Desenvolvimento e calibração de fotômetro solar para medições da profundidade óptica por aerossóis e coluna de água precipitável

Instrumentation is a tool of fundamental importance for research in several areas of human knowledge. Research projects are often unfeasible when data cannot be obtained due to lack of instruments, especially due to impor ting difficulties and the high costs there associated. Thus, in order to collaborate with the enhancement of a national technology, a multiband hand - held sun p hotometer (FSM - 4) was developed to operate in the 500 nm, 670 nm, 870 nm and 940 nm bands. In the 500 nm, 670 nm and 870 nm bands aerosols are monitored for evaluation of the AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth), and the PWC (Precipitable Water Column) is evaluated in the 940 nm band. For the development of the mech anical and electronic parts for the FSM - 4, th e materials and componen ts should combine low cost and quality of the data collected. The calibration process utilized the Langley method (ML) and Modified Langley Method (MLM). These methods are usually applied at high altitudes in order to provide atmosp heric optical stability. This condition however can be found in low height sites as shown in the research by Liu et al. (2010). Thus, for calibration of the FSM - 4, we investigated the atmospher ic optical stability utilizing the ML and MLM at a site in the cit y of Caicó / RN, located in the s emiarid region in northeastern Brazil. This site lies in a region far aw ay from large urban centers and activities generating anthropogenic atmospheric pollution. Data for calibration of the prototype were collected usin g the FSM - 4 in two separate operations during the dry season, one in December 2012 and another in September 2013. The methodologies showed optical atmospheric instability in the studied region through the dispersion of the values obtained for the calibrati on constant. This dispersion is affected by the variability of AOD and PWC during the appl ication of the above mentioned methods . As an alternative to the descr ibed sun photometer calibration , a short study was performed using the sun photometer worldwide network AERONET/NASA (AERsol RObotic NETwork – US Space Agency), installed in Petrolina / PE in Brazil. Data were collected for three days utilizing the AERONET instruments and the FSM - 4, operating simultaneously on the same site. By way of the ML and MLM techniques, convergent test values were obtained for the calibration constants, despite the low amount of data collected. This calibration transfer methodology proved to be a viable alternative to the FSM - 4 calibration .

Estudo de um secador híbrido (solar-elétrico) para desidratação de frutas

The growing need for food is something that worries the world, which has a population that is growing at a geometric progression while their resources grows at an arithmetic progression. To alleviate this problem there are some proposals, including increased food production or reduce waste thereof. Many studies have been conducted in the world in order to reduce food waste that can reach 40% of production, depending on the region. For this purpose techniques are used to retard degradation of foods, including drying. This paper presents a design of a hybrid fruit dryer that uses solar energy and electric energy with automation of the process. To accomplish drying tests were chosen Typical fruits with good acceptability as processed fruits. During the experiments were measured temperature values at different points. Were also measured humidity values, solar radiation and mass. A data acquisition system was built using a Arduino for obtaining temperatures. The data were sent to a program named Secador de Frutas, done in this work, to plot the same. The volume of the drying chamber was 423 liters and despite the unusual size test using mirrors to increase the incidence of direct radiation, showed that the drier is competitive when compared with other solar dryers produced in Hydraulic Machines and Solar Energy Laboratory (LMHES ) UFRN. The drier has been built at a cost of 3 to 5 times smaller than industrial dryers that operate with the same load of fruit. And the energy cost to produce dried fruits was more feasible compared with such dryers that use LPG as an energy source. However, the drying time was longer.

Degradação de paracetamol empregando tecnologia oxidativa avançada baseada em fotocatálise heterogênea usando irradiação artificial e solar

In this work, the oxidation and mineralization of paracetamol, based in an advanced oxidative process promoted by heterogeneous photocatalysis, was evaluated. The action of two photocatalysts (titanium dioxide, and a composite based on the association between titanium dioxide and zinc phthalocyanine dye) was studied. First of all, experiments in laboratory scale were performed using as radiation font a 400 W high pressure mercury lamp. The mineralization of paracetamol, promoted by both photocatalysts, was evaluated working with 4L of solution containing 10 mg L-1 of paracetamol and 100 mg L-1 of photocatalyst. To find the best experimental conditions, the influence of hydrogen peroxide concentration and pH was evaluated for the reactions. The best results for the reactions in laboratory scale was obtained using 33,00 mg L-1 of hydrogen peroxide in natural pH (6,80). Under these conditions, 100% oxidation was reached in just 40 minutes of reaction using TiO2 P25, while the mineralization was 78%. Using the composite, the mineralization was 63% in 2 hours of reaction and a oxidation of almost 100% was reached after 60 minutes. A CPC reactor (compound parabolic concentrator) was employed in the expanded work scale, using the sun as irradiation source. In this case the experiments were performed using 50 L of aqueous solution containing 10 mg L-1 of paracetamol and 100 mg L-1 of photocatalyst. The assays were done at pH 3,00 and natural pH (6,80). The used concentration of hydrogen peroxide was 33,00 mg L-1, adopted after laboratory scale studies. The reaction at pH 3,00 shows to be more advantageous, since under natural pH (6,80), the use of deionized water was necessary to prepare the solutions, probably because the deleterious action of carbonate ions, known hydroxyl radical scavengers. Using solar irradiation, the reaction mediated by the composite was more efficient when compared with the assays under laboratory scale since the composite presents the advantage of promoting a better use of visible radiation. Under these conditions, the mineralization increased from 40% to 56% under pH 3,00. At natural pH the oxidation occurred more slowly and the mineralization decreased from 56% to 50%. Thus, the use of pH 3,00 will be more interesting in real scale applications, even if it is necessary the pH correction before the discard of the treated effluent to the environment.

Aplicação dos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica nas energias renováveis: o potencial da energia solar na ilha de São Vicente – Cabo Verde

Informação Geográfica (SIG) ao estudo das energias renováveis, tendo como caso avaliar o potencial solar na ilha de São Vicente do arquipélago de Cabo Verde. A energia do sol é a principal fonte de energia renovável, e está disponível em quase todas as regiões do planeta. Quantificar o potencial energético solar de um lugar ou região é indispensável, para avaliar as potencialidades de produção de energia fotovoltaica. Outro fator importante prende-se com ordenamento territorial associado à exploração desses recursos energéticos, pelo que devem ser avaliadas as condições técnicas, ambientais e económicas, quando se pretende instalar parques para a produção de energia fotovoltaica. Assim, neste trabalho foram aplicadas as ferramentas SIG, para quantificar a radiação solar mensal e anual da ilha de São Vicente, arquipélago de Cabo Verde, através do modelo Solar Analyst. Numa segunda fase, aplicou-se a técnica de análise multicritério em combinação com os SIGs para definir as áreas mais favoráveis para a instalação de parques de produção de energia elétrica a partir da energia solar. Para o cálculo da radiação solar na ilha de São de Vicente, utilizou-se o modelo digital de terreno (MDT) e a latitude da ilha como parâmetros de entrada ao modelo. Para a análise multicritério definiram-se um conjunto de critérios que devem ser considerados na implementação de parques solares, nomeadamente, a disponibilidade de radiação solar existente na área, a distância à rede de transporte de energia elétrica e à rede viária, o declive do terreno, o uso e ocupação do solo e a proximidade às linhas de água. Para auxiliar na atribuição dos pesos aos critérios utilizados na análise aplicou-se a método Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). As áreas resultantes do processo da análise multicritério, foram confrontadas com a Carta de Condicionantes do esquema regional de ordenamento da ilha de São Vicente, aferindo a conformidade das propostas e reajustes subsequentes, de modo a obter os resultados finais.

Exergetic, energetic, economic and environmental evaluation of concentrated solar power plants in Libya

The PhD project addresses the potential of using concentrating solar power (CSP) plants as a viable alternative energy producing system in Libya. Exergetic, energetic, economic and environmental analyses are carried out for a particular type of CSP plants. The study, although it aims a particular type of CSP plant – 50 MW parabolic trough-CSP plant, it is sufficiently general to be applied to other configurations. The novelty of the study, in addition to modeling and analyzing the selected configuration, lies in the use of a state-of-the-art exergetic analysis combined with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The modeling and simulation of the plant is carried out in chapter three and they are conducted into two parts, namely: power cycle and solar field. The computer model developed for the analysis of the plant is based on algebraic equations describing the power cycle and the solar field. The model was solved using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software; and is designed to define the properties at each state point of the plant and then, sequentially, to determine energy, efficiency and irreversibility for each component. The developed model has the potential of using in the preliminary design of CSPs and, in particular, for the configuration of the solar field based on existing commercial plants. Moreover, it has the ability of analyzing the energetic, economic and environmental feasibility of using CSPs in different regions of the world, which is illustrated for the Libyan region in this study. The overall feasibility scenario is completed through an hourly analysis on an annual basis in chapter Four. This analysis allows the comparison of different systems and, eventually, a particular selection, and it includes both the economic and energetic components using the “greenius” software. The analysis also examined the impact of project financing and incentives on the cost of energy. The main technological finding of this analysis is higher performance and lower levelized cost of electricity (LCE) for Libya as compared to Southern Europe (Spain). Therefore, Libya has the potential of becoming attractive for the establishment of CSPs in its territory and, in this way, to facilitate the target of several European initiatives that aim to import electricity generated by renewable sources from North African and Middle East countries. The analysis is presented a brief review of the current cost of energy and the potential of reducing the cost from parabolic trough- CSP plant. Exergetic and environmental life cycle assessment analyses are conducted for the selected plant in chapter Five; the objectives are 1) to assess the environmental impact and cost, in terms of exergy of the life cycle of the plant; 2) to find out the points of weakness in terms of irreversibility of the process; and 3) to verify whether solar power plants can reduce environmental impact and the cost of electricity generation by comparing them with fossil fuel plants, in particular, Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) plant and oil thermal power plant. The analysis also targets a thermoeconomic analysis using the specific exergy costing (SPECO) method to evaluate the level of the cost caused by exergy destruction. The main technological findings are that the most important contribution impact lies with the solar field, which reports a value of 79%; and the materials with the vi highest impact are: steel (47%), molten salt (25%) and synthetic oil (21%). The “Human Health” damage category presents the highest impact (69%) followed by the “Resource” damage category (24%). In addition, the highest exergy demand is linked to the steel (47%); and there is a considerable exergetic demand related to the molten salt and synthetic oil with values of 25% and 19%, respectively. Finally, in the comparison with fossil fuel power plants (NGCC and Oil), the CSP plant presents the lowest environmental impact, while the worst environmental performance is reported to the oil power plant followed by NGCC plant. The solar field presents the largest value of cost rate, where the boiler is a component with the highest cost rate among the power cycle components. The thermal storage allows the CSP plants to overcome solar irradiation transients, to respond to electricity demand independent of weather conditions, and to extend electricity production beyond the availability of daylight. Numerical analysis of the thermal transient response of a thermocline storage tank is carried out for the charging phase. The system of equations describing the numerical model is solved by using time-implicit and space-backward finite differences and which encoded within the Matlab environment. The analysis presented the following findings: the predictions agree well with the experiments for the time evolution of the thermocline region, particularly for the regions away from the top-inlet. The deviations observed in the near-region of the inlet are most likely due to the high-level of turbulence in this region due to the localized level of mixing resulting; a simple analytical model to take into consideration this increased turbulence level was developed and it leads to some improvement of the predictions; this approach requires practically no additional computational effort and it relates the effective thermal diffusivity to the mean effective velocity of the fluid at each particular height of the system. Altogether the study indicates that the selected parabolic trough-CSP plant has the edge over alternative competing technologies for locations where DNI is high and where land usage is not an issue, such as the shoreline of Libya.

Determination of a Mean Solar Radiation Year and of a Typical Meteorological Year for the region of Funchal in the Madeira Island

This paper presents the determination of a mean solar radiation year and of a typical meteorological year for the region of Funchal in the Madeira Island, Portugal. The data set includes hourly mean and extreme values for air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed and hourly mean values for solar global and diffuse radiation for the period 2004-2014, with maximum data coverage of 99.7%. The determination of the mean solar radiation year consisted, in a first step, in the average of all values for each pair hour/day and, in a second step, in the application of a five days centred moving average of hourly values. The determination of the typical meteorological year was based on Finkelstein-Schafer statistics, which allows to obtain a complete year of real measurements through the selection and combination of typical months, preserving the long term averages while still allowing the analysis of short term events. The typical meteorological year validation was carried out through the comparison of the monthly averages for the typical year with the long term monthly averages. The values obtained were very close, so that the typical meteorological year can accurately represent the long term data series. The typical meteorological year can be used in the simulation of renewable energy systems, namely solar energy systems, and for predicting the energy performance of buildings.

Implementation of an intelligent sensor for measurement and prediction of solar radiation and atmospheric temperature

Dissertação de mestrado, Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2011

Calibração radiométrica de instrumentação óptica espectrofotométrica

Os espectrómetros instalados a bordo de satélites e à superfície da Terra têm desempenhado um papel fundamental na compreensão da química e dinâmica da atmosfera e na monitorização da poluição ambiental. O SPATRAM (SPectrometer for Atmosferic TRAcers Measurements) é um espectrómetro ultravioleta – Visível que compreende a região espectral entre 250-950nm e se encontra instalado no Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT) desde Abril de 2004. Enquanto isso, em 2012, um novo modelo do instrumento SPATRAM foi desenvolvido no ICT e foi chamado SPATRAM2. O objectivo do trabalho proposto é a calibração radiométrica do espectrómetro SPATRAM2, utilizando uma lâmpada de halogéneo e uma esfera de integração. A calibração radiométrica do sistema SPATRAM2 permitirá obter a radiação solar directa, com alta resolução espectral, o que actualmente não se encontra disponível. Este tipo de medição poderá ter um papel importante na investigação e desenvolvimento na área da energia solar e aplicações; Radiometric Calibration of Spectrophotometric Optical Instrumentation Abstract: Spectrometers installed aboard satellites and located on Earth’s surface have played a fundamental role to understand atmosphere’s chemistry and dynamic and to monitor environmental pollution. The SPATRAM (SPectrometer for Atmosferic TRAcers Measurements) instrument is an ultraviolet spectrometer – visible that covers spectral region between 250-950nm and it is installed in Instituto de Ciências da Terra (Institute of Earth Sciencies), ICT, since April 2004. Meanwhile, in 2012, a new model of SPATRAM instrument was developed in ICT and was called SPATRAM2. The goal of this project is the radiometric calibration of the SPATRAM2 spectrometer using a halogen lamp and an integrating sphere. Radiometric calibration of SPATRAM2 system will provide direct solar radiation, with high spectral resolution, that is not available nowadays. This type of measurement may play an important role in solar energy’s progress and investigation.

Resistência de representantes dos gêneros pseudomonas sp e bacillus sp mediante exposição à radiação ultravioleta c.

As mudanças climáticas causadas pela degradação da camada de ozônio e pelo aumento da emissão de gases causadores do efeito estufa, podem ocasionar alterações não somente aos seres humanos, mamíferos, répteis ou aves, mas também aos microrganismos. Dentro deste contexto, o aumento nos níveis de radiação solar incidente na superfície da Terra pode afetar as interações que ocorrem entre bactérias e plantas, alterando tanto a ocorrência de doenças como as interações benéficas entre estes organismos. Muitos são os gêneros de bactérias que interagem com as plantas, colonizando os mais diferentes nichos presentes neste hospedeiro. Dentre os grupos bacterianos destacam-se os gêneros Bacillus sp e Pseudomonas sp, que possuem efeitos benéficos como a promoção de crescimento vegetal e a proteção de plantas contra doenças e pragas. Dessa forma, o atual trabalho tem a princípio, como enfoque, constatar a resistência de isolados dos dois gêneros mencionados, à radiação ultravioleta C (200 a 250 nm). Os resultados obtidos demonstram maior resistência da linhagem de Bacillus sp à radiação ultravioleta C em comparação à linhagem de Pseudomonas sp. fato que possivelmente está relacionado com a capacidade de produzir esporos, característica do gênero Bacillus. Este trabalho fornece dados iniciais para futuras avaliações do comportamento destas bactérias quando em interação com plantas e sob maiores níveis de radiação ultravioleta no ambiente.

Índice de previsão de produção de leite para vacas Jersey

In Brazil the adoption of several models of cattle confinement leads to special conditions for management methods in dairy production, which can be improved by the use of technology that assures better herd management. Indexes relating environmental variables to production are applied for the prediction of milk production. The values of temperature and relative humidity, rain index, solar radiation and pasture soil temperature are generally considered potential stress agents for cows. The objective of this research was to develop an index for predicting milk production for high productivity Jersey milking cows lodged in semi confinement in tropical conditions. The experiment considered two treatments: A - the cows waited for 30 minutes prior to milking in a room with a shower associated to a fan; B - the cows did not have access to this room (control). Other than the waiting period, the cows had access to pasture. Differences in the effect of average production were not statistically significant. The analysis for studying the effect of the variables and designing the model led to a statistical model relating the variables milk production and rain index, as well as the maximum soil temperature of pasture, and milk production.

Thermal performance of sisal fiber-cement roofing tiles for rural constructions

Roofing provides the main protection against direct solar radiation in animal housing. Appropriate thermal properties of roofing materials tend to improve the thermal comfort in the inner ambient. Nonasbestos fiber-cement roofing components reinforced with cellulose pulp from sisal (Agave sisalana) were produced by slurry and dewatering techniques, with an optional addition of polypropylene fibers. Nonasbestos tiles were evaluated and compared with commercially available asbestos-cement sheets and ceramic tiles (frequently chosen as roofing materials for animal housing). Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of tiles were determined by the parallel hot-wire method, along with the evaluation of the downside surface temperature. Cement-based components reinforced with sisal pulp presented better thermal performance at room temperature (25ºC), while those reinforced with sisal pulp added by polypropylene fibers presented better thermal performance at 60ºC. Non-asbestos cement tiles provided more efficient protection against radiation than asbestos corrugated sheets.

Weekend/weekday differences in concentrations of ozone, nox, and non-methane hydrocarbon in the metropolitan area of São Paulo

Ozone and inhalable particulate matter are the major air pollutants in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, Brazil, a region that has more than 19 million inhabitants and approximately 7 million registered vehicles. Proximity of roadways, adjacent land use, and local circulation are just some of the factors that can affect the results of monitoring of pollutant concentrations. The so-called weekend effect (higher ozone concentrations on weekends than on weekdays) might be related to the fact that concentrations of ozone precursors, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and Non Methane-Hydrocarbon (NMHC), are relatively lower on weekends. This phenomenon has been reported in some areas of the United States since the 1970s. The differences between the concentrations of ozone in period of weekend and weekday, were obtained from analysis of data hourly average of CETESB for 2004, studied the precursors to the formation of troposphere ozone, the meteorological variables and traffic profile for RMSP. Because of the proximity to sources of emissions from the station Pinheiros showed higher concentrations of NO and NO² and greater variations to the periods weekend and weekday. With fewer vehicles circulating during the weekend, and consequently less emission of pollutants, it has cleaner air and less concentration of NO and NO², there is the ideal setting to the formation of troposphere ozone, despite the lower concentration of NO². The proximity with the source emissions, aided by the increased availability of solar radiation and the presence of ozone precursors, were factors conditions for the occurrence of weekend effect.

Alterações microclimáticas causadas pelo uso de tela plástica

Com o objetivo de caracterizar as alterações microclimáticas provocadas pelo uso de tela plástica na agricultura, foi desenvolvido um experimento com alface, em área de cultivo agrícola, em Alegre - ES (latitude 20º45 S, longitude 41º28 W e altitude 150 m), no período de setembro a dezembro de 1996. Foram utilizados sombreamentos de 0; 30; 50, e 70%, segundo especificação comercial. Os resultados mostraram que a tela com especificação comercial de 50% de sombreamento provocou uma atenuação média de 41% na radiação solar global, ocorrendo, no entanto, uma flutuação significativa ao longo do dia em função do movimento aparente do sol. A cobertura com a tela plástica não provocou alterações significativas da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. Em relação à temperatura do solo, foi possível verificar uma atenuação com o aumento do sombreamento.

Coeficiente de cultura da alface hidropônica baseado no conceito de graus-dia

O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi propor a adoção de um coeficiente de cultura térmico, com a aplicação do conceito de graus-dia acumulados após o transplantio, para estimativa da evapotranspiração diária (ETc) dos cultivares de alface Grand Rapids, Regina e Great Lakes em sistema hidropônico do tipo NFT ("nutrient film technique"), em ambiente protegido. Posteriormente, o modelo matemático ajustado ãos valores observados de Kc (coeficiente de cultura) foi utilizado para a estimativa de ETc no período pós-transplantio por meio dos métodos: Penman-Monteith parametrizado pela FÃO, em 1998 (PMF); Penman-Monteith modificado para condições aerodinâmicas, características de ambientes protegidos (PMAP); Penman-Monteith para ambiente protegido simplificado (PMAPS); Priestley-Taylor (PT); Radiação solar (RS); e Radiação solar simplificado (RSS). Verificou-se que o modelo sigmoidal com quatro parâmetros ajustou-se bem aos valores observados de Kc, proporcionando coeficientes de determinação ajustados de 0,99, 0,98 e 0,98 para os cultivares Grand Rapids, Regina e Great Lakes, respectivamente. No que se refere às estimativas diárias de ETc, os métodos PMF, PMAP e RS apresentaram melhor desempenho estatístico em relagão aos métodos PMAPS, PT e RSS, independentemente do cultivar avaliado. No entanto, o método PMF subestimou sistematicamente a ETc no período inicial de crescimento da alface.

Qualidade pós-colheita da alface hidropônica em ambiente protegido sob malhas termorefletoras e negra

Considerando que a duração da exposição, a qualidade e intensidade de luz afetam as características de qualidade das hortaliças folhosas, conduziu-se um experimento, em ambiente protegido, com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade pós-colheita da alface hidropônica, sob os efeitos das malhas de sombreamento, com diferentes percentagens de atenuação da radiação solar. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, no esquema fatorial 2 x 5, com três repetições, sendo os tratamentos constituídos por quatro malhas termorefletoras (40; 50; 60 e 70% de sombreamento) e uma testemunha, com malha negra 50%. Em cada parcela, representada por um sistema hidropônico individual, foi cultivada a alface (cv. Olinda, Crespa), sendo avaliada sua qualidade por ocasião da colheita e após quatro dias de armazenamento refrigerado (7,6 ± 1ºC e 27 ± 5 % UR). Observou-se que o excesso de sombreamento, ocasionado pelas malhas termorefletoras 60 e 70% e malha negra 50%, comprometeram a aparência da alface. As plantas submetidas ao sombreamento com a malha termorefletora 40% apresentaram menor perda de massa, ao final de quatro dias de armazenamento. Os graus de sombreamento ocasionados pelas malhas termorefletoras e pela malha negra não influenciaram nos teores de ácido cítrico, sólidos solúveis, vitamina C e clorofila total da alface.