size along succession. For the third and fourth objectives, 52 plots were placed in a block design and were fertilized twice a year for 6,4 years. In these plots all the individuals with DBH > 10 cm were identified, and the diametrical growth was measured during these years. The nutrient addition at the three different altitude forests, revealed that the effect on the diametrical growth in the community varied with the altitudinal range. When analyzed at species level, the addition of nutrients was no significant in most cases. These results represent new evidences that will improved our understanding of diversity patterns and structure, and the dynamics of tropical montane forests.

Efecto de la infección por virus persistentes y no persistentes sobre el comportamiento alimenticio, la preferencia, tasa de aterrizaje y asentamiento y la eficacia biológica de Aphis gossypii Glover

En el complejo de plagas que atacan a los principales cultivos hortícolas protegidos, destacan principalmente los Hemípteros, y dentro de estos los pulgones, dada su importancia como vectores de virus que provocan considerables daños y pérdidas económicas. Debido a que la dispersión de la mayoría de los virus de plantas puede ser eficaz con densidades bajas de vectores y su control es muy complicado al no existir métodos curativos para su control, es necesario generar nuevos conocimientos sobre las interacciones virus-vector con el fin de desarrollar nuevas y eficaces estrategias de control. Por ello, el objetivo general de esta Tesis ha sido conocer el efecto de la infección viral (directo-mediado por la presencia del virus en el vector- e indirecto-mediado por las alteraciones físico-químicas que se originan en la planta como consecuencia de la infección viral-) sobre el comportamiento y eficacia biológica del vector Aphis gossypii Glover y sus posibles repercusiones en la epidemiología de virosis de transmisión no persistente (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV, Cucumovirus) y persistente (Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus, CABYV, Polerovirus). El primer objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral, se centró en el estudio del efecto indirecto del virus de transmisión no persistente CMV sobre el comportamiento alimenticio y la preferencia del pulgón A. gossypii en el cultivo de pepino. Los ensayos de despegue y aterrizaje mostraron que los pulgones que fueron liberados en las plantas de pepino infectadas con CMV tuvieron una mayor propensión en migrar hacia las plantas no infectadas (60, 120 y 180 minutos después de la liberación) que aquellos que fueron sometidos al tratamiento contrario (planta no infectada hacia planta infectada con CMV). El estudio de preferencia y asentamiento mostró que el vector A. gossypii prefiere asentarse en plantas infectadas con CMV en una etapa temprana de evaluación (30 minutos después de la liberación). Sin embargo, este comportamiento se revirtió en una etapa posterior (4 y 48 horas después de la liberación), donde los pulgones se asentaron más en las plantas no infectadas. A través de la técnica de Gráficos de Penetración Eléctrica (EPG) se observó un efecto indirecto del virus CMV, revelado por un cambio brusco en el comportamiento de prueba del pulgón a lo largo del tiempo, cuando éstos fueron expuestos a las plantas infectadas con CMV. Los primeros 15 minutos de registro EPG mostraron que los pulgones hicieron un número mayor de punciones intracelulares (potencial drops - pds) y pruebas en las plantas infectadas con CMV que en las plantas no infectadas. Por otra parte, la duración de la primera prueba fue más corta y la duración total de las pds por insecto fue mucho más larga en las plantas infectadas con CMV. Se observaron diferencias significativas en el tiempo transcurrido desde el final de la última pd hasta el final de la prueba, siendo ese tiempo más corto para los pulgones que estaban alimentándose en plantas infectadas con CMV. En la segunda hora de registro los pulgones rechazaron las plantas infectadas con CMV como fuente de alimento, permaneciendo menos tiempo en las fases de prueba en floema (fase de salivación – E1 y fase de ingestión del floema – E2). El comportamiento alimenticio observado sobre las plantas infectadas con CMV favorece la adquisición y posterior transmisión de los virus de transmisión no persistente, los cuales son adquiridos e inoculados durante la realización de pruebas intracelulares en las primeras pruebas de corta duración. En el segundo objetivo de la Tesis se evaluó el efecto directo e indirecto del virus de transmisión persistente CABYV en el comportamiento alimenticio y preferencia del pulgón A. gossypii en cultivo de pepino, especie susceptible al virus, y algodón, especie inmune al virus. No se observó un efecto directo del virus relevante en el comportamiento alimenticio del vector, ya que los resultados obtenidos a nivel floemático en plantas de pepino no se observaron en plantas de algodón, inmune al virus CABYV. Esto sugiere que los resultados obtenidos en pepino, pueden deberse a un “posible efecto indirecto” originado por la infección de las plantas susceptibles al virus durante la realización del ensayo, lo que indirectamente puede modificar el comportamiento del pulgón durante la fase de evaluación. Sin embargo, el virus CABYV modificó indirectamente el comportamiento alimenticio de su vector a través de cambios en la planta infectada. Los pulgones tardaron menos tiempo en llegar al floema, realizaron un mayor número de pruebas floemáticas y permanecieron durante más tiempo en actividades floemáticas en plantas infectadas con CABYV. El comportamiento observado sobre las plantas infectadas con CABYV favorece la adquisición de virus persistentes, los cuales son adquiridos durante la alimentación sostenida en floema. El estudio de preferencia y asentamiento de A. gossypii mostró que los pulgones virulíferos prefieren asentarse en plantas no infectadas a corto y largo plazo de evaluación (2, 4 y 48 horas después de la liberación). Los ensayos de despegue y aterrizaje mostraron que los pulgones virulíferos que fueron liberados en las plantas de pepino infectadas con CABYV tuvieron una mayor propensión en migrar hacia las plantas no infectadas (3, 6, 24 y 48 horas después de la liberación) que aquellos que fueron sometidos al tratamiento contrario (planta no infectada hacia planta infectada con CABYV). Sin embargo, los pulgones no virulíferos no mostraron preferencia por plantas de pepino no infectadas o infectadas con CABYV en ninguno de los ensayos (preferencia o despegue) o periodos evaluados (corto y largo plazo). Los resultados indican que el virus CABYV es capaz de modificar indirectamente el comportamiento alimenticio de su vector a través de cambios en la planta infectada, favoreciendo su adquisición por su principal vector, A. gossypii. Una vez que los pulgones tienen capacidad de transmitir el virus (virulíferos) se produce un cambio en su comportamiento prefiriendo asentarse sobre plantas no infectadas optimizándose así la dispersión viral. El tercer objetivo de la Tesis, fue evaluar los efectos directos e indirectos del virus CABYV así como los efectos indirectos del virus CMV en la eficacia biológica del vector A. gossypii. Los resultados obtenidos en los ensayos realizados con el virus persistente CABYV indican que el virus parece no modificar directamente ni indirectamente la eficacia biológica del vector en plantas de pepino o algodón, no observándose diferencias estadísticas en ninguno de los parámetros poblacionales evaluados (tiempo de desarrollo, tasa intrínseca de crecimiento, tiempo generacional medio, tasa media de crecimiento relativo y ninfas totales). En cuanto a los ensayos realizados con el virus no persistente, CMV, los resultados muestran un efecto indirecto del virus sobre la biología del vector. Así resultó que tanto la tasa intrínseca de crecimiento natural (rm) como la tasa media de crecimiento relativo (RGR) fueron más altas para pulgones crecidos sobre plantas infectadas con CMV que sobre plantas no infectadas, favoreciendo la reproducción y crecimiento poblacional del vector sobre plantas infectadas con CMV. Los resultados obtenidos en la presente Tesis, ofrecen un ejemplo de como los virus de plantas pueden manipular directa e indirectamente a su vector, maximizando así su dispersión entre las plantas. Esos nuevos conocimientos generados tienen implicaciones importantes en la transmisión, dispersión y en la epidemiología de los virus y deben ser considerados para diseñar o ajustar los modelos de simulación existentes y patrones de dispersión que describen las epidemias de estos virus. ABSTRACT The main objective of this Thesis has been to understand the effect of the viral infection (direct-mediated by the presence of the virus in the vector and indirect mediated by the chemical and physical changes originated in the plant as a consequence of the viral infection) on the behaviour and biological efficacy of the vector Aphis gossypii Glover and its consequences in the epidemiology of two viral diseases, one with non-persistent transmission (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV, Cucumovirus) and another with persistent transmission (Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus, CABYV, Polerovirus). The first objective of this Thesis was the study of the indirect effect of the nonpersistent virus CMV on the feeding behaviour and preference of the aphid A. gossypii in cucumber plants. The results of the alighting and settling behaviour studies showed that aphids exhibited no preference to migrate from CMV-infected to mock-inoculated plants at short time intervals (1, 10 and 30 min after release), but showed a clear shift in preference to migrate from CMV-infected to mock-inoculated plants 60 min after release. Our free-choice preference assays showed that A. gossypii alates preferred CMV-infected over mockinoculated plants at an early stage (30 min), but this behaviour was reverted at a later stage and aphids preferred to settle and reproduce on mock-inoculated plants. The electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique revealed a sharp change in aphid probing behaviour over time when exposed to CMV-infected plants. At the beginning (first 15 min) aphid vectors dramatically increased the number of short superficial probes and intracellular punctures when exposed to CMV-infected plants. At a later stage (second hour of recording) aphids diminished their feeding on CMV-infected plants as indicated by much less time spent in phloem salivation and ingestion (E1 and E2). This particular probing behaviour including an early increase in the number of short superficial probes and intracellular punctures followed by a phloem feeding deterrence is known to enhance the transmission efficiency of viruses transmitted in a NP manner. We conclude that CMV induces specific changes in a plant host that modify the alighting, settling and probing behaviour of its main vector A. gossypii, leading to optimum transmission and spread of the virus. The second objective of this work was to evaluate the effects that the persistently aphid transmitted Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV) can induce directly and indirectly on the alighting, settling and probing behaviour activities of the cotton aphid A. gossypii. Only minor direct changes on aphid feeding behaviour was observed due to CABYV when viruliferous aphids fed on mock-inoculated plants. However, the feeding behaviour of non-viruliferous aphids was very different on CABYV-infected than on mockinoculated plants. Non-viruliferous aphids spent longer time feeding from the phloem when plants were infected by CABYV than on mock-inoculated plants, suggesting that CABYV indirectly manipulates aphid feeding behaviour through its shared host plant in order to favour viral acquisition. The vector alighting and settling preference was compared between nonviruliferous and viruliferous aphids. Viruliferous aphids showed a clear preference for mockinoculated over CABYV-infected plants at short and long time, while such behaviour was not observed for non-viruliferous aphids. Overall, our results indicate that CABYV induces changes in its host plant that modifies aphid feeding behaviour in a way that virus acquisition from infected plants is enhanced. Once the aphids become viruliferous they prefer to settle on healthy plants, leading to optimize the transmission and spread of the virus. The third objective was to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of CABYV and indirect effects of the CMV on the A. gossypii fitness. Obtained results for the persistent virus CABYV showed that the virus did not modify the vector fitness in cucumber or cotton plants. None of the evaluated variables was statistically significant (development time (d), intrinsic growth rate (rm), mean relative growth rate (RGR) and total number of nymphs). On the other hand, data obtained for the non-persistent virus (CMV) showed an indirect effect of the virus on the vector fitness. Thus, the rm and RGR were higher for aphids grown on CMV-infected plants compared to aphids grown on mock-inoculated plants. Overall, the obtained results are clear examples of how plant viruses could manipulate directly and indirectly vector behaviour to optimize its own dispersion. These results are important for a better understanding of transmission, dispersion and epidemiology of plant viruses transmitted by vectors. This information could be also considered to design or adjust simulation models and dispersion patterns that describe plant virus epidemics.

Water Deficit and Spatial Pattern of Leaf Development. Variability in Responses Can Be Simulated Using a Simple Model of Leaf Development1

We analyzed the effect of short-term water deficits at different periods of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) leaf development on the spatial and temporal patterns of tissue expansion and epidermal cell division. Six water-deficit periods were imposed with similar and constant values of soil water content, predawn leaf water potential and [ABA] in the xylem sap, and with negligible reduction of the rate of photosynthesis. Water deficit did not affect the duration of expansion and division. Regardless of their timing, deficits reduced relative expansion rate by 36% and relative cell division rate by 39% (cells blocked at the G0-G1 phase) in all positions within the leaf. However, reductions in final leaf area and cell number in a given zone of the leaf largely differed with the timing of deficit, with a maximum effect for earliest deficits. Individual cell area was only affected during the periods when division slowed down. These behaviors could be simulated in all leaf zones and for all timings by assuming that water deficit affects relative cell division rate and relative expansion rate independently, and that leaf development in each zone follows a stable three-phase pattern in which duration of each phase is stable if expressed in thermal time (C. Granier and F. Tardieu [1998b] Plant Cell Environ 21: 695–703).

Does a Low Nitrogen Supply Necessarily Lead to Acclimation of Photosynthesis to Elevated CO2?1

Long-term exposure of plants to elevated partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) often depresses photosynthetic capacity. The mechanistic basis for this photosynthetic acclimation may involve accumulation of carbohydrate and may be promoted by nutrient limitation. However, our current knowledge is inadequate for making reliable predictions concerning the onset and extent of acclimation. Many studies have sought to investigate the effects of N supply but the methodologies used generally do not allow separation of the direct effects of limited N availability from those caused by a N dilution effect due to accelerated growth at elevated pCO2. To dissociate these interactions, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown hydroponically and N was added in direct proportion to plant growth. Photosynthesis did not acclimate to elevated pCO2 even when growth was restricted by a low-N relative addition rate. Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity and quantity were maintained, there was no evidence for triose phosphate limitation of photosynthesis, and tissue N content remained within the range recorded for healthy wheat plants. In contrast, wheat grown in sand culture with N supplied at a fixed concentration suffered photosynthetic acclimation at elevated pCO2 in a low-N treatment. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in the quantity of active ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and leaf N content.

Analysis of Respiratory Chain Regulation in Roots of Soybean Seedlings1

Changes in the respiratory rate and the contribution of the cytochrome (Cyt) c oxidase and alternative oxidase (COX and AOX, respectively) were investigated in soybean (Glycine max L. cv Stevens) root seedlings using the 18O-discrimination method. In 4-d-old roots respiration proceeded almost entirely via COX, but by d 17 more than 50% of the flux occurred via AOX. During this period the capacity of COX, the theoretical yield of ATP synthesis, and the root relative growth rate all decreased substantially. In extracts from whole roots of different ages, the ubiquinone pool was maintained at 50% to 60% reduction, whereas pyruvate content fluctuated without a consistent trend. In whole-root immunoblots, AOX protein was largely in the reduced, active form at 7 and 17 d but was partially oxidized at 4 d. In isolated mitochondria, Cyt pathway and succinate dehydrogenase capacities and COX I protein abundance decreased with root age, whereas both AOX capacity and protein abundance remained unchanged. The amount of mitochondrial protein on a dry-mass basis did not vary significantly with root age. It is concluded that decreases in whole-root respiration during growth of soybean seedlings can be largely explained by decreases in maximal rates of electron transport via COX. Flux via AOX is increased so that the ubiquinone pool is maintained in a moderately reduced state.

Spatial and Temporal Analyses of Expansion and Cell Cycle in Sunflower Leaves1 : A Common Pattern of Development for All Zones of a Leaf and Different Leaves of a Plant

We have investigated the spatial distributions of expansion and cell cycle in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) leaves located at two positions on the stem, from leaf initiation to the end of expansion. Relative expansion rate (RER) was analyzed by following the deformation of a grid drawn on the lamina; relative division rate (RDR) and flow-cytometry data were obtained in four zones perpendicular to the midrib. Calculations for determining in situ durations of the cell cycle and of S-G2-M in the epidermis are proposed. Area and cell number of a given leaf zone increased exponentially during the first two-thirds of the development duration. RER and RDR were constant and similar in all zones of a leaf and in all studied leaves during this period. Reduction in RER occurred afterward with a tip-to-base gradient and lagged behind that of RDR by 4 to 5 d in all zones. After a long period of constancy, cell-cycle duration increased rapidly and simultaneously within a leaf zone, with cells blocked in the G0-G1 phase of the cycle. Cells that began their cycle after the end of the period with exponential increase in cell number could not finish it, suggesting that they abruptly lost their competence to cross a critical step of the cycle. Differences in area and in cell number among zones of a leaf and among leaves of a plant essentially depended on the timing of two events, cessation of exponential expansion and of exponential division.

(Table 2) Aragonite, high and low magnesium calcite, major elements, bioclast and planktic foraminifera from ODP Hole 133-817A

Investigation of the Middle Miocene-Pleistocene succession in cores at ODP Site 817A (Leg 133), drilled on the slope south of the Queensland Plateau, identified the various material fluxes contributing to sedimentation and has determined thereby the paleogeographic events which occurred close to the studied area and influenced these fluxes. To determine proportions of platform origin and of plankton origin of carbonate mud, two reference sediments were collected: (1) back-reef carbonate mud from the Young Reef area (Great Barrier Reef); and (2) Late Miocene chalk from the Loyalty Basin, off New Caledonia. Through their biofacies and mineralogical and geochemical characters, these reference sediments were used to distinguish the proportions of platform and basin components in carbonate muds of 25 core samples from Hole 817A. Two "origin indexes" (i1 and i2) relate the proportion in platform and basin materials. The relative sedimentation rate is inferred from the high-frequency cycles determined by redox intervals in the cores. Bulk carbonate deposited in each core has been calculated in two ways with close results: (1) from calcimetric data available in the Leg 133 preliminary reports (Davies et al., 1991); and (2) from average magnetic susceptibility of cores, a value negatively correlated to the average carbonate content. Vertical changes in sedimentation rates, in carbonate content, in origin indexes and in "linear fluxes" document the evolution of sediment origins from platform carbonates, planktonic carbonates and insoluble material through time. These data are augmented with the variations in organic-matter content through the 817A succession. The observed changes and their interpretation are not modified by compaction, and are compatible with major paleogeographic events including drowning of the Queensland Plateau (Middle Miocene-Early Pliocene) and the renewal of shallow carbonate production, (1) during the Late Pliocene, and (2) from the Early Pleistocene. The birth and growth of the Great Barrier Reef is also recorded from 0.5 Ma by a strengthening of detrital carbonate deposition and possibly by a lack of clay minerals in the 4 upper cores, a response to trapping of terrigenous material behind this barrier. In addition, a maximum of biological silica production is displayed in the Middle Miocene. These changes constrain the time of events and the sequence-stratigraphy framework some components of which are transgression surface, maximum flooding surface and low-stand turbidites. Sedimentation rates and material fluxes show cycles lasting 1.75 Myr. Whatever their origin (climatic and/or eustatic) these cycles affected the planktonic production primarily. The changes also show that major carbonate variations in the deposits are due to a dilution effect by insoluble material (clay, biogenic silica and volcanic glasses) and that plankton productivity, controlling the major fraction of carbonate sedimentation, depends principally on terrigenous supplies, but also on deep-water upwelling. Accuracy of the method is reduced by redeposition, reworking, and probable occurrence of hiatuses.

Report of Special committee I [-V] ...

"Issued for consideration in advance of a national transportation conference."

A simple proof of the strong subadditivity inequality

Arguably the deepest fact known about the von Neumann entropy, the strong subadditivity inequality is a potent hammer in the quantum information theorist's toolkit. This short tutorial describes a simple proof of strong subadditivity due to Petz [Rep. on Math. Phys. 23 (1), 57-65 (1986)]. It assumes only knowledge of elementary linear algebra and quantum mechanics.

Effect of root zone temperature on oilseed rape (Brassica napus) response to boron

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is sensitive to low boron (B) supply, and its growth response to B may be influenced by soil temperature. To test the relationship between B and temperature, oilseed rape (cv. Hyola 42) seedlings were grown at 10 degrees C (low) root zone temperature (RZT) with B supply from deficient to adequate B levels until growth of low B plants just began to slow down. Half of the pots were then transferred to 20 degrees C (warm) RZT for 11 days before they were moved back to 10 degrees C RZT for the final 4 days. Both plant dry mass and B uptake increased after plants were exposed to warm RZT. However, plant B deficiency was exacerbated by warm RZT in low B plants because of increased relative growth rate and shoot-root ratio without a commensurate increase in B uptake rate. It is concluded that RZT above the critical threshold for chilling injury in oilseed rape can nevertheless affect the incidence of B deficiency by altering shoot-root ratio and hence the balance between shoot B demand and B uptake.

Onset of sheath extension and duration of lamina extension are major determinants of the response of maize lamina length to plant density

Background and Aims Plants regulate their architecture strongly in response to density, and there is evidence that this involves changes in the duration of leaf extension. This questions the approximation, central in crop models, that development follows a fixed thermal time schedule. The aim of this research is to investigate, using maize as a model, how the kinetics of extension of grass leaves change with density, and to propose directions for inclusion of this regulation in plant models. • Methods Periodic dissection of plants allowed the establishment of the kinetics of lamina and sheath extension for two contrasting sowing densities. The temperature of the growing zone was measured with thermocouples. Two-phase (exponential plus linear) models were fitted to the data, allowing analysis of the timing of the phase changes of extension, and the extension rate of sheaths and blades during both phases. • Key Results The duration of lamina extension dictated the variation in lamina length between treatments. The lower phytomers were longer at high density, with delayed onset of sheath extension allowing more time for the lamina to extend. In the upper phytomers—which were shorter at high density—the laminae had a lower relative extension rate (RER) in the exponential phase and delayed onset of linear extension, and less time available for extension since early sheath extension was not delayed. • Conclusions The relative timing of the onset of fast extension of the lamina with that of sheath development is the main determinant of the response of lamina length to density. Evidence is presented that the contrasting behaviour of lower and upper phytomers is related to differing regulation of sheath ontogeny before and after panicle initiation. A conceptual model is proposed to explain how the observed asynchrony between lamina and sheath development is regulated.

Growth curve of the lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum

Data on the growth curve of the lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum were obtained by measuring the radial growth rates (mm per 1.5 years) of 39 thalli from 2 to 65 mm in diameter growing in the same environment. An Aplin and Hill plot (r2 – r1 against ln r2 – ln r1) of the data and regression analyses suggested an initial phase of growth (up to a diameter of about 7 mm) in which the relative growth rate increased rapidly. This was followed by a phase in which the relative growth rate fell but the radial growth rate continued to rise (7 to 20 mm in diameter). Radial growth was then relatively constant until about 45 mm diameter and then declined. The Aplin and Hill model did not fit the data as a whole but may apply for a transient period in thalli between about 7 and 16 mm in diameter. The curve shows some similarities to that suggested by lichenometric studies but differs in showing a less steep decline in growth rate after the ‘great’ period.

Growth phases in the life of a lichen thallus

The growth rates of thalli of foliose saxicolous lichens before and after the linear phase of growth were measured in 1973. Changes in the radial growth rate (measured as mm/year) with thallus size in the prelinear phase (thalli less than approximately 1.5 cm in diameter) were consistent with the hypothesis that early growth of these lichens is loagarithmic. When growth in the prelinear phase was measured as a relative growth rate (measured as sq cm/sq cm/year) there was a rapid rise in growth rate until about 3 mm thallus diameter and then a decline in growth rate. The radial growth rate of non-fragmenting thalli when compared with fragmenting thalli at different stages of fragmentation suggested that radial growth rate does not significantly decline after fragmentation of the thallus. This result is not consistent with a postlinear phase in the radial growth of a lichen thallus.

Sequential, Bayesian geostatistics:a principled method for large data sets

The principled statistical application of Gaussian random field models used in geostatistics has historically been limited to data sets of a small size. This limitation is imposed by the requirement to store and invert the covariance matrix of all the samples to obtain a predictive distribution at unsampled locations, or to use likelihood-based covariance estimation. Various ad hoc approaches to solve this problem have been adopted, such as selecting a neighborhood region and/or a small number of observations to use in the kriging process, but these have no sound theoretical basis and it is unclear what information is being lost. In this article, we present a Bayesian method for estimating the posterior mean and covariance structures of a Gaussian random field using a sequential estimation algorithm. By imposing sparsity in a well-defined framework, the algorithm retains a subset of “basis vectors” that best represent the “true” posterior Gaussian random field model in the relative entropy sense. This allows a principled treatment of Gaussian random field models on very large data sets. The method is particularly appropriate when the Gaussian random field model is regarded as a latent variable model, which may be nonlinearly related to the observations. We show the application of the sequential, sparse Bayesian estimation in Gaussian random field models and discuss its merits and drawbacks.

A weakly-supervised Bayesian model for violence detection from social media

Social streams have proven to be the mostup-to-date and inclusive information on cur-rent events. In this paper we propose a novelprobabilistic modelling framework, called violence detection model (VDM), which enables the identification of text containing violent content and extraction of violence-related topics over social media data. The proposed VDM model does not require any labeled corpora for training, instead, it only needs the in-corporation of word prior knowledge which captures whether a word indicates violence or not. We propose a novel approach of deriving word prior knowledge using the relative entropy measurement of words based on the in-tuition that low entropy words are indicative of semantically coherent topics and therefore more informative, while high entropy words indicates words whose usage is more topical diverse and therefore less informative. Our proposed VDM model has been evaluated on the TREC Microblog 2011 dataset to identify topics related to violence. Experimental results show that deriving word priors using our proposed relative entropy method is more effective than the widely-used information gain method. Moreover, VDM gives higher violence classification results and produces more coherent violence-related topics compared toa few competitive baselines.