Sociedade de Geografia do Rio de Janeiro: identidade e espaço nacional (1883-1909)

Criada em 1883 por um grupo de políticos e intelectuais da Corte Imperial, a Sociedade de Geografia do Rio de Janeiro teve como meta sistematizar os conhecimentos geográficos disponíveis. Com o advento da República, a entidade passou por uma série de percalços, uma vez que os novos governantes a identificavam como um reduto monarquista. Apesar das dificuldades, a Sociedade continuou a desenvolver suas atividades. A geografia fornecia o conhecimento necessário para resolver os problemas do Estado, tais como o desconhecimento do território nacional e a necessidade de novas vias de comunicação. Com intuito de resolver tais questões, os seus associados esforçaram-se colocando a ciência a serviço da nação.

Trapping success and population analysis of Siren lacertina and Amphiuma means

Siren and Amphiuma are two poorly known genera of aquatic salamanders that occur in the Southeastern United States. A primarily bottom-dwelling existence makes these salamanders difficult to detect with conventional sampling methodologies. Therefore, the current status of their populations is unknown. I compared the capture success of modified crayfish traps and plastic minnow traps in capturing these salamanders. In addition, a mark-recapture study of S. lacertina (Greater siren) and A. means (Two-toed amphiuma) was conducted at Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge (southern Georgia) and at Katharine Ordway Preserve (north-central Florida) from August 2001 until September 2002. Crayfish traps were much more successful than minnow traps in catching siren and amphiuma. Crayfish traps yielded 270 captures for an overall capture success of 16%, whereas minnow traps yielded only 13 captures for an overall success rate of 0.05%. In addition, several marking techniques were evaluated, and of these, only passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags were retained for the duration of the study. Therefore, I recommend this marking technique for long-term monitoring of S. lacertina and A. means. Several variables were found to have significant effects on capture rates of salamanders. A. means were most often captured in summer and the number of captures was positively correlated with water temperature, water level, and rainfall. S. lacertina were most often captured during winter and spring. Number of captures was negatively correlated with water temperature, while no relationship was found with water level or rainfall. Trap day and baiting had no significant effect on number of A. means or S. lacertina captured. Recapture probabilities of both species were low, 0.025-0.03 for S. lacertina and 0.08-0.11 for A. means. Monthly survival rates were high, 0.77-0.97 for A. means and 0.88-1.00 for S. lacertina. Density estimates of 1.3 salamanders/m2 (S. lacertina) and 0.28 salamanders/m2 (A. means) were obtained for Lake Suggs using Jolly-Seber models. Siren and amphiuma make up a substantial part of wetland biomass and can impact many other wetland species. Thus, more attention must be focused on evaluating and monitoring their populations.

The ecology of Atlantic white cedar wetlands: a community profile

This monograph on the ecology of Atlantic white cedar wetlands is one of a series of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service profiles of important freshwater wetland ecosystems of the United States. The purpose of the profile is to describe the extent, components, functioning, history, and treatment of these wetlands. It is intended to provide a useful reference to relevant scientific information and a synthesis of the available literature. The world range of Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) is limited to a ribbon of freshwater wetlands within 200 km of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, extending from mid-Maine to mid-Florida and Mississippi. Often in inaccessible sites and difficult to traverse, cedar wetlands contain distinctive suites of plant species. Highly valued as commercial timber since the early days of European colonization of the continent, the cedar and its habitat are rapidly disappearing. This profile describes the Atlantic white cedar and the bogs and swamps it dominates or codominates throughout its range, discussing interrelationships with other habitats, putative origins and migration patterns, substrate biogeochemistry, associated plant and animal species (with attention to those that are rare, endangered, or threatened regionally or nationally), and impacts of both natural and anthropogenic disturbance. Research needs for each area are outlined. Chapters are devoted to the practices and problems of harvest and management, and to an examination of a large preserve recently acquired by the USFWS, the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge in North Carolina.

Patterns of genetic variation in the endangered European mink (Mustela lutreola L., 1761)

Background: The European mink (Mustela lutreola, L. 1761) is a critically endangered mustelid, which inhabits several main river drainages in Europe. Here, we assess the genetic variation of existing populations of this species, including new sampling sites and additional molecular markers (newly developed microsatellite loci specific to European mink) as compared to previous studies. Probabilistic analyses were used to examine genetic structure within and between existing populations, and to infer phylogeographic processes and past demography. Results: According to both mitochondrial and nuclear microsatellite markers, Northeastern (Russia, Estonia and Belarus) and Southeastern (Romania) European populations showed the highest intraspecific diversity. In contrast, Western European (France and Spain) populations were the least polymorphic, featuring a unique mitochondrial DNA haplotype. The high differentiation values detected between Eastern and Western European populations could be the result of genetic drift in the latter due to population isolation and reduction. Genetic differences among populations were further supported by Bayesian clustering and two main groups were confirmed (Eastern vs. Western Europe) along with two contained subgroups at a more local scale (Northeastern vs. Southeastern Europe; France vs. Spain). Conclusions: Genetic data and performed analyses support a historical scenario of stable European mink populations, not affected by Quaternary climate oscillations in the Late Pleistocene, and posterior expansion events following river connections in both North-and Southeastern European populations. This suggests an eastern refuge during glacial maxima (as already proposed for boreal and continental species). In contrast, Western Europe was colonised more recently following either natural expansions or putative human introductions. Low levels of genetic diversity observed within each studied population suggest recent bottleneck events and stress the urgent need for conservation measures to counteract the demographic decline experienced by the European mink.

Observations on Fisheries Activities at Navassa Island

Unmanaged and unquantified artisanal fishing is ongoing at Navassa Island, a small oceanic island about 70 km west of Haiti that is part of the U.S. Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge. Concern has been expressed regarding the possible impact of these fishing activities on reef resources, and no quantitative catch or effort data are available. However, informal qualitative observations made during a cruise in November 2002 suggest that escalation in fishing activity (and impact) has occurred since previous observations made in April 2000. Namely, size structure of fish was markedly reduced and the adoption of net fishing has allowed the exploitation of queen conch, Strombas gigas, and hawksbill turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata.

Reef Habitats in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Abundance, Distribution, Associated Biological Communities, and Fishery Resource Use

One particular habitat type in the Middle Atlantic Bight is not well recognized among fishery scientists and managers, although it is will known and used by recreational and commercial fisheries. This habitat consists of a variety of hard-surface, elevated relief "reef" or reef-like environments that are widely distributed across the predominantly flat or undulating, sandy areas of the Bight and include both natural rocky areas and man-made structures, e.g. shipwrecks and artificial reefs. Although there are natural rock and shellfish reefs in southern New England coastal waters and estuaries throughout the Bight, most reef habitats in the region appear to be man-made reef habitat modification/creation may be increasing. Very little effort has been devoted to the study of this habitat's distribution, abundance, use by living marine resources and associated biological communities (except on estuarine oyster reefs) and fishery value or management. This poorly studied and surveyed habitat can provide fish refuge from trawls and can be a factor in studies of the distribution and abundance of a variety of reef-associated fishery resources. This review provides a preliminary summary of information found on relative distribution and abundance of reef habitat in the Bight, the living marine resources and biological communities that commonly use it, threats to this habitat and its biological resources, and the value or potential value of artificial reefs to fishery or habitat and its biological resources, and the value or potential value of artificial reefs to fishery or habitat managers. The purpose of the review is to initiate an awareness among resource managers about this habitat, its role in resource management, and the need for research.

Untrawlable Bottom in Shrimp Statistical Zones of the Northwest Gulf of Mexico

The Gulf of Mexico Fisheries Management Council tasked the National Marine Fisheries Service with determining the extent, if any, of loss oft rawlable bottom in the Gulf of Mexico based upon fishing industry concerns. There are approximately 31 million hectares in the 21 shrimp statistical zones in the Gulf, approximately 23 million hectares of waters that are <35 fathoms (where most shrimp trawling effort occurs), and approximately 11 million hectares in zones 10-21, <35f athoms, which were examined. There are 31,338 known hangs, snags, artificial reefs, hazards to navigation, oil rigs, and similar obstructions which cause trawling to be unfeasible in these zones. There are several refuge (i.e. untrawlable) areas associated with the Alabama Artificial Reefs. Conservatively assuming 1 hectare for each known obstruction, coupled with the known area of each refuge, the estimate of total untrawlable bottom in zones 10-21 less than 35 fathoms in the Gulf is 185,953 hectares, or roughly 1.7% of this total trawlable area. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the robustness of this assumption, with a range of 0.3-4.3% possible. In specific shrimp zones, untrawlable area is much less than 1% except in zones 10 (26%) and 11(2.5%), both of which possess a refuge. Other than the implementation periods of these refugia, no temporal trends were detectable with respect to the amount of untrawlable bottom.

Occurrence and Behavior of Juvenile Red Snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, on Commercial Shrimp Fishing Grounds in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico

Red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, is subject to significant overfishing in U.S. Gulf of Mexico waters, and regulations are being implemented to reduce fishing mortality and restore them to a 20% spawning potential ratio by the year 2009. One source of mortality that must be reduced to achieve this goal is the incidental capture ofjuvenile red snappers in shrimp, Penaeus spp., trawls. NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service is conducting research to develop shrimp trawl modifications to reduce the snapper bycatch. An important part of this research is the study of juvenile red snapper behavior on commercial shrimp grounds and in relation to trawling gear. An area of high juvenile red snapper abundance was identified off the coast of Mississippi. Most snappers were observed around structures or objects on the bottom which they appeared to use for refuge or orientation. Those ranging over barren bottom had no apparent point of orientation. When encountered by shrimp trawls, most juvenile snappers rose above the trawl footrope and fell back into the trawl. These observations have directed research toward modifying shrimp trawls to release juvenile red snappers after entry, rather than preventing them from entering a shrimp trawl.

Regional study on social dimensions of MPA practice in Central America: cases studies from Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras and Panama

This research focuses on the social dimensions of marine conservation, and makes an assessment of the experiences of coastal and fi shing communities with regard to the governance of MPAs in Central America, based on case studies from Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. It examines the national contexts of the above countries in relation to the governance of MPAs. Furthermore, it analyzes the social impacts of MPAs on coastal communities by gathering the experiences and the voices of the communities and institutions involved, and reflects on how to build bridges in the search for forms and models of conservation that respect human rights and which are able to successfully integrate into local development efforts without affecting cultural and/or social patterns. To this end, this monograph looks at nine case studies across the region: in Honduras, the Islas de la Bahia-Guanaja Marine National Park, the Cayos Cochinos Marine Archipelago Natural Monument, and the Cuero and Salado Wildlife Refuge; in Nicaragua, the Chacocente Wildlife Refuge; in Costa Rica, the Guanacaste Conservation Area, the Ballena Marine National Park and the Golfo Dulce Responsible Fishing Area; and, in Panama, the Nargana Protected Area, in the Comarca de la Biosfera Guna-Yala, the Bastimentos Island Marine National Park, and Bocas del Toro.

O refúgio no direito internacional contemporâneo: entre a segurança nacional e a proteção do indivíduo

O direito internacional dos refugiados constitui um dos mais importantes mecanismos de proteção internacional do indivíduo, sendo objeto de Convenção com alto número de ratificações e de legislação nacional ainda mais protetiva. Não obstante o amplo acervo normativo disponível, desenvolvido para lidar com os desafios impostos pelos frequentes fluxos migracionais que marcaram a primeira metade do século XX, fenômenos recentes tornaram evidente a necessidade de revisão, ainda que parcial, de sua estrutura. Políticas de controle de fronteiras adotadas na Europa levaram ao incremento do fluxo de refugiados entre Estados do Sul. Paralelamente, a transferência de parte do controle para fora das águas territoriais europeias fenômeno observado também no sudeste asiático põe o direito internacional dos refugiados em confronto com a regulamentação do direito do mar. Enquanto isto, o Brasil, por não possuir histórico recente relevante de recebimento de migrantes, enfrenta grande dificuldade para garantir até mesmo o reconhecimento da condição de refugiado. Neste contexto, é imprescindível o enfrentamento de tais problemas, compatibilizando o instituto do refúgio com as necessidades das primeiras décadas do século XXI.

A guide to the deep-water sponges of the Aleutian Island Archipelago

The first dedicated collections of deep-water (>80 m) sponges from the central Aleutian Islands revealed a rich fauna including 28 novel species and geographical range extensions for 53 others. Based on these collections and the published literature, we now confirm the presence of 125 species (or subspecies)of deep-water sponges in the Aleutian Islands. Clearly the deep-water sponge fauna of the Aleutian Islands is extraordinarily rich and largely understudied. Submersible observations revealed that sponges, rather than deep-water corals, are the dominant feature shaping benthic habitats in the region and that they provide important refuge habitat for many species of fish and invertebrates including juvenile rockfish (Sebastes spp.) and king crabs (Lithodes sp). Examination of video footage collected along 127 km of the seafloor further indicate that there are likely hundreds of species still uncollected from the region, and many unknown to science. Furthermore, sponges are extremely fragile and easily damaged by contact with fishing gear. High rates of fishery bycatch clearly indicate a strong interaction between existing fisheries and sponge habitat. Bycatch in fisheries and fisheries-independent surveys can be a major source of information on the location of the sponge fauna, but current monitoring programs are greatly hampered by the inability of deck personnel to identify bycatch. This guide contains detailed species descriptions for 112 sponges collected in Alaska, principally in the central Aleutian Islands. It addresses bycatch identification challenges by providing fisheries observers and scientists with the information necessary to adequately identify sponge fauna. Using that identification data, areas of high abundance can be mapped and the locations of indicator species of vulnerable marine ecosystems can be determined. The guide is also designed for use by scientists making observations of the fauna in situ with submersibles, including remotely operated vehicles and autonomous underwater vehicles.

伞形科囊瓣芹属的系统学研究

囊瓣芹属Pternopetalum Franchet是伞形科Apiaceae/Umbelliferae芹亚科Apioideae芹族Apieae重要成员。全属包括约32个分类群（包括变种），分布于南朝鲜、日本、中国的西南部和邻近的喜马拉雅地区，中国西南部的横断山区是其多样性中心。典型的东亚特有格局和对东亚亚热带森林环境的偏爱是其东亚区系故有份子的特征。 基于19个标本馆标本材料、野外调查以及相应的实验证据，本博士论文从三个研究主题对囊瓣芹属展开了全面而系统的研究。一是通过标本观察和野外调查，利用标本管理系统BRAHMS和表型分析软件包DELTA系统，完成了囊瓣芹属的世界性分类修订；二是基于上述的分类方案，选择伞形科其它属的44个种作为参考性类群（Reference taxa），利用Winclada, NONA和MESQUITE软件包开展了分支系统学研究；三是基于坐标化的点分布数据，利用DIVA-GIS系统的生态位模型，进行潜在分布预测和生态地理分布特征的分析。研究的主要初步结论如下： 一、分类修订 根据对19个标本馆标本材料（包括85个模式采集）的考证，以及对云南、四川、贵州等地野外居群的观察，结合DELTA系统的表型分析，本研究确认囊瓣芹属包含14个种，提出了14个新异名，属下分为东亚囊瓣芹组Sect. I. Pteridophyllae H. Wolff和囊瓣芹组Sect. II. Pternopetalum H. Wolff两个组的分类方案。前者包括东亚囊瓣芹P. tanakae (Sav. & Franchet) Hand.-Mazz.、高山囊瓣芹P. subalpinum Hand.-Mazz.、洱源囊瓣芹P. molle (Franchet) Hand.-Mazz.等5个种；后者包括五匹青P. vulgare (Dunn) Hand.-Mazz.、囊瓣芹P. davidii Franchet和澜沧囊瓣芹P. delavayi (Franchet) Hand.-Mazz.等9个种。萼齿、花柱基、和花柱的形态是区别两个组比较好的形态学特征。叶的着生位置、最终末回裂片的形状（是否异形）、分裂回数以及伞形花序着生的位置和果棱表面的附属构造是种间识别有用的检索特征。 二、系统发育分析 根据如上的14个种的分类方案，另外选取了伞形科小芹属Sinocarum H. Wolff、丝瓣芹属Acronema Falc. ex Edgew.和鸭儿芹属Cryptotaenia L.等10个属共44种作为参考类群，基于63个广义形态学性状和58个种的形态学矩阵，利用最大简约法对囊瓣芹属进行了分支分析。结果表明，囊瓣芹属的14个种与日本特有单型的仙洞草Chamaele decumbens (Thunb.)Makino.形成一个单独分支，处于分支图的基部位置。表明囊瓣芹属与鸭儿芹属有较近的亲缘关系。长枝吸引可能是造成Chamaele Miq.与东亚囊瓣芹分支的非正常聚合的原因。囊瓣芹属可能是单系内群，但它与Chamaele Miq.属间关系需要进一步研究。属下形成以五匹青P. vulgare和东亚囊瓣芹P. tanakae为代表的两个主干演化线。分支进化（Cladogenesis）在两个主干演化线形成了形态和地理上对称分布的“种对”。根据形态特征的变异和地理分布，这些“种对”分为三种类型：1、形态上多变而地理上广布的类型，以东亚囊瓣芹P. tanakae和五匹青P. vulgare为代表；2、形态上稳定地理上狭域特有的类型，以薄叶囊瓣芹P. leptophyllum (Dunn)Hand.-Mazz. 和川鄂囊瓣芹P. rosthornii (Diels) Hand.-Mazz.为代表；3、形态上趋同而多变，地理分布上几乎完全重叠的类型，以洱源囊瓣芹P. molle和澜沧囊瓣芹P. delavayi为代表。 性状状态的分析显示，属下形态特征的趋异具有较强的同朔性。不等长的伞辐和花梗，以及囊状的花瓣基部三个形态学特征可以标识包括仙洞草在内的囊瓣芹分支。祖征状态的重建表明，东亚囊瓣芹分支相对保留了更多的祖征，是属下相对原始的类型；五匹青分支是后期生境需求的特化，适应潮湿和荫蔽环境的衍生类型。 三、生态地理分布 基于1128个坐标化的点分布数据和生态位模型，利用地理信息系统软件包DIVA-GIS对囊瓣芹属的物种多样性、现代地理分布、潜在分布进行了分析。结果表明，二郎山-峨眉山地区以及重庆金佛山及其临近地区是囊瓣芹属的两个主要的多样性中心。分布区内局部尺度上的异常性多样性（Diversity abnormalies）可能有两个来源：一是高的异质性生境条件下物种形成速率的差异；二是中国西南山地的“冰原岛峰效应”（Nunataks），比如峨眉山和金佛山，对属的早期演化线成员所起到的“避难所”（Refuge）的作用。 所预测的潜在分布范围与观察到的地理分布范围是一致的，说明对特化的气候忍耐性是限制囊瓣芹属物种地理分布的主要因素。温度和降水的季节性变化对囊瓣芹属代表中的地理分布限制作用比较大。亚热带-高山针阔常绿林是属下物种比较适宜的生境。属的地理分布可能形成于中新世以后，生态位的保守性是解释囊瓣芹属东亚本土就地分化和多样化的原因。属的分布范围的形成可能经历了一个早期南退西进的过程，后期分布范围变化可能主要是东西方向上的迁移和扩展。喜马拉雅—横断山—峨眉山/金佛山/神农架—日本、南朝鲜一线是囊瓣芹属多样化过程中分布范围东西延伸的重要通道。喜马拉雅—中国西南—日本朝鲜亚热带森林植被的完整性和连续性是囊瓣芹属演化和分布区形成的基本条件。

Fisheries databases for assessing habitat functions of Cape Romain NWR

The US Fish and Wildlife Service Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge (CRNWR) and the Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research (CCEHBR) at Charleston are interested in assessing the status of our coastal resources in light of increased coastal development and recreational use. Through an Interagency Agreement (FWS #1448-40181-00-H-001), an ecological characterization was undertaken to describe the status of and potential impacts to resources at CRNWR. This report describes historic fisheries-independent or non-commercial data relevant to CRNWR that can be used to evaluate the role of the Refuge as habitat for nearshore and offshore fish species. The purpose of this document is two-fold, first to give resource managers an understanding of fisheries data that have been collected over the years and, second, to illustrate how these data can be applied to address specific management issues. This report provides an overview of historic fisheries data collected along the southeast coast, as well as basic summaries of that data relevant to CRNWR, indicating how these data can be used to address specific questions of interest to Refuge managers and biologists.

Habitat availability and heterogeneity and the Indo-Pacific warm pool as predictors of marine species richness in the tropical Indo-Pacific

Range overlap patterns were observed in a dataset of 10,446 expert-derived marine species distribution maps, including 8,295 coastal fishes, 1,212 invertebrates (crustaceans and molluscs), 820 reef-building corals, 50 seagrasses and 69 mangroves. Distributions of tropical Indo-Pacific shore fishes revealed a concentration of species richness in the northern apex and central region of the Coral Triangle epicenter of marine biodiversity. This pattern was supported by distributions of invertebrates and habitat-forming primary producers. Habitat availability, heterogeneity and sea surface temperatures were highly correlated with species richness across spatial grains ranging from 23,000 to 5,100,000 km2 with and without correction for autocorrelation. The consistent retention of habitat variables in our predictive models supports the area of refuge hypothesis which posits reduced extinction rates in the Coral Triangle. This does not preclude support for a center of origin hypothesis that suggests increased speciation in the region may contribute to species richness. In addition, consistent retention of sea surface temperatures in models suggests that available kinetic energy may also be an important factor in shaping patterns of marine species richness. Kinetic energy may hasten rates of both extinction and speciation. The position of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool to the east of the Coral Triangle in central Oceania and a pattern of increasing species richness from this region into the central and northern parts of the Coral Triangle suggests peripheral speciation with enhanced survival in the cooler parts of the Coral Triangle that also have highly concentrated available habitat. These results indicate that conservation of habitat availability and heterogeneity is important to reduce extinction and that changes in sea surface temperatures may influence the evolutionary potential of the region.

An ecological characterization of the marine resources of Vieques, Puerto Rico. Part I: Historical data synthesis

From the 1940s until 2003, portions of the island of Vieques, a municipality within the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, were used by the US Navy as a base and training facility, resulting in development and zoning history that differ in comparison to other Caribbean islands. The majority of former Navy lands are now under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior’s Fish and Wildlife Service as a National Wildlife Refuge, while a smaller percentage of land was transferred to the Vieques municipality and the Puerto Rico Conservation Trust. An analysis of the distribution and status of the marine resources is timely in light of the recent land transfer, increases in development and tourism, and potential changes in marine zoning around the island. To meet this need, NOAA’s Biogeography Branch, in cooperation with the Office of Response and Restoration and other local and regional partners, conducted Part I of an ecological characterization to integrate historical data and research into a synthesis report. The overall objective of this report is to provide resource managers and residents a comprehensive characterization of the marine resources of Vieques to support research, monitoring, and management. For example, knowledge of the spatial distribution of physical features, habitats, and biological communities is necessary to make an informed decision of the establishment and placement of a marine protected area (MPA). The report is divided into chapters based on the physical environment (e.g., climate, geology, bathymetry), habitat types (e.g., reefs and hardbottom, seagrasses, mangroves) and major faunal groups (e.g. fish, turtles, birds). Each section includes five subsections: an overview, description of the relevant literature, methods of analysis, information on the distribution, status and trends of the particular resource, and a discussion of ecological linkages with other components of the Vieques marine ecosystem and surrounding environment. The physical environment of Vieques is similar to other islands within the Greater Antilles chain, with some distinctions. The warm, tropical climate of Vieques, mediated by the northeasterly trade winds, is characterized by a dry season (December-April) and a rainy season (May-November), the latter of which is characterized by the occasional passage of tropical cyclones. Compared to mainland Puerto Rico, Vieques is characterized by lower elevation, less annual precipitation, and higher average temperatures. The amount of annual precipitation also varies spatially within Vieques, with the western portion of the island receiving higher amounts of rainfall than further east. While the North Equatorial Current dominates the circulation pattern in the Greater Antilles region, small scale current patterns specific to Vieques are not as well characterized. These physical processes are important factors mitigating the distribution and composition of marine benthic habitats around Vieques. In general, the topography of Vieques is characterized by rolling hills. Mt. Pirata, the tallest point at 301 m, is located near the southwest coast. In the absence of island wide sedimentation measurements, information on land cover, slope, precipitation, and soil type were used to estimate relative erosion potential and sediment delivery for each watershed. While slope and precipitation amount are the primary driving factors controlling runoff, land use practices such as urban development, military activity, road construction, and agriculture can increase the delivery of pollution and sediments to coastal waters. Due to the recent land transfer, increased development and tourism is expected, which may result in changes in the input of sediments to the coastal environment.