Financiaci��n a la I+D+i en las peque��as y medianas industrias

En el presente trabajo se efectu�� un estudio sobre la financiaci��n a las actividades de Investigaci��n, Desarrollo e Innovaci��n Tecnol��gica (I+D+i) de las peque��as y medianas industrias (PYMI) del estado Bol��var, Venezuela. El Estado Bol��var se ha caracterizado por poseer una gran riqueza que se manifiesta en las reservas de los principales recursos minerales tales como oro, diamante, hierro y bauxita, estos dos ��ltimos han permitido la instalaci��n de empresas b��sicas para el desarrollo de la industria sider��rgica y del aluminio.Adem��s, cuenta con el parque industrial metalmec��nico m��s grande del pa��s concentrando un gran n��mero de Peque��as y Medianas Industrias (PYMIS). Sin embargo, no se ha desarrollado integralmente, debido a que las PYMI no han orientando sus esfuerzos, en desarrollar e innovar en nuevos productos o en mejoras de procesos debido a la poca capacidad y baja inversi��n en I+D+i. Los resultados de este trabajo indican que la PYMI enfrenta una serie de problemas que afectan negativamente las actividades de I+D+i debido a la dificultad para obtener financiamiento ya que el sector financiero no posee los instrumentos adecuados para atender a las PYMI de acuerdo con su tama��o y especificidad, la falta de apoyo de las grandes empresas de la zona para la sustituci��n de las importaciones y la falta asistencia de asociaciones profesio nales y de otras instituciones u organismos. Finalmente, se proponen estrategias para mejorar las pol��ticas de financiamiento a las actividades de I+D+i en el estado Bol��var.

Capacidades y potencialidades end��genas, de los centros y laboratorios de investigaci��n y desarrollo tecnol��gico, en las ��reas de materiales y mec��nica de Ciudad Guayana, Venezuela

El Estado Bol��var cuenta con una super���cie de 238.000 Kms2 se encuentra ubicado al sur-este de Venezuela y su capital es Ciudad Bol��var. La regi��n se ha caracterizado a nivel mundial por poseer una gran riqueza que se mani���esta en las reservas de los principales recursos minerales tales como oro, diamante, manganeso, hierro y bauxita, estos dos ��ltimos han permitido la instalaci��n de empresas b��sicas para el desarrollo de la industria sider��rgica y del aluminio, ubicados en Ciudad Guayana, Adem��s cuenta con el parque industrial metalmec��nico m��s grande del pa��s concentrando un gran numero de Peque��as y Medianas Industrias (PYMIS). En tal sentido el sector productivo de Guayana no se ha desarrollado integralmente, debido a que no ha orientando sus esfuerzos, en desarrollar e innovar en nuevos productos o mejoras de procesos debido a la poca capacidad y baja inversi��n en Investigaci��n y Desarrollo Tecnol��gico (I&DT), para transformar nuestras materias primas y generar productos competitivo con un alto valor agregado. El presente proyecto se planteo como objetivo principal Dise��ar Estrategias para Desarrollar las Capacidades y Potencialidades End��genas, de los Centros y Laboratorios de Investigaci��n y Desarrollo, para la Vinculaci��n y Fortalecimiento de las PYMIS de Manufacturas en las ��reas de Materiales y Mec��nica.

Sistema regional de innovaci��n para el fortalecimiento de la I+D+i, en el sector industrial del estado Bol��var, Venezuela

El Estado Bol��var cuenta con excelentes recursos de materias primas tales como el mineral de hierro y bauxita, y de profesionales especializados, los cuales representan oportunidades para mejorar las ventajas competitivas de una de las zonas industriales m��s grande de Latinoam��rica. Para aprovechar tales ventajas se debe cambiar el modelos de pol��tica industrial actual de exportar en el mayor porcentaje productos primarios y semielaborados a trav��s de las empresa b��sicas instaladas en la zona, a otro modelo econ��mico basado en pol��tica de innovaci��n para la diversificaci��n de nuevos productos, soportados en la transformaci��n de las Peque��as y Medianas Industrias (PYMIS) del estado Bol��var, consolidando las empresas en organizaciones innovadoras que generen, aporten o adapten los conocimientos cient��ficos y tecnol��gicos, obteniendo nuevos productos o mejoras de procesos con un alto contenido de valor agregado. Estos cambios avanzar��n en la medida que se logren articular e integrar los actores que forman parte del Sistema Regional de Innovaci��n (SRI). El presente proyecto se planteo como objetivo dise��ar estrategias para desarrollar y articular las capacidades de los actores del SRI para el fortalecimiento de la I+D+i en el sector industrial de las cadenas sider��rgicas y del aluminio del estado Bol��var.

Dise��o de una Metodolog��a de Pol��tica P��blica de I+D+i para el Desarrollo de la Capacidad de la Innovaci��n en el Sector PYMIS del estado Bol��var, Venezuela

El estado Bol��var con una superficie de 238.000 Km2 se encuentra ubicado al SE de Venezuela y su capital es Ciudad Bol��var. Ocupa el 26,24% de la superficie del territorio nacional. Ciudad Guayana es la principal regi��n del desarrollo econ��mico del estado siendo sede de las empresas b��sicas de los sectores sider��rgicos y del aluminio que se encargan de la extracci��n, procesamiento y transformaci��n del mineral de hierro y de la transformaci��n de la bauxita en aluminio primario. Adem��s, cuenta con un gran potencial hidroel��ctrico, garantizando el suministro de energ��a el��ctrica para el funcionamiento de las empresas b��sicas, para el parque industrial de la regi��n, as�� como para el desarrollo industrial, econ��mico y social de la naci��n. Con relaci��n al sector de la industria del mineral de hierro y del aluminio, las empresas destinan m��s del 60 por ciento de su producci��n al mercado internacional. A pesar de que el sector de las Peque��as y Medianas Industrias (PYMIS) del estado Bol��var cuenta con un mercado cercano y seguro, no se le ha propiciado un desarrollo integral en t��rminos de orientar sus esfuerzos en innovar en nuevos productos o mejoras de procesos. Debido a la falta del personal de investigaci��n calificado, la escasa vinculaci��n con centros de investigaci��n, la baja inversi��n en investigaci��n, desarrollo tecnol��gico e innovaci��n (I+D+i), la ausencia de la aplicaci��n de una pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i y la desarticulaci��n de los miembros del Sistema Regional de Innovaci��n (SRI), constituyen los principales obst��culos para generar bienes y servicios con un alto valor agregado. Esta situaci��n desequilibra y hace ineficiente el funcionamiento del SRI. La baja capacidad de las PYMIS del estado Bol��var en I+D+i, es una situaci��n que impide generar por si sola nuevos productos o procesos para satisfacer las demandas del mercado regional. Por lo tanto, se requiere de la intervenci��n y participaci��n activa de la instituci��n gubernamental responsable del dise��o y aplicaci��n de una pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i para dinamizar la capacidad de innovaci��n en las PYMIS, en su articulaci��n y vinculaci��n con los miembros del SRI. xiii El presente proyecto se plante�� como objetivo dise��ar una metodolog��a de pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i para liderar, coordinar y direccionar el SRI del estado Bol��var, para el desarrollo de la capacidad de innovaci��n en el sector industrial y espec��ficamente en las PYMIS. La presente tesis representa una investigaci��n no experimental de tipo proyectivo que analiza la situaci��n actual del Sistema Regional de Innovaci��n del estado Bol��var. El an��lisis de los resultados se ha dividido en tres fases. En la primera se realizan diagn��sticos por medio de encuestas de las PYMIS en materia de I+D+i, de los centros y laboratorios de investigaci��n pertenecientes a las universidades de la regi��n en el ��rea de Materiales y de los sectores financieros p��blico y privado. En dichas encuestas se eval��a el nivel de integraci��n con los entes gubernamentales que definen y administran la pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i. En la segunda fase, con el diagn��stico y procesamiento de los resultados de la primera fase, se procede a desarrollar un an��lisis de las fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas (FODA) del Sistema Regional de Innovaci��n, permitiendo comprender la situaci��n actual de la relaci��n y vinculaci��n de las PYMIS con los centros de investigaci��n, instituciones financieras y entes gubernamentales. Con la problem��tica detectada, result�� necesario el dise��o de estrategias y un modelo de gesti��n de pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i para la articulaci��n de los miembros del SRI, para el apoyo de las PYMIS. En la tercera fase se dise��a la metodolog��a de pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i para fortalecer la innovaci��n en las PYMIS. La metodolog��a se representa a trav��s de un modelo propuesto que se relaciona con las teor��as de los procesos de innovaci��n, con los modelos de sistemas de innovaci��n y con las reflexiones y recomendaciones hechas por diferentes investigadores e instituciones de cooperaci��n internacional referentes a la aplicaci��n de pol��ticas p��blicas de I+D+i para dinamizar la capacidad de innovaci��n en el sector industrial. La metodolog��a dise��ada es comparada con diferentes modelos de aplicaci��n de pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i. Cada modelo se representa en una figura y se analiza su xiv situaci��n presente y la funci��n que desempe��a el ente gubernamental en la aplicaci��n del enfoque de pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i. El dise��o de la metodolog��a de pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i propuesta aportar�� nuevos conocimientos y podr�� ser aplicado para apoyar el progreso de la I+D+i en las PYMIS de la regi��n, como caso de estudio, con el fin de impulsar una econom��a m��s competitiva y reducir el grado de dependencia tecnol��gica. La metodolog��a una vez evaluada podr�� ser empleada en el contexto de la gran industria y en otras regiones de Venezuela y adem��s, puede aplicarse en otros pa��ses con caracter��sticas similares en su tejido industrial. En la tesis doctoral se concluye que el desarrollo de la capacidad de innovaci��n en las PYMIS depende del dise��o y aplicaci��n de la pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i como elemento dinamizador y articulador del SRI del estado Bol��var. xv ABSTRACT The Bolivar state with an area of 238,000 km2 is located in the SE of Venezuela and its capital is Ciudad Bolivar. It occupies a surface which is 26.24% of the national territory. Ciudad Guayana is the main area of the state's economic development and the location of the corporate headquarters of the basic steel and aluminum sectors that are responsible for the extraction, processing and transformation of iron ore and bauxite processing for primary aluminum. It also has a great hydroelectric potential, ensuring the supply of electricity for the operation of enterprises, for the regional industrial park as well as for the industrial, economic and social development of the nation. With regard to the iron ore and aluminum industry, companies allocate more than 60 percent of their production to the international market. Although the sector of Small and Medium Industries (SMIs) of the Bolivar state has a secure market, it has not been led to an integral development in terms of targeting its efforts on innovating new products or improving processes. Due to the lack of qualified research staff, poor links with research centers, low investment in research, technological development and innovation (R & D & I), the absence of the implementation of a public policy for R & D & I and the dismantling of the members of the Regional Innovation System (RIS), are the main obstacles to generate goods and services with high added value. This situation makes the RIS unbalanced and inefficient. The low capacity of Bolivar state���s SMIs in R & D & I, is a situation that cannot generate by itself new products or processes to meet regional market demands. Therefore, it requires the active involvement and participation of the government institution responsible for the design and implementation of R & D & I public policy to boost the innovation capacity in SMIs, through the connection and integration with members of the RIS. This project is intended to design a methodology aimed at public policy for R & D & I to lead, coordinate and direct the RIS of Bolivar state, for the development of innovation capacity in the industrial sector and specifically in the SMIs. xvi This thesis is an experimental investigation of projective type which analyzes the current situation of the Regional Innovation System of the Bolivar state. The analysis of the results is divided into three phases. In the first one, a diagnosis is performed through surveys of SMIs in R & D & I centers and research laboratories belonging to the universities of the region in the area of materials and public and private financial sectors. In such surveys the level of integration with government agencies that define and manage the public policy of R & D & I is assessed. In the second phase, with the diagnosis and processing of the results of the first phase, we proceed to develop an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of the Regional Innovation System, allowing the comprehension of the current status of the relationship of SMIs with research centers, financial institutions and government agencies. With the problems identified it was necessary to design strategies and a model of public policy management of R & D & I for the articulation of the members of the RIS, to support the SMIs. In the third phase a public policy methodology for R & D & I is designed in order to strengthen innovation in SMIs. The methodology is shown through a proposed model that relates to the theories of the innovation process, with models of innovation systems and with the discussions and recommendations made by different researchers and institutions of international cooperation concerning the implementation of policies public for R & D & I to boost innovation capacity in the industrial sector. The methodology designed is compared with different models of public policy implementation for R & D & I. Each model is represented in a figure and its current situation and the role of the government agency in the implementation of the public policy approach to R & D & I is analyzed. The design of the proposed public policy methodology for R & D & I will provide new knowledge and can be applied to support the progress of R & D & I in the region���s SMIs, as a case study, in order to boost a more competitive economy and reduce the degree of technological dependence. After being evaluated the methodology can be used in the context of big industry and in other regions of Venezuela and can also be applied in other countries with similar characteristics in their industrial structure. xvii The thesis concludes that the development of the innovation capacity in SMIs depends on the design and implementation of the public policy for R & D & I as a catalyst and coordination mechanism of the Regional Innovation System of the Bolivar state.

Avalia����o do potencial de utiliza����o de esp��cies leguminosas, arb��reas e arbustivas, noduladas e micorrizadas, na revegeta����o de barragem de rejeitos da Companhia Mineira de Metais, Vazante, MG

O processo de beneficiamento do zinco, extra��do em Vazante pela Companhia Mineira de Metais - CMM produz um rejeito alcalino e com baixa disponibilidade de nutrientes. Esta disserta����o tem como objetivo avaliar o potencial de utiliza����o de esp��cies leguminosas noduladas e micorrizadas na revegeta����o de barragem de rejeito da CMM. Neste sentido, foram instalados dois experimentos de campo onde foi realizado o plantio pr��vio de Brachiaria sp. O primeiro experimento foi composto por 36 tratamentos que foram formados por uma combina����o de 17 esp��cies + 1 testemunha (aus��ncia de plantas) na presen��a e na aus��ncia de esterco de curral (2,0 L) na cova de plantio. Cada unidade experimental foi formada por 20 exemplares da mesma esp��cie que foram plantadas em covas abertas manualmente (25 x 25 x 25 cm) num espa��amento de 2 x 2 m. Todas as covas receberam a aduba����o b��sica formada por 125 g de superfosfato simples e 60 g de cloreto de pot��ssio. Entre as 17 esp��cies avaliadas, 3 n��o pertencem a fam��lia Leguminosae e receberam, al��m da aduba����o b��sica, cerca de 25 g de sulfato de am��nio por cobertura. O segundo experimento foi montado com o objetivo de avaliar o potencial de esp��cies leguminosas beneficiarem o estabelecimento e crescimento de esp��cies n��o leguminosas na revegeta����o de barragem de rejeito da CMM. Foram utilizadas tr��s esp��cies leguminosas (Enterolobium scomburkii, Acacia mangium e Acacia holosericea) e tr��s n��o leguminosas (Lithraea brasiliensis, Cinnamomum glaziovii e Eugenia jambolana) num esquema fatorial (3 x 3) + 1 testemunha, formando dez tratamentos distribu��dos em blocos ao acaso com tr��s repeti����es. Cada parcela foi formada por 20 plantas (10 leguminosas + 10 n��o leguminosas) plantadas em espa��amento 2 x 2 m e com a mesma aduba����o b��sica utilizada no primeiro experimento. Todas as esp��cies leguminosas utilizadas foram previamente inoculadas com estirpes selecionadas de bact��rias fixadoras de Nitrog��nio atmosf��rico e com uma mistura de fungos micorr��zicos provenientes da Embrapa/Agrobiologia. Os experimentos foram avaliados quanto ao estabelecimento e crescimento de plantas (altura e di��metro do colo) aos 4, 12 e 24 meses ap��s o plantio. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que dentre as esp��cies avaliadas, as mais indicadas para a primeira etapa da revegeta����o da barragem de rejeito da CMM s��o: Acacia holosericea, Acacia farnesiana, Acacia auriculiformis, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, Leucaena leucocephala, Mimosa birmucronata, Enterolobium schomburkii e Prosopis juliflora. O sucesso do cons��rcio de esp��cies leguminosas e n��o leguminosas depende da escolha das esp��cies a serem combinadas, de maneira que n��o exista uma efetiva competi����o por ��gua, nutrientes e luz que possa prejudicar as esp��cies de menor plasticidade. Das combina����es avaliadas, as de maiores potencialidades para o programa de revegeta����o das barragens de rejeito da CMM s��o aquelas envolvendo a esp��cieLithraea brasiliensis.

Contribui����o �� geologia do macico alcalino de Po��os de Caldas

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo da geologia do maci��o alcalino de Po��os de Caldas. Pela sua ��rea, que �� da ordem de 800 quil��metros quadrados, �� considerado um dos maiores complexos formados exclusivamente por rochas nefel��nicas. Possui forma el��ptica, com 35 Km no sentido NE-SW e 30 Km no sentido NW-SE, e ainda, um "stock" de foia��to com cerca de 10 quil��metros quadrados. �� W limita-se com a bacia sedimentar do Paran�� e �� E com os contrafortes da serra da Mantiqueira. O maci��o est�� encaixado entre o granito e gnaisse, que nos quadrantes SE e, em menor escala, no quadrante NW, foi afetado metassomaticamente pelo processo de fenitiza����o, principalmente ao longo da dire����o de xistosidade. No quadrante NW, o fenito �� de cor cinza esverdeada e no quadrante SE sua cor �� vermelha. O maci��o �� constitu��do principalmente por rochas nefel��nicas, tingua��tos e foia��tos, mas possui em seu interior rochas anteriores �� intrus��o alcalina. S��o sedimentos e rochas vulc��nicas formadas por tufos, brechas, aglomerados e lavas ankaratr��ticas. Os sedimentos acompanham o contato com o gnaisse e afloram em maior extens��o nas ��reas W e S do complexo. A base do pacote sedimentar consta de camadas argilo-arenosas, com estratifica����o horizontal e o topo �� formado por arenitos com estratifica����o cruzada. Acham-se perturbados e mergulham, no geral, para o interior do maci��o. Sobre os sedimentos foram depositados brechas, tufos e lavas, que formam uma faixa cont��nua no bordo N-W. Nas brechas predominam fragmentos de sedimentos, gnaisse, diab��sio e lavas. O cimento �� rico em quartzo detr��tico arredondado. Na diag��nese, a a����o de solu����es hidrotermais �� evidenciada pelo aparecimento de biotita aut��gena em um feltro de microcristais de aegerina e apatita. No cimento, a calcita secund��ria �� muito comum, chegando a substituir parcial ou totalmente o quartzo. As lavas ankaratr��ticas, quase sempre em espessos derrames, formam freq��entemente aglomerados. Vest��gios de rochas vulc��nicas s��o encontrados em quase todo o bordo interno, indicando que a atividade vulc��nica abrangeu grande ��rea. Ap��s essa atividade vulc��nica formaram-se fonolitos, tingua��tos e foia��tos, com freq��entes passagens de um tipo de rocha a outro. Os tingua��tos constituem a maior ��rea do complexo e apresentam grande uniformidade. Em algumas ��reas, principalmente nas proximidades de Cascata, afloram variedades com pseudoleucita e analcita. Os foia��tos s��o intrusivos no tingua��to, mas a "mise-en-place" provavelmente deu-se contemporaneamente, sugerida pela passagem, n��o raro gradual de uma rocha a outra. Al��m dos v��rios tipos de foia��tos, equigranulares e traquit��ides, afloram em pequena extens��o lujaurito e chibinito. Para o mecanismo da intrus��o, �� admitido o levantamento de blocos do embasamento cristalino, que precedeu a atividade vulc��nica. Durante ou ap��s a atividade vulc��nica, deu-se o abatimento da parte central com forma����o de fendas radiais e circulares, que permitiram a subida do magma. A exist��ncia, mesmo no atual est��gio de eros��o, de pequenas ��reas de material vulc��nico perturbado pela intrus��o, indica que o abatimento n��o foi total, tendo parte do teto servido de encaixante para a forma����o dos tingua��tos e diferencia����o de foia��tos. Na periferia formou-se o grande dique anelar de tingua��to, com mergulhos verticais ou quase verticais, de espessura vari��vel, formando um anel quase completo. A dedu����o da forma geom��trica da intrus��o de tingua��tos da parte central do maci��o �� dificultada pela grande homogeneidade mineral e textural das rochas. O abatimento iniciou-se no centro, onde a intensidade deste fen��meno deu-se em maior escala, sendo anterior �� forma����o do dique anelar. Evidenciando este fato, observamos no interior do dique numerosos xen��litos de rochas do interior do maci��o. Finalizando os eventos magm��ticos na regi��o, deu-se a intrus��o dos foia��tos sob a forma de diques menores cortando o grande dique anelar. A sequ��ncia das intrus��es parece ser do centro para a periferia, contrariando a observada na maioria das intrus��es alcalinas. O planalto �� formado de duas ��reas geomorfologicamente distintas: a maior, com drenagem anelar e a menor, com relevo entre juventude e maturidade, na qual predomina a drenagem radial. �� prov��vel que parte do sistema de drenagem obede��a ��s dire����es principais de diaclases. Ap��s a atividade do magma alcalino, ocorreram falhamentos em grande ��rea, das quais o principal formou o "graben" E-W que tangencia o bordo sul do complexo. Os recursos minerais s��o representados por jazidas de bauxita e de minerais zircon��feros como zirc��o, caldasita, badeleyta, nos quais h�� teores vari��veis de ur��nio, e os dep��sitos de t��rio s��o formados a partir de fen��menos ligados a processos hidrotermais, que destru��ram os minerais prim��rios e possibilitaram a posterior precipita����o em fendas.

Utiliza����o do res��duo grosso do beneficiamento da scheelita em aplica����es rodovi��rias

Mining is an activity of great economic and social value, assisting in the development of the country. However, it can be extremely harmful to the environment if no proper waste management study exists as mitigation measure its effects. Sample some of these harmful effects are pollution: water, through the seepage of waste into the groundwater; soil; of fauna and flora; sound (due to the noise of machines); visual from the residue stored in the open, changing the local landscape; and air. One way to mitigate environmental impacts caused by mining is the proper management of their waste through their use on highways. To that end, this paper proposes to give an appropriate destination to grit coming from the beneficiation of scheelite, due to mining activity from mining group Tomaz Salustino in Breju�� mine, located in the city of Currais Novos in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. This work was developed in four stages. The first comprised the chemical and mineralogical tests, DRX and FRX in which they sought to discover the composition of the material studied. The next step involved the physical characteristics of the waste by means of specific tests and grinding the solid mass, LL and LP. The third stage included the specific tests applied to the pavement, with the compaction test and test Index Support California. Finally, the fourth stage was the mechanical characterization, represented by direct shear tests, both in the flooded condition and not in flooded condition. The technical feasibility of using the modified energie compacted in layers of subbase power has been verified. In normal and intermediate energies is feasible to use less noble as layers as the subgrade. The incorporation of the waste in layers of road pavements provide an alternative to conventionally used in paving aggregates, providing a proper disposal of tailings from scheelite, as well as environmental preservation

Metodologia para implanta����o de um sistema de disposi����o de rejeitos em min��rio de ferro na regi��o do semi��rido: estudo de caso

Tailings dams are structures that aims to retain the solid waste and water from mining processes. Its analysis and planning begins with searching of location for deployment, step on which to bind all kinds of variables that directly or indirectly influence the work, such as geological, hydrological, tectonic, topographic, geotechnical, environmental, social characteristics, evaluation security risks, among others. Thus, this paper aims to present a study on the most appropriate and secure type of busbar to design a layout structure of iron ore tailings, taking into account all the above mentioned variables. The case study involves the assessment of sites for location of dams of tailings disposal beneficiation of iron mine to be built in Bonito, in the municipality of Jucurutu in Serid�� Potiguar. For site selection among alternatives, various aspects of the current state of the art were considered, one that causes the least environmental impact, low cost investment, adding value to the product and especially the safety of the implanted structure mitigates the concern about induced earthquakes as a result of liquefaction wastes somatized by dams in the region, as the tilling of Mina Bonito is located practically in the hydraulic basin dam Armando Ribeiro in environmental protection (APA). The methodology compares induced by dams in the semiarid region with the characteristics of the waste disposal and sterile seismicity, taking into account the enhancement of liquefaction by the action of seismicity in the Mina Bonito region. With the fulcrum in the methodology, we indicated the best busbar type for disposal of tailings from iron ore or combination of them, to be designed and built in semiarid particularly for Mina Bonito. Also presents a number of possible uses for the tailings and in engineering activities, which may cause processing to the common good.

Produ����o de filtrantes ativados a partir de aproveitamento de res��duos: uma proposta para a prote����o respirat��ria ocupacional

A Prote����o Respirat��ria Ocupacional �� atualmente uma exig��ncia legal do Minist��rio do Trabalho e Emprego para garantia da sa��de e seguran��a de milhares de trabalhadores que labutam com exposi����o habitual a subst��ncias nocivas que possam ocasionar doen��as ocupacionais por inala����o de ar contaminado no local de trabalho, cuja principal via de penetra����o no organismo humano �� o Sistema Respirat��rio. Carv��es ativados s��o materiais obtidos a partir de fontes carbon��ceas e utilizados como elemento tecnol��gico filtrante nos equipamentos destinados a prote����o respirat��ria individual. Fomentada por esse contexto, e visando potencializar conceitos de eco-efici��ncia e sustentabilidade em produ����o de materiais, este trabalho destina-se a produ����o de carv��o ativado com potencial filtrante a partir de um rejeito agr��cola abundante na regi��o Nordeste do Brasil atrav��s de uma rota que favorece carboniza����o e ativa����o simult��neas, seguido de neutraliza����o t��rmica. A biomassa precursora foi caracterizada por Ensaios padr��es para determina����o do teor de umidade e cinzas, An��lise Qu��mica Elementar, An��lises T��rmicas (TG e DSC) e Distribui����o Granulom��trica por difra����o a laser. As amostras de carv��es ativos sintetizadas foram caracterizadas por Difra����o de Raios X (DRX), Medidas de ��rea espec��fica por BET, Microscopia Eletr��nica de Varredura (MEV), An��lise assistida com ultravioleta vis��vel e Redu����o �� Temperatura Programada (TPR) por Am��nia. A rota empregada favorece uma tecnologia alternativa para o aproveitamento de res��duos e aplic��vel para a Prote����o Respirat��ria Ocupacional. A atmosfera de queima influencia diretamente na produ����o. A temperatura de carboniza����o variou conforme a estabilidade t��rmica da amostra. A cristalinidade, morfologia, teor mineral��gico, ��rea superficial espec��fica e a adsor����o em fase l��quida e gasosa variaram em fun����o da intera����o do res��duo precursor com o tipo e concentra����o de ��cido utilizado. Os ensaios de adsor����o demonstraram a efetividade da ativa����o segundo a rota experimental proposta. O potencial catal��tico dos materiais produzidos para uso em m��scaras respirat��rias foi evidenciado pelo ensaio de TPR. O processo de produ����o estudado se mostrou eficaz para obten����o dos carv��es promovendo processamentos e aplica����es mais nobres para materiais cujo uso tem sido restrito a meras aplica����es prim��rias ou descarte, mas cujo potencial tecnol��gico �� amplo, empreendedor, sustent��vel, vi��vel em escala industrial e de baixo custo.

Utiliza����o da cinza da casca de arroz em cimenta����o de po��os de petr��leo

Pozzolanic materials such as rice husk ash are widely used to substitute part of cement, because they react with calcium hydroxide (CH) producing calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), which aggregate better physical, chemical and mechanical properties to the cement slurry. The usage of rice husk biomass ash from agribusiness in addition to or partially replacing cement is a noble purpose and a good way of sustainable development which currently is an obsession around the world. The ashes utilized in this study were characterized by: scanning electron microscopy technique (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and BET method. The pozzolanic activity of RHA and WRHA in cement slurries was evaluated by: thermal-gravimetric technique and derivative thermogravimetry (TGA/DTG), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Compressive Strength. The slurries formulated with additions of 10% and 20% of RHA and WRHA were cured for 28 days at 58 ��C. The results of thermal analysis demonstrated that a 20% WRHA addition caused a reduction of approximately 73% of Portlandite (calcium hydroxide ��� CH) phase related to standard slurry (STD). The XRD scans also demonstrated the reduction of the Portlandite peaks��� intensity for each slurry compared with STD slurry. The RHA and WRHA react chemically with Portlandite producing calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), confirming their effect as a pozzolanic agent. The WRHA presented the best results as a pozzolanic material.

Caracteriza����o de um comp��sito utilizando cimento com agregado de res��duo pl��stico e res��duo de gesso

The demand for environmental comfort in construction systems within the insulation and thermal comfort, plus the advent of new laws regulating the minimum requirements of comfort, disposal of solid industrial waste, construction waste, the requirements of consumers by adopting construction methods "cleaner", encouraged the development of this work. Aims technologically characterize the composite proposed in three types of samples (10%, 30% and 50% of thermoset plastic industrial waste) and raw materials: gypsum waste, cement and plastic thermosetting industrial waste in order to produce the composite with properties of thermal insulation: conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat and resistivity. The physical, structural and morphological properties of the raw materials were investigated by thermogravimetry analysis (TG / DSC), X-ray diffraction (DRX), X-ray fluorescence (FXR) and scanning electron microscopy (MEV). Obtaining mechanical properties through the compression strength test. The analysis results indicate characteristics suitable for cement matrix composite production with the addition of thermosetting plastic industrial waste and gypsum waste, with potential application of these materials in composites with properties of thermal insulation. Finally, assessing what proportion showed up with better performance. Considering the analysis and testing carried out.

Caracteriza����o de um comp��sito utilizando cimento com agregado de res��duo pl��stico e res��duo de gesso

The demand for environmental comfort in construction systems within the insulation and thermal comfort, plus the advent of new laws regulating the minimum requirements of comfort, disposal of solid industrial waste, construction waste, the requirements of consumers by adopting construction methods "cleaner", encouraged the development of this work. Aims technologically characterize the composite proposed in three types of samples (10%, 30% and 50% of thermoset plastic industrial waste) and raw materials: gypsum waste, cement and plastic thermosetting industrial waste in order to produce the composite with properties of thermal insulation: conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat and resistivity. The physical, structural and morphological properties of the raw materials were investigated by thermogravimetry analysis (TG / DSC), X-ray diffraction (DRX), X-ray fluorescence (FXR) and scanning electron microscopy (MEV). Obtaining mechanical properties through the compression strength test. The analysis results indicate characteristics suitable for cement matrix composite production with the addition of thermosetting plastic industrial waste and gypsum waste, with potential application of these materials in composites with properties of thermal insulation. Finally, assessing what proportion showed up with better performance. Considering the analysis and testing carried out.

An��lise das principais vari��veis na flota����o industrial do complexo de minera����o de Tapira - MG

Faced with an agribusiness expansion scenario and the increase in fertilizer consumption due to the exponential growth of the population, it is necessary to make better use of existing reserves, by obtaining products of better quality and in adequate quantities to meet demand national. In Tapira Mining Complex, Vale Fertilizantes, the phosphate concentrate is produced with content of 35.0% P2O5 from ore with content of about 8.0% P2O5, which are intended to supply Complex Industrial Uberaba and Arax�� Minero Chemical Complex for the production of fertilizers. The industrial flotation step responsible for the recovery of P2O5 and hence the viability of the business is divided into the crumbly, grainy and ultrathin circuits, and, friable and granular concentrate comprise the conventional concentrated. Today only 14.7% of the mass which feeds the mill product becomes, the remainder being considered losses in the process, and the larger mass losses are located in the waste of flotation, representing 42.3%. From 2012 to 2014, the daily global mass recovery processing plants varied from 12.4 to 15.9% while the daily metallurgical recovery of P2O5 from 48.7 to 82.4%. By the degree of variability, it appears that the plant operated under different conditions. Seen this, this study aimed to analyze the influence of operational and process variables in P2O5 mass and metallurgical recoveries of industrial flotation circuits of grainy, crumbly and ultrathin. And besides was made an analysis of the effect of ore variables, as degrees, hardnesse and the ore front 02 percentage, in global recoveries of processing plant and the effect of dosages of reagents in the recoveries obtained from the bench flotation using the experimental design methodology. All work was performed using the historical database of Vale Fertilizantes of Tapira-MG, where all independent variables were dimensionless as the experimental range used. To make the statistical analysis it used the response surface technique and the values of the independent variables that maximize recoveries were found by canonical analysis. In the study of industrial flotation circuit crispy were obtained from 41.3% mass recovery and 91.3% metallurgical recovery P2O5, good values for the circuit, and the highest recoveries occur for solids concentration of the new flotation power between 45 and 50%, which values are assigned to the residence time of the pulp in cells and industrial flotation columns. The greater the number of ore heaps resumed on the higher the mass recovery, but in this scenario flotation becomes unstable because there is enormous weight variation in the feed. Higher recoveries are obtained for mass depressant dosage exceeding 120 g / t for synthetic collector dosage of 11.6%. In the study of industrial flotation circuit of the granulate were obtained 28.3% to 79.4% mass recovery and metallurgical recovery of P2O5 being considered good values for the circuit. Higher recoveries are obtained when the front ore 02 percentage is above 90%, because the ore of this front have more clear apatite. Likewise recoveries increase when the level of pulp rougher step is highest due to the high mass of circulating step receives loads. In the analysis of industrial flotation circuit of the ultrafine were obtained 23.95% of mass recovery, and the same is maximized to depressant dosage and the top collector 420 and 300 g / t, respectively. The analysis of the influence of variables ore, it was observed that higher recoveries are obtained for ores with P2O5 content above 8.0%, Fe2O3 content in the order of 28% forward and 02 of ore percentage of 83%. Hard ore percentage has strong influence on recoveries due to mass division in the circuit that is linked to this variable. However, the hard ore percentage that maximizes recoveries was very close to the design capacity of the processing plant, which is 20%. Finally, the study of the bench flotation, has noted that in friable and granular circuits the highest recoveries are achieved for a collector dosage exceeding 250 g / t and the simultaneous increase of collector dosage and synthetic collector percentage contributes to the increase recovery in the flotation, but this scenario is suitable to produce a concentrate poorer in terms of P2O5 content, showing that higher recovery is not always the ideal scenario. Thus, the results show the values of variables that provide higher recoveries in the flotation and hence lower losses in the waste.

An��lise microestrutural de misturas cer��micas de gr��s porcelanato com adi����o de chamote de telhas cer��micas

MELO, Maxymme Mendes de ; PINHEIRO, Andrea Santos ; NASCIMENTO, R. M. ; MARTINELLI, Antonio Eduardo ; DUTRA, Ricardo Peixoto Suassuna ; MELO, Marcus Ant��nio de Freitas . An��lise microestrutural de misturas cer��micas de gr��s Porcelanato com adi����o de chamote de telhas cer��micas. Cer��mica (S��o Paulo. Impresso), v. 55, p. 356-364, 2009

An��lise microestrutural de misturas cer��micas de gr��s porcelanato com adi����o de chamote de telhas cer��micas

MELO, Maxymme Mendes de ; PINHEIRO, Andrea Santos ; NASCIMENTO, R. M. ; MARTINELLI, Antonio Eduardo ; DUTRA, Ricardo Peixoto Suassuna ; MELO, Marcus Ant��nio de Freitas . An��lise microestrutural de misturas cer��micas de gr��s Porcelanato com adi����o de chamote de telhas cer��micas. Cer��mica (S��o Paulo. Impresso), v. 55, p. 356-364, 2009