Assessing positive mental health in people with chronic physical health problems: correlations with socio-demographic variables and physical health status

Background: A holistic perspective on health implies giving careful consideration to the relationship between physical and mental health. In this regard the present study sought to determine the level of Positive Mental Health (PMH) among people with chronic physical health problems, and to examine the relationship between the observed levels of PMH and both physical health status and socio-demographic variables. Methods: The study was based on the Multifactor Model of Positive Mental Health (Lluch, 1999), which comprises six factors: Personal Satisfaction (F1), Prosocial Attitude (F2), Self-control (F3), Autonomy (F4), Problem-solving and Self-actualization (F5), and Interpersonal Relationship Skills (F6). The sample comprised 259 adults with chronic physical health problems who were recruited through a primary care center in the province of Barcelona (Spain). Positive mental health was assessed by means of the Positive Mental Health Questionnaire (Lluch, 1999). Results: Levels of PMH differed, either on the global scale or on specific factors, in relation to the following variables: age: global PMH scores decreased with age (r=-0.129; p=0.038); b) gender: men scored higher on F1 (t=2.203; p=0.028) and F4 (t=3.182; p=0.002), while women scored higher on F2 (t -3.086; p=0.002) and F6 (t=-2.744; p=0.007); c) number of health conditions: the fewer the number of health problems the higher the PMH score on F5 (r=-0.146; p=0.019); d) daily medication: polymedication patients had lower PMH scores, both globally and on various factors; e) use of analgesics: occasional use of painkillers was associated with higher PMH scores on F1 (t=-2.811; p=0.006). There were no significant differences in global PMH scores according to the type of chronic health condition. The only significant difference in the analysis by factors was that patients with hypertension obtained lower PMH scores on the factor Autonomy (t=2.165; p=0.032). Conclusions: Most people with chronic physical health problems have medium or high levels of PMH. The variables that adversely affect PMH are old age, polypharmacy and frequent consumption of analgesics. The type of health problem does not influence the levels of PMH. Much more extensive studies with samples without chronic pathology are now required in order to be able to draw more robust conclusions.

¿Para qué sirven los problemas en la clase de matemáticas? = What is the use of problems in Mathematics lessons?

The results obtained in several yield tests, at an international level (mainly the famous PISA 2003 report, by the OCDE), have raised a multiplicity of performances in order to improve the students' yield regarding problem solving. In this article we set a clear guideline on how problems should be used in Mathematics lessons, not for obtaining better scores in the yield tests but for improving the development of Mathematical thinking in students. From this perspective, the author analyses, through eight reflections, how the concept of problem, transmitted both in the school and from society, influences the students

Projektien jälkilaskenta kunnossapitoyrityksessä

Tutkimuksen päätavoitteena on määrittää kohdeyritykseen soveltuvat menetelmät, joiden avulla voidaan suorittaa alueurakoiden jälkilaskenta. Jälkilaskelmien tavoite on selvittää alueurakoiden tarjousvaiheen kustannusarvioiden ja toteutuneiden kustannusten merkittävimmät erot nykyisin saatavissa olevan informaation avulla. Työ rajataan käsittelemään viittä kohdeyrityksen alueurakkaa. Tutkimuksen toinen tavoite on määrittää kohdeyrityksen kustannusseurannan keskeisimmät ongelmat jälkilaskennan näkökulmasta ja esittää kehitystoimenpiteet näiden ongelmien ratkaisemiseksi. Tutkimuksen tutkimusote on konstruktiivinen, joka sisältää myös toimintaanalyyttisiä piirteitä. Tutkimus jakautuu teoreettiseen kirjallisuusselvitykseen ja empiiriseen ongelmanratkaisuosioon. Tarjouslaskennan ja toteutuneiden kustannusten vertailu edellyttää alueurakoiden sisältömuutosten ja hinnantarkistusten huomioimista sekä apukustannuspaikkojen kustannusten kohdistamista varsinaisille kunnossapitotehtäville. Suoritetun jälkilaskennan tuloksena havaitaan merkittäviä eroja tarjouslaskennan ja toteutuneiden kustannusten välillä kaikissa urakoissa. Jälkilaskennan suorittamisen näkökulmasta kohdeyrityksen kustannusseurannan heikkouksia ovat tiedon hajanainen sijainti eri järjestelmissä ja muutamat kustannusten rekisteröinnin yksityiskohdat. Ratkaisuksi ehdotetaan kaikkien jälkilaskennan kannalta oleellisten tietojen keskittämistä yrityksen käyttämään talousseurantajärjestelmään. Kustannusten rekisteröinnin kehittämiseen ehdotetaan tiettyjen kustannuspaikkojen jakamista pienempiin osiin ja toisten sisältämien tehtävien tarkempaa määrittelyä.

Building organizational creativity – a multitheory and multilevel approach for understanding and stimulating organizational creativity

Organizational creativity is increasingly important for organizations aiming to survive and thrive in complex and unexpectedly changing environments. It is precondition of innovation and a driver of an organization’s performance success. Whereas innovation research increasingly promotes high-involvement and participatory innovation, the models of organizational creativity are still mainly based on an individual-creativity view. Likewise, the definitions of organizational creativity and innovation are somewhat equal, and they are used as interchangeable constructs, while on the other hand they are seen as different constructs. Creativity is seen as generation of novel and useful ideas, whereas innovation is seen as the implementation of these ideas. The research streams of innovation and organizational creativity seem to be advancing somewhat separately, although together they could provide many synergy advantages. Thereby, this study addresses three main research gaps. First, as the knowledge and knowing is being increasingly expertized and distributed in organizations, the conceptualization of organizational creativity needs to face that perspective, rather than relying on the individual-creativity view. Thus, the conceptualization of organizational creativity needs clarification, especially as an organizational-level phenomenon (i.e., creativity by an organization). Second, approaches to consciously build organizational creativity to increase the capacity of an organization to demonstrate novelty in its knowledgeable actions are rare. The current creativity techniques are mainly based on individual-creativity views, and they mainly focus on the occasional problem-solving cases among a limited number of individuals, whereas, the development of collective creativity and creativity by the organization lacks approaches. Third, in terms of organizational creativity as a collective phenomenon, the engagement, contributions, and participation of organizational members into activities of common meaning creation are more important than the individualcreativity skills. Therefore, the development approaches to foster creativity as social, emerging, embodied, and collective creativity are needed to complement the current creativity techniques. To address these gaps, the study takes a multiparadigm perspective to face the following three objectives. The first objective of this study is to clarify and extend the conceptualization of organizational creativity. The second is to study the development of organizational creativity. The third is to explore how an improvisational theater based approach fosters organizational creativity. The study consists of two parts comprising the introductory part (part I) and six publications (part II). Each publication addresses the research questions of the thesis through detailed subquestions. The study makes three main contributions to the research of organizational creativity. First, it contributes toward the conceptualization of organizational creativity by extending the current view of organizational creativity. This study views organizational creativity as a multilevel construct constituting both of individual and collective (group and organizational) creativity. In contrast to current views of organizational creativity, this study bases on organizational (collective) knowledge that is based on and demonstrated through the knowledgeable actions of an organization as a whole. The study defines organizational creativity as an overall ability of an organization to demonstrate novelty in its knowledgeable actions (through what it does and how it does what it does).Second, this study contributes toward the development of organizational creativity as multi-level phenomena, introducing developmental approaches that face two or more of these levels simultaneously. More specifically, the study presents the cross-level approaches to building organizational creativity, by using an approach based in improvisational theater and considering assessment of organizational renewal capability. Third, the study contributes on development of organizational creativity using an improvisational theater based approach as twofold meaning. First, it fosters individual and collective creativity simultaneously and builds space for creativity to occur. Second, it models collective and distributed creativity processes, thereby, contributing to the conceptualization of organizational creativity.

Toimituskyvyn kehittäminen prosessin materiaalipuutteita hallitsemalla

Toimituskyky on yrityksen suorituskykyä kuvaava tekijä, jolla on merkittävä vaikutus asiakastyytyväisyyteen, erityisesti valmistusteollisuudessa. Toimituskyky muodostuu materiaalin saatavuudesta ja logistisen järjestelmän toimitusvarmuudesta, joten hyvä toimituskyky edellyttää materiaalipuutteiden hallintaa. Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena on esittää, miten toimituskykyä voidaan kehittää tilaus-toimitusprosessin materiaalipuutteita hallitsemalla. Tutkimus toteutettiin konstruktiivisella tutkimusotteella case-tutkimuksena havainnoimalla toimintaa case-yrityksessä sekä analysoimalla case-yrityksen kirjallista materiaalia ja arkistoja. Yrityksessä havaittuja materiaalipuutteisiin liittyviä ongelmia tarkasteltiin tilaus-toimitusprosessin näkökulmasta prosessijohtamisen ja systemaattisen ongelmanratkaisun teorioiden avulla. Tutkimuksen tuloksena laadittiin kolme käytännönläheistä ratkaisuehdotusta havaittuihin ongelmiin; (1) materiaalipuutteiden syy-seuraussuhteita kuvaavat ongelma-syy-seurausketjut, (2) materiaalipuutteiden ongelmanratkaisumalli systemaattisen ongelmanratkaisun tueksi sekä (3) visuaalinen tilaus-toimitusprosessimalli, joka painottaa osaprosessien yhteyttä koko prosessin toimituskykyyn ja toimitusvarmuuteen. Tulosten mukaan materiaalipuutteet tulisi käsittää prosessin laatuvirheinä, jotka antavat arvokasta tietoa siitä, että prosessissa on laatuongelmia. Tulosten perusteella yrityksen toimituskykyä voidaan kehittää havainnoimalla tilaus-toimitusprosessin laatuvirheitä, selvittämällä laatuvirheiden syy-seuraussuhteet systemaattisesti ongelmanratkaisumallia hyödyntäen sekä toimimalla prosessiajattelun mukaisesti tilaus-toimitusprosessin toimituskyvyn jatkuvaa parantamista tavoitellen. Tutkimusongelman tarkastelutapaa ja työn tuloksia voidaan soveltaa samankaltaisiin tapauksiin, joissa tilaus-toimitusprosessin laatuvirheet, esimerkiksi materiaalipuutteet, paljastavat kehittämistä vaativia epäkohtia prosessin toimintatavoissa. Tilaus-toimitusprosessin toimituskykyä voidaan kehittää vain, jos panostetaan ajan hallintaan ja kykyyn toimia asiakaslupausten ja sopimusten mukaisesti.

Towards a contextual understanding of B2B salespeople's selling competencies – An exploratory study among purchasing decision-makers of internationally-oriented technology firms

ABSTRACT Towards a contextual understanding of B2B salespeople’s selling competencies − an exploratory study among purchasing decision-makers of internationally-oriented technology firms The characteristics of modern selling can be classified as follows: customer retention and loyalty targets, database and knowledge management, customer relationship management, marketing activities, problem solving and system selling, and satisfying needs and creating value. For salespeople to be successful in this environment, they need a wide range of competencies. Salespeople’s selling skills are well documented in seller side literature through quantitative methods, but the knowledge, skills and competencies from the buyer’s perspective are under-researched. The existing research on selling competencies should be broadened and updated through a qualitative research perspective due to the dynamic nature and the contextual dependence of selling competencies. The purpose of the study is to increase understanding of the professional salesperson’s selling competencies from the industrial purchasing decision- makers’ viewpoint within the relationship selling context. In this study, competencies are defined as sales-related knowledge and skills. The scope of the study includes goods, materials and services managed by a company’s purchasing function and used by an organization on a daily basis. The abductive approach and ‘systematic combining’ have been applied as a research strategy. In this research, data were generated through semi- structured, person-to-person interviews and open-ended questions. The study was conducted among purchasing decision-makers in the technology industry in Finland. The branches consisted of the electronics and electro-technical industries and the mechanical engineering and metals industries. A total of 30 companies and one purchasing decision-maker from each company were purposively chosen for the sampling. The sample covers different company sizes based on their revenues, their differing structures – varying from public to family companies –that represent domestic and international ownerships. Before analyzing the data, they were organized by the purchasing orientations of the buyers: the buying, procurement or supply management orientation. Thematic analysis was chosen as the analysis method. After analyzing the data, the results were contrasted with the theory. There was a continuous interaction between the empirical data and the theory. Based on the findings, a total of 19 major knowledge and skills were identified from the buyers’ perspective. The specific knowledge and skills from the viewpoint of customers’ prevalent purchasing orientations were divided into two categories, generic and contextual. The generic knowledge and skills apply to all purchasing orientations, and the contextual knowledge and skills depend on customers’ prevalent purchasing orientations. Generic knowledge and skills relate to price setting, negotiation, communication and interaction skills, while contextual ones relate to knowledge brokering, ability to present solutions and relationship skills. Buying-oriented buyers value salespeople who are ‘action oriented experts, however at a bit of an arm’s length’, procurement buyers value salespeople who are ‘experts deeply dedicated to the customer and fostering the relationship’ and supply management buyers value salespeople who are ‘corporate-oriented experts’. In addition, the buyer’s perceptions on knowledge and selling skills differ from the seller’s ones. The buyer side emphasizes managing the subject matter, consisting of the expertise, understanding the customers’ business and needs, creating a customized solution and creating value, reliability and an ability to build long-term relationships, while the seller side emphasizes communica- tion, interaction and salesmanship skills. The study integrates the selling skills of the current three-component model− technical knowledge, salesmanship skills, interpersonal skills− and relationship skills and purchasing orientations, into a selling competency model. The findings deepen and update the content of these knowledges and skills in the B2B setting and create new insights into them from the buyer’s perspective, and thus the study increases contextual understanding of selling competencies. It generates new knowledge of the salesperson’s competencies for the relationship selling and personal selling and sales management literature. It also adds knowledge of the buying orientations to the buying behavior literature. The findings challenge sales management to perceive salespeople’s selling skills both from a contingency and competence perspective. The study has several managerial implications: it increases understanding of what the critical selling knowledge and skills from the buyer’s point of view are, understanding of how salespeople effectively implement the relationship marketing concept, sales management’s knowledge of how to manage the sales process more effectively and efficiently, and the knowledge of how sales management should develop a salesperson’s selling competencies when managing and developing the sales force. Keywords: selling competencies, knowledge, selling skills, relationship skills, purchasing orientations, B2B selling, abductive approach, technology firms

Suorituskyvyn johtamisen ja mittaamisen kehittäminen suuren yrityksen tutkimus- ja tuotekehitystoiminnassa

Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin, miten suorituskyvyn johtamista ja mittaamista käytännössä toteutettiin suuressa tutkimus- ja tuotekehitystoimintaa Suomessa harjoittavassa elintarvikealan yrityksessä. Tutkimuksessa kartoitettiin tärkeimpiä suorituskykyyn vaikuttavia tekijöitä suorituskyvyn johtamisen ja mittaamisen näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli saada kooste suosituksista tutkimus- ja tuotekehitystoiminnan suorituskyvyn johtamisen ja mittaamisen kehittämiseksi. Tutkimuksen laajuus rajattiin neljään case-yritykseen. Tutkimuksessa tehtiin empiirinen puolistrukturoitu kyselytutkimus, strukturoidut haastattelut sekä tulosten arviointi. Tutkimusote oli lähinnä toiminta-analyyttinen, koska tutkimuksessa käsiteltiin organisaation toimintaa, johtamista, ongelmanratkaisua, päätöksentekoprosesseja sekä kehitys- ja muutosprosesseja. Tutkimustulosten perusteella suorituskyvyn johtamista ja mittaamista case-yrityksissä toteutettiin BSC:n yleisten näkökulmien mukaisesti. Tutkimus- ja tuotekehitystoiminnan mittauksen tavoitteet poikkesivat toisistaan niiden toiminnan luonteesta johtuen. Tutkimustoiminnassa suorituskyvyn mittauksen tavoitteet painottuivat lähinnä innovatiivisuuteen, oppimiseen ja motivointiin. Tuotekehitystoiminnassa mittauksen tavoitteet olivat enemmän diagnostisia. Tuotekehitystoiminnassa tavoitteena olivat projektien seurantaan, toiminnan tulostenarviointiin, talouteen sekä koordinaatioon ja kommunikointiin liittyvät tekijät. Tutkimustulosten perusteella puutteita havaittiin suorituskyvyn viestinnän riittävyydessä ja vaikuttavuudessa, mittaustiedon hyödynnettävyydessä, aineettoman pääoman mittauksessa, projektien arviointikriteerien viestinnässä, prosessien selkeydessä ja toimivuudessa, projektiosaamisessa, suorituskyvyn mittauksessa, vaikutusmahdollisuuksissa, johtamisessa ja esimiestyössä.

Teaching Principled negotiation skills to parents and their children : the impact of parental involvement /

This study explored the impact of training parents and children concurrently in principled negotiation skills for the purpose of developing negotiation skills and problem solving abilities in children. A second experimental group was utilized to determine the viability of negotiation skills training of junior elementary students for the purpose of improving problem solving and conflict resolving abilities. The student population in each experimental group was trained using The Program for Young Negotiators (Curhan, 1996). A control group was also established using the remaining grade four and five students attending the participating school. These students did not receive training as part of this study. Student group distribution was as follows: Experimental group 1 (students with parent participant) consisted of 10 (5 grade five and 5 grade 4 students), Experimental group 2 students without parent participant) consisted of 48 (20 grade 4 and 28 grade 5 students), and the Control group 3 (55 grade 4 and 5 students). The impact of training was measured using the Five Factor Negotiation Scale developed for use with the Program for Young Negotiators (Curhan, 1996). This measure was employed as a pre- and post-test questionnaire to the total student population, (113 students) to determine levels of ability in each of the key elements of negotiation, personal initiative, collaboration, communication, conflict based perspective taking, and conflict resolution approach (Nakkula & Nikitopoulos, unpublished). This measure has a coefficient alpha of .75 which is acceptable for this type of affective instrument. As well, open ended ability questions designed to measure ability, knowledge, and behaviour as they relate to negotiation skill application were given to the total student population, (113 students). Finally, journals were maintained by the students in both experimental groups, and informal feedback discussions were held with students and parents participating in the study.The intent of using both qualitative and quantitative measures was to provide an overall perspective of student abilities as they related to principled negotiation skills. While the quantitative measures were from the student perspective, more qualitative information was sought from parents and teachers through informal interviews, discussions, and use of confidential feedback cards. For analysis purposes, the ability questions were randomly selected for Experimental group 2 and Control group 3 in an effort to balance the groups more equitably with Experimental group 1. The findings of this study indicate that students of the junior elementary school age can be taught how to perceive conflict in a more constructive way. However, they are not as likely to use their skills when the conflict is with a sibling as they are with a peer, a teacher, or a parent. While no statistically significant differences between mean scores for Experimental groups 1 and 2 exist some subtle differences are noted. Overall, increases in mean scores for grade 4 students exceeded the increases for grade 5 students within Experimental group 1 . The implication being that younger students benefit more from having a parent trained in principled negoUation skills than older students. The skill level of a parent in principled negotiation can not be underesUmated. Without a consistent and effective role model the likelihood of developing student skill level to a point of automaticity is greatly reduced. Enough so that perhaps the emphasis should be placed on training parents more so than the students.

Étude des relations entre la résilience d'enseignantes et d’enseignants du primaire œuvrant en milieux défavorisés et la réflexion sur la pratique

Le contexte actuel de la profession enseignante au Québec est caractérisé par l’évolution manifeste qu’a connue l’enseignement depuis les dernières décennies, évolution marquée par une complexification de la tâche, accentuée par divers phénomènes sociaux. En dépit de l’épuisement professionnel et de l’attrition de certains, plusieurs enseignantes et enseignants relèvent le défi de l’enseignement en milieux difficiles et réussissent à se développer professionnellement. Ce phénomène s’apparente au concept de résilience. Parmi les facteurs personnels de protection qui favorisent la résilience, les habiletés et compétences professionnelles ont déjà été mises en évidence chez le personnel scolaire résilient. De son côté, la littérature sur le développement des compétences professionnelles valorise l’importance de la réflexion sur la pratique comme vecteur privilégié de ce processus. Dans cette perspective, la question de recherche posée est à savoir si des relations peuvent être établies entre la résilience et la réflexion sur la pratique en enseignement. Ainsi, suivant la conceptualisation de G.E. Richardson (2002), nous avons tenté d’explorer les relations entre la résilience et la réflexion du personnel enseignant, telle que conceptualisée par Korthagen (1985, 2004), à l’aide de stratégies mixtes de collecte et d’analyse des données. Nous avons d’abord opérationnalisé les deux concepts par des indices provenant de plusieurs instruments: questionnaire sur la qualité de vie au travail, journal d’autoévaluation du stress, entretien semi-dirigé. Vingt-et-une enseignantes et deux enseignants de sept écoles primaires parmi les plus défavorisées de Montréal ont participé à l’étude. Près de 7000 unités de sens ont été codées dans les entretiens. Des analyses quantitatives et qualitatives ont permis de décrire l’adversité (stress) vécue par les participants, leur qualité de vie au travail et leurs compétences professionnelles (adaptation positive), de même que leurs facteurs de risque et de protection, individuels et environnementaux. Cette démarche a permis de dégager quatre profils généraux de résilience parmi les 23 participants: très résilient (2), résilient (9), peu résilient (8) et non résilient (2). Parallèlement, le processus et les contenus de la réflexion des participants ont été analysés à partir des modèles théoriques choisis. On remarque que la plupart des participants se centrent davantage sur la description des situations problématiques, plutôt que sur la recherche de solutions, et sur les contenus environnementaux, plutôt que personnels. L’analyse verticale de quatre cas représentatifs des profils de résilience a permis des comparaisons approfondies au plan de la réflexion. Ce sont les enseignantes situées aux extrêmes du continuum de résilience (la plus résiliente et la moins résiliente de l’échantillon) qui ont montré les distinctions les plus nettes. Notamment, il semblerait qu’une faible résilience soit liée à une centration accrue sur les problèmes plutôt que sur les solutions, ainsi que sur les contenus réflexifs environnementaux plutôt que personnels, et inversement. Enfin, malgré certaines limites méthodologiques et conceptuelles, cette étude révèle l’existence de liens empiriques entre la réflexion et la résilience d’enseignantes et d’enseignants œuvrant en milieux défavorisés. Elle ouvre également la voie à des pistes pour développer la résilience du personnel scolaire et propose des idées de recherches prospectives.

Le transfert des connaissances historiques dans la résolution d'un problème actuel chez les étudiants de niveau collégial

Depuis quelques années déjà, la responsabilité de l’éducation à la citoyenneté est principalement confiée à l’enseignement de l’histoire dans le réseau scolaire québécois. Toutefois, aucune étude expérimentale n’a démontré que l’histoire était la matière la plus apte à éduquer à la citoyenneté. Cette recherche vise donc à savoir si les étudiants de niveau collégial transfèrent leurs connaissances historiques dans la résolution d’un problème d'actualité présentant une connotation historique. Le groupe cible de cette recherche est formé de vingt-cinq étudiants de Sciences humaines (ayant des cours d’histoire) et le groupe contrôle est constitué de vingt-cinq étudiants de Science de la nature (n’ayant pas de cours d’histoire). Durant des entrevues semi-dirigées d’une trentaine de minutes, les étudiants avaient à se prononcer sur une entente signée entre les Innus et les gouvernements fédéral et provincial. Une mise en situation leur était présentée préalablement. Il est ressorti peu de différences entre le groupe cible et le groupe contrôle. Ces deux effectifs considérés ensemble, le quart des répondants n’utilisait aucune connaissance historique. Surtout, la variable influençant le plus le transfert des connaissances historiques s’avère être le sexe. Parmi les répondants n’utilisant aucune connaissance historique, il n’y avait qu’un répondant de sexe masculin; et les seuls répondants à avoir utilisé les connaissances conditionnelles étaient tous de sexe masculin. C’est donc dire que le système scolaire québécois ne favoriserait pas suffisamment le transfert des connaissances historiques dans l’analyse de situations actuelles.

Processus de facilitation d'une pratique réflexive, de type codéveloppement, auprès d'infirmières pivots en oncologie et son influence sur leur pratique professionnelle

Deux catégories de compétences influenceraient toute pratique professionnelle, les compétences disciplinaires et relationnelles. Selon le cadre théorique de ce projet, la pratique réflexive (PR) aiderait le professionnel à développer les compétences relationnelles, grâce à l’approfondissement de sa conscience et de son autocritique des composantes tacites de sa pratique, telles que ses valeurs et principes, ses perceptions et ses stratégies d’action, afin de les rendre plus efficaces et satisfaisantes lors de la résolution de problèmes. Dans cette étude, la PR souhaitait aider un groupe d’infirmières pivots en oncologie (IPO) à réfléchir et agir sur les composantes de leur pratique qui contribuaient à certaines difficultés relationnelles persistantes vécues auprès de gestionnaires, collègues et familles et qui, selon les IPO, avaient un impact sur l’expérience de santé de familles touchées par le cancer. Toutefois, la recension des écrits effectuée dans cette recherche soutient qu’il y a un nombre insuffisant d’études qui a trait à l’influence d’une PR sur la pratique infirmière et, plus encore, sur le développement des compétences relationnelles des infirmières. Les écueils théoriques et méthodologiques suivants ont entre autres été rapportés: la PR étudiée ne reposait pas toujours sur un modèle théorique clair et le but poursuivi par la PR n’était pas toujours énoncé; aucune recherche n’a documenté de quelle manière la PR s’était développée et, une fois acquise, de quelle façon elle avait contribué aux résultats; et, enfin, aucune étude recensée n’a exploré l’influence d’une PR intégrée par l’infirmière, en tenant compte de la perspective de familles qui bénéficiaient de leurs soins. Considérant ces principaux écueils, cette étude a privilégié la recherche-action participative afin de documenter la facilitation d’une PR et son influence sur les compétences relationnelles d’IPO et sur d’autres dimensions à la fois personnelles, organisationnelles et cliniques. Six IPO ont pris part à l’intervention de l’étude d’une durée d’un an. Cinq collègues des équipes de soins et douze membres de familles touchées par le cancer ont participé à l’évaluation de son influence. Les résultats de cette recherche portent à croire que les IPO qui développent une PR plus profonde, c’est-à-dire jusqu’à leurs sentiments et besoins internes, parviennent à établir des relations plus mutuelles auprès de collègues et de familles, grâce à des changements importants réalisés sur le plan de leurs valeurs et principes, de leurs perceptions et de leurs stratégies d’action. Les résultats de l’étude soutiennent aussi que ces changements au sein de la pratique infirmière génèrent des effets positifs. Les IPO ont parlé d’une plus grande satisfaction liée à leur travail et de bienfaits sur leur santé. La majorité des IPO et des participantes-collègues de l’étude ont rapporté un climat de travail plus calme et des processus d’équipe plus satisfaisants lors, par exemple, de la résolution de problèmes. Enfin, lorsque les IPO intégraient une approche plus mutuelle, des familles rapportaient une atténuation de leur inquiétude ou de leur détresse psychologique, une plus grande capacité de donner du sens à leur expérience de cancer, une qualité accrue de leur communication intrafamiliale ou avec l’équipe soignante.

Constructing a ‘moment of crisis’ and its adequate solution

The rejection of the European Constitution marks an important crystallization point for debate about the European Union (EU) and the integration process. The European Constitution was envisaged as the founding document of a renewed and enlarged European Union and thus it was rather assumed to find wide public support. Its rejection was not anticipated. The negative referenda in France and the Netherlands therefore led to a controversial debate about the more fundamental meaning and the consequences of the rejection both for the immediate state of affairs as well as for the further integration process. The rejection of the Constitution and the controversy about its correct interpretation therefore present an intriguing puzzle for political analysis. Although the treaty rejection was taken up widely in the field of European Studies, the focus of existing analyses has predominantly been on explaining why the current situation occurred. Underlying these approaches is the premise that by establishing the reasons for the rejection it is possible to derive the ‘true’ meaning of the event for the EU integration process. In my paper I rely on an alternative, discourse theoretical approach which aims to overcome the positivist perspective dominating the existing analyses. I argue that the meaning of the event ‘treaty rejection’ is not fixed or inherent to it but discursively constructed. The critical assessment of this concrete meaning-production is of high relevance as the specific meaning attributed to the treaty rejection effectively constrains the scope for supposedly ‘reasonable’ options for action, both in the concrete situation and in the further European integration process more generally. I will argue that the overall framing suggests a fundamental technocratic approach to governance from part of the Commission. Political struggle and public deliberation is no longer foreseen as the concrete solutions to the citizens’ general concerns are designed by supposedly apolitical experts. Through the communicative diffusion and the active implementation of this particular model of governance the Commission shapes the future integration process in a more substantial way than is obvious from its seemingly limited immediate problem-solving orientation of overcoming the ‘constitutional crisis’. As the European Commission is a central actor in the discourse production my analysis focuses on the specific interpretation of the situation put forward by the Commission. In order to work out the Commission’s particular take on the event I conducted a frame analysis (according to Benford/Snow) on a body of key sources produced in the context of coping with the treaty rejection.

Electrical Design: A Problem for Artificial Intelligence Research

This report outlines the problem of intelligent failure recovery in a problem-solver for electrical design. We want our problem solver to learn as much as it can from its mistakes. Thus we cast the engineering design process on terms of Problem Solving by Debugging Almost-Right Plans, a paradigm for automatic problem solving based on the belief that creation and removal of "bugs" is an unavoidable part of the process of solving a complex problem. The process of localization and removal of bugs called for by the PSBDARP theory requires an approach to engineering analysis in which every result has a justification which describes the exact set of assumptions it depends upon. We have developed a program based on Analysis by Propagation of Constraints which can explain the basis of its deductions. In addition to being useful to a PSBDARP designer, these justifications are used in Dependency-Directed Backtracking to limit the combinatorial search in the analysis routines. Although the research we will describe is explicitly about electrical circuits, we believe that similar principles and methods are employed by other kinds of engineers, including computer programmers.

Using problem-based learning for introducing producer theory and market structure in intermediate microeconomics

This paper shows how instructors can use the problem‐based learning method to introduce producer theory and market structure in intermediate microeconomics courses. The paper proposes a framework where different decision problems are presented to students, who are asked to imagine that they are the managers of a firm who need to solve a problem in a particular business setting. In this setting, the instructors’ role is to provide both guidance to facilitate student learning and content knowledge on a just‐in‐time basis